Fluoride-modified implant surfaces improves osseointegration in the tibias of rats with induced diabetes

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of a fluoride-modified titanium surface on osseointegration in rats with induced diabetes. One hundred and eighty rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups with 60 animals each: Control group (C): Animals without diabetes; Diabetes Group (D): Animals with uncontrolled induced diabetes; Controlled Diabetes Group (CD): Animals with diabetes induced controlled by the insulin administration. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Each animal received 2 implants in the proximal tibial metaphysis, one with the machined surface (M) and the other one with a fluoride-modified titanium surface (F), after 4 weeks of induction of diabetes. The animals were submitted to euthanasia 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the implant placement (n = 20 animals/group). The osseointegration was evaluated by the implant removal torque test and the histometric analysis of the non-decalcified histological sections: 1) Contact bone/implant (%BIC); 2) Bone tissue area between implant threads (%BBT). Implants with F surface showed a higher removal torque than implants with surface M in all groups. There was no difference in %BIC between the groups regardless of the surface used. The F surface showed a tendency to present higher %BBT values for the 3 evaluation periods in the D group. The fluoride-modified implant surface has no impact on the %BIC and %BBT. However, the fluoride-modified implant surface increases the locking of the implants with the bone. The hyperglycemia was associated with lower removal torque values despite the surfaces of the implant used.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a influência de uma superfície de titânio modificada com flúor na osseointegração em ratos com diabetes induzida. Cento e oitenta ratos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos com 60 animais cada: Grupo controle (C): Animais sem diabetes; Grupo Diabetes (D): Animais com diabetes induzida descompensada; Grupo Diabetes Controlado (CD): Animais com diabetes induzido controlado pela administração de insulina. O diabetes foi induzido por injeção de estreptozotocina. Cada animal recebeu 2 implantes na metáfise proximal da tíbia, um com superfície usinada (M) e outro com superfície de titânio modificado com flúor (F), após 4 semanas de indução do diabetes. Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia 2, 4 e 6 semanas após a colocação do implante (n = 20 animais/grupo). A osseointegração foi avaliada pelo teste de torque de remoção do implante e pela análise histométrica dos cortes histológicos não descalcificados: 1) Contato osso-implante (%BIC); 2) Área de tecido ósseo entre as roscas do implante (%BBT). Os implantes com superfície F apresentaram maior torque de remoção do que os implantes com superfície M em todos os grupos. Não houve diferença no %BIC entre os grupos independente da superfície utilizada. A superfície F mostrou tendência a apresentar maiores valores de %BBT para os 3 períodos de avaliação no grupo D. As superfícies de implantes modificadas com flúor não influenciaram nos dados de %BIC e %BBT. Entretanto, essas superfícies aumentaram o travamento dos implantes no tecido ósseo. A hiperglicemia foi associada a menores torques de remoção dos implantes independentemente do tipo de superfície de implante utilizada.

Distribution pattern of arthropods on the leaf surfaces of Acacia auriculiformis saplings / Padrão de distribuição de artrópodes nas superfícies foliares de plantas de Acacia auriculiformis

Abstract Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs. Our goal was to assess during a 24-month survey the pattern of arthropods (phytophagous insects, bees, spiders, and predator insects) on the leaf surfaces of A. auriculiformis saplings. Fourteen species of phytophagous, two of bees and eleven of predators were most abundant on the adaxial surface. The values of the ecological indexes (abundance, diversity, and species richness) and the rarefaction, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous, bees and arthropod predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of A. auriculiformis. The k-dominance and abundance of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (both leaf surfaces), the native stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (both leaf surfaces) and the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (adaxial surface) and Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (abaxial surface) were the highest between the taxonomic groups of phytophagous, bees, and predators, respectively on A. auriculiformis saplings. The ecological indexes and rarefaction, abundance, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous insects, bees, and predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface. The preference of phytophagous insects for the adaxial leaf surface is probably due to the lower effort required to move on this surface. Understanding the arthropod preferences between leaf surfaces may help to develop sampling and pest management plans for the most abundant phytophagous insects on A. auriculiformis saplings. Also, knowledge on the preference pattern of bees and predators may be used to favour their conservation.

Resumo Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), espécie pioneira com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, é utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 24 meses, o padrão de distribuição de artrópodes (insetos fitófagos, abelhas, aranhas e insetos predadores) nas superfícies foliares de A. auriculiformis. Quatorze espécies de fitófagos, duas de abelhas e onze de predadores foram mais abundantes na superfície adaxial. Índices ecológicos (abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies) e curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de fitófagos, abelhas e artrópodes predadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. auriculiformis. A dominância-k e a abundância de Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (ambas as superfícies foliares), da abelha nativa sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (ambas as superfícies foliares) e das formigas Brachymyrmex sp. (superfície adaxial) e Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (superfície abaxial) foram as maiores entre os grupos taxonômicos de fitófagos polinizadores e predadores, respectivamente, em plantas jovens de A. auriculiformis. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza e as curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de artrópodes fitófagos, abelhas e predadores foram maiores nas superfícies adaxiais das folhas dessa árvore. A preferência pela superfície adaxial da folha se deve, provavelmente, ao menor esforço para se movimentarem na mesma. Compreender as preferências dos artrópodes pelas superfícies foliares pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem e manejo de pragas em A. auriculiformis. Além disso, o conhecimento da distribuição de abelhas e predadores pode favorecer a conservação desses insetos.

Distribution pattern of arthropods on the leaf surfaces of Acacia auriculiformis saplings / Padrão de distribuição de artrópodes nas superfícies foliares de plantas de Acacia auriculiformis

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs. Our goal was to assess during a 24-month survey the pattern of arthropods (phytophagous insects, bees, spiders, and predator insects) on the leaf surfaces of A. auriculiformis saplings. Fourteen species of phytophagous, two of bees and eleven of predators were most abundant on the adaxial surface. The values of the ecological indexes (abundance, diversity, and species richness) and the rarefaction, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous, bees and arthropod predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of A. auriculiformis. The k-dominance and abundance of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (both leaf surfaces), the native stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (both leaf surfaces) and the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (adaxial surface) and Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (abaxial surface) were the highest between the taxonomic groups of phytophagous, bees, and predators, respectively on A. auriculiformis saplings. The ecological indexes and rarefaction, abundance, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous insects, bees, and predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface. The preference of phytophagous insects for the adaxial leaf surface is probably due to the lower effort required to move on this surface. Understanding the arthropod preferences between leaf surfaces may help to develop sampling and pest management plans for the most abundant phytophagous insects on A. auriculiformis saplings. Also, knowledge on the preference pattern of bees and predators may be used to favour their conservation.

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), espécie pioneira com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, é utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 24 meses, o padrão de distribuição de artrópodes (insetos fitófagos, abelhas, aranhas e insetos predadores) nas superfícies foliares de A. auriculiformis. Quatorze espécies de fitófagos, duas de abelhas e onze de predadores foram mais abundantes na superfície adaxial. Índices ecológicos (abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies) e curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de fitófagos, abelhas e artrópodes predadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. auriculiformis. A dominância-k e a abundância de Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (ambas as superfícies foliares), da abelha nativa sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (ambas as superfícies foliares) e das formigas Brachymyrmex sp. (superfície adaxial) e Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (superfície abaxial) foram as maiores entre os grupos taxonômicos de fitófagos polinizadores e predadores, respectivamente, em plantas jovens de A. auriculiformis. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza e as curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de artrópodes fitófagos, abelhas e predadores foram maiores nas superfícies adaxiais das folhas dessa árvore. A preferência pela superfície adaxial da folha se deve, provavelmente, ao menor esforço para se movimentarem na mesma. Compreender as preferências dos artrópodes pelas superfícies foliares pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem e manejo de pragas em A. auriculiformis. Além disso, o conhecimento da distribuição de abelhas e predadores pode favorecer a conservação desses insetos.

Distribution pattern of arthropods on the leaf surfaces of Acacia auriculiformis saplings

Abstract Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs. Our goal was to assess during a 24-month survey the pattern of arthropods (phytophagous insects, bees, spiders, and predator insects) on the leaf surfaces of A. auriculiformis saplings. Fourteen species of phytophagous, two of bees and eleven of predators were most abundant on the adaxial surface. The values of the ecological indexes (abundance, diversity, and species richness) and the rarefaction, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous, bees and arthropod predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of A. auriculiformis. The k-dominance and abundance of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (both leaf surfaces), the native stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (both leaf surfaces) and the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (adaxial surface) and Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (abaxial surface) were the highest between the taxonomic groups of phytophagous, bees, and predators, respectively on A. auriculiformis saplings. The ecological indexes and rarefaction, abundance, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous insects, bees, and predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface. The preference of phytophagous insects for the adaxial leaf surface is probably due to the lower effort required to move on this surface. Understanding the arthropod preferences between leaf surfaces may help to develop sampling and pest management plans for the most abundant phytophagous insects on A. auriculiformis saplings. Also, knowledge on the preference pattern of bees and predators may be used to favour their conservation.

Resumo Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), espécie pioneira com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, é utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 24 meses, o padrão de distribuição de artrópodes (insetos fitófagos, abelhas, aranhas e insetos predadores) nas superfícies foliares de A. auriculiformis. Quatorze espécies de fitófagos, duas de abelhas e onze de predadores foram mais abundantes na superfície adaxial. Índices ecológicos (abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies) e curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de fitófagos, abelhas e artrópodes predadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. auriculiformis. A dominância-k e a abundância de Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (ambas as superfícies foliares), da abelha nativa sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (ambas as superfícies foliares) e das formigas Brachymyrmex sp. (superfície adaxial) e Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (superfície abaxial) foram as maiores entre os grupos taxonômicos de fitófagos polinizadores e predadores, respectivamente, em plantas jovens de A. auriculiformis. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza e as curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de artrópodes fitófagos, abelhas e predadores foram maiores nas superfícies adaxiais das folhas dessa árvore. A preferência pela superfície adaxial da folha se deve, provavelmente, ao menor esforço para se movimentarem na mesma. Compreender as preferências dos artrópodes pelas superfícies foliares pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem e manejo de pragas em A. auriculiformis. Além disso, o conhecimento da distribuição de abelhas e predadores pode favorecer a conservação desses insetos.

Microbiome and virome on indoor surfaces of an Antarctic research ship

BACKGROUND Few studies have focused on microbial diversity in indoor environments of ships, as well as the role of the microbiome and its ecological interconnections. In this study, we investigated the microbiome and virome present on the internal surfaces of a polar ship in different stages (beginning, during, and at the end) of the Brazilian Antarctic expedition in order to evaluate abundance of microorganisms in different periods. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We used shotgun metagenomic analysis on pooled samples from sampling surfaces in the ship's interior to track the microbial diversity. FINDINGS Considering the total fraction of the microbiome, the relative abundance of bacteria, eukaryotes, viruses, and archaea was 83.7%, 16.2%, 0.04%, and 0.002%, respectively. Proteobacteria was the most abundant bacterial phyla, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Concerning the virome, the greatest richness of viral species was identified during the middle of the trip, including ten viral families after de novo assembly: Autographiviridae, Chrysoviridae, Genomoviridae, Herelleviridae, Myoviridae, Partitiviridae, Podoviridae, Potyviridae, Siphoviridae, and Virgaviridae. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study contributed to the knowledge of microbial diversity in naval transportation facilities, and variations in the abundance of microorganisms probably occurred due to factors such as the number of passengers and activities on the ship.

Evaluating bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in isolated bacteria from food contact surfaces / Evaluación de la resistencia bacteriana a los antimicrobianos en bactérias aisladas de superficies en contacto con alimentos / Avaliação da resistência bacteriana a antimicrobianos em bactérias isoladas de superfícies em contacto com alimentos

ABSTRACT Bacteria isolated from food contact surfaces, can transfer resistance factors when exposed to pressure exerted by inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial resistance against antibiotics and disinfectants commonly used (NaOCl and CH3COOH) in bacteria isolated from food contact surfaces. Additionally, using PCR, the presence of tetracycline resistance genes was evaluated. Results showed that 47% of the isolates exhibit resistance against more than one antibiotic, being Tetracycline the antibiotic that most isolates were resistant to (35.3%). A PCR analysis found that the tet M gene is the most frequent of the genes tested. Likewise, it was evidenced that although NaOCl is effective as a surface disinfectant, Aerococcus urinae and Kocuria kristinae isolates could resist up to 10 min of exposure. Likewise, all isolates were resistant to CH3COOH, demonstrating the low inhibitory capacity of this disinfectant. Finally, the observed correlation between resistance to antibiotics and resistance to disinfectants is confirmed. An important factor that should be studied since the generalized use of disinfectants can increase the spectrum of antibiotic resistance.

RESUMEN Bacterias aisladas de superficies en contacto con alimentos pueden transferir factores de resistencia cuando se exponen a presiones ejercidas por el uso inadecuado de agentes antimicrobianos. En este estudio se evaluó la resistencia bacteriana frente a antibióticos y desinfectantes de uso común (NaOCl y CH3COOH) en bacterias aisladas de superficies en contacto con alimentos. Adicionalmente, mediante la PCR se evaluó la presencia de genes de resistencia a la Tetraciclina. Los resultados mostraron que el 47% de los aislados presentaron resistencia a más de un antibiótico, siendo la Tetraciclina al que la mayoría de los aislamientos fueron resistentes (35,3%). El análisis de PCR encontró que el gen tet M fue el más frecuente. Además, se evidenció que, si bien el NaOCl es efectivo como desinfectante de superficies, Aerococcus urinae y Kocuria kristinae pudieron resistir hasta 10 minutos de exposición. Igualmente, todos los aislados fueron resistentes a CH3COOH, demostrando la baja capacidad inhibitoria de este desinfectante. Finalmente, se confirma una correlación entre la resistencia a antibióticos y desinfectantes. Un factor importante que conviene estudiar ya que el uso generalizado de desinfectantes podría incrementar el espectro de resistencia a los antibióticos.

RESUMO Bactérias isoladas de superfícies em contacto com alimentos podem transferir factores de resistência quando expostas a tensões exercidas pela utilização inadequada de agentes antimicrobianos. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos e desinfectantes comummente utilizados (NaOCl e CH3COOOH) em bactérias isoladas de superfícies em contacto com alimentos. Além disso, a presença de genes de resistência à tetraciclina foi avaliada por PCR. Os resultados mostraram que 47% dos isolados mostraram resistência a mais do que um antibiótico, sendo a Tetraciclina a que a maioria dos isolados era resistente (35,3%). A análise PCR constatou que o gene tet M era o mais frequente. Além disso, era evidente que, embora NaOCl seja eficaz como desinfectante de superficie, Aerococcus urinae e Kocuria kristinae foram capazes de resistir até l0 minutos de exposição. Da mesma forma, todos os isolados eram resistentes ao CH3COOH, demonstrando a baixa capacidade inibitória deste desinfectante. Finalmente, é confirmada uma correlação entre a resistência aos antibióticos e a resistência aos desinfectantes. Este é um factor importante que deve ser estudado uma vez que a utilização generalizada de desinfectantes poderia aumentar o espectro da resistência aos antibióticos.

Presence of SARS-CoV-2 on food surfaces and public space surfaces in three districts of Lima, Peru

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on food surfaces and surfaces in public spaces in 3 districts of Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in three districts of the Lima metropolitan area. Surfaces that were most exposed to users were selected. Samples were swabbed for 4 weeks and transported to the laboratory to determine the presence of the virus. One thousand ninety-five inert surface samples and 960 food surface samples were evaluated for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 by the real time-PCR molecular test, whereby only one sample from an automated teller machine was positive. Most of the inert and food surfaces evaluated did not show the presence of SARS-CoV-2 during the time of sample collection. Despite the negative results, the frequency of disinfection and hygiene measures on high-contact surfaces should be maintained and increased to prevent other highly contagious infectious diseases.

Higienización y eliminación fúngica en instalaciones industriales para la disminución de riesgos ocupacionales / Sanitization and fungal elimination in industrial facilities to reduce occupational risks

Se ha comprobado que la exposición a bioaerosoles se asocia con varios efectos sobre la salud, como enfermedades pulmonares y alergias. El presente estudio transversal tuvo como objetivo investigar la contaminación por hongos en varias superficies pertenecientes a dos industrias de alimentos. La toma de muestra se realizó en tres semanas, inmediatamente después de realizada la limpieza y desinfección y antes de iniciar la producción. Se recolectaron 400 muestras de superficie (vidrio, acero inoxidable, aluminio, goma y plástico), también se evaluó la eficacia del programa de higienización en el control de la población de hongos. Todas las muestras presentaron recuentos fúngicos <10 ufc/cm2, sin haber diferencias significativas entre los tipos de superficie, sin embargo, las superficies plásticas exhibieron mayor crecimiento logarítmico de los hongos. Se determinó que 49,60% de las especies identificadas correspondieron al género Penicillium. Aunque los niveles de hongos en las industrias estudiadas fueron inferiores a los niveles recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, algunas medidas de salud ambiental como lavar y desinfectar las superficies después de cada turno de trabajo, y se recomiendan inspecciones periódicas para garantizar la seguridad de los trabajadores y de los productos que allí se manufacturan(AU)

It has been proven that exposure to bioaerosols is associated with several health effects, such as pulmonary diseases and allergies. The present crosssectional study aimed to investigate fungal contamination on various surfaces belonging to two food industries. The sampling was carried out in three weeks, immediately after cleaning and disinfection and before starting production. 400 surface samples were collected (glass, stainless steel, aluminum, rubber and plastic), the effectiveness of the sanitation program in controlling the fungal population was also evaluated. All the samples presented fungal counts <10 cfu / cm2, with no significant differences between the types of surfaces, however, the plastic surfaces exhibited higher logarithmic growth of the fungi. It was determined that 49.60% of the identified species corresponded to the Penicillium genus.Although the levels of fungi in the studied baths were lower than the levels recommended by the World Health Organization, some environmental health measure ssuch as washing and disinfecting surfaces after each working shift and periodic inspections are recommended ensuring the safety of the workers and the products that are manufactured there(AU)

A comparative study on the microstructural and antibacterial properties of Laser - textured and SLA dental implants

ABSTRACT: Objective: To compare the structural and antibacterial properties of a Laser - treated commercial dental implant (No-Itis®) with those of a traditional sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) implant. Materials and Methods: Surface topography and elemental composition of the implant surfaces were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to dispersive X - ray spectrometry (EDX). The antibacterial properties of the implants were tested against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Protein adsorption capacity and bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) of the implant surfaces were also analyzed. Results: The Laser - treated implant presents a topography constituted by smooth and uniform concavities of ~ 30 µm in diameter, free of Laser - induced alterations, and impurity elements. The Laser - textured surface demonstrated to significantly (p = 0.0132) reduce by up to around 61% the bacterial growth as compared with the SLA implant, which was found to be associated to a reduced adhesion of proteins on the Laser surface. No apatite - related mineral deposits were detected on the SBF - incubated surfaces. Conclusion: The smooth Laser - designed surface exhibits an antimicrobial effect that decreases the growth of bacterial biofilm on its surface, which could contribute to reduce the risk of peri-implantitis.

Saneamiento industrial: Biodisponibilidad de patógenos en superficies / Industrial sanitation: Bioavailability of pathogens on surfaces

En condiciones adecuadas como humedad, alcalinidad, o temperatura, determinados patógenos logran adherirse a las superficies y sobrevivir ciertos períodos fuera de un anfitrión, persistiendo en algunos casos a procesos deficientes de limpieza y desinfección, configurándose como un posible foco de transmisión. Por ello, el correcto saneamiento cumple un propósito vital en la protección de los trabajadores de la industria y otros sectores frente al riesgo de contaminación por contacto directo con las superficies contaminadas. La literatura científica muestra amplia evidencia de la supervivencia de patógenos sobre superficies que son habituales dentro de instalaciones industriales, como acero, aluminio, madera, plástico y vidrio. La supervivencia de microorganismos en las superficies puede configurarse como candidato a marcador de biodisponibilidad, que puede ser usado en la industria para establecer y auditar los planes de higienización y saneamiento industrial, permitiendo estudiar la eficacia de los compuestos usados en la desinfección, y variables como su concentración, temperatura, e intervalos de aplicación y remoción(AU)

Under suitable conditions such as humidity, alkalinity, or temperature, certain pathogens manage to adhere to surfaces and survive certain periods outside of a host, persisting in some cases to poor cleaning and disinfection processes, becoming a possible source of transmission. Therefore, proper sanitation serves a vital purpose in protecting workers in industry and other sectors from the risk of contamination by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. The scientific literature shows ample evidence of the survival of pathogens on surfaces that are common within industrial facilities, such as steel, aluminum, wood, plastic and glass. The survival of microorganisms on surfaces can be configured as a candidate for bioavailability marker, which can be used in the industry to establish and audit industrial sanitation and sanitation plans, allowing to study the efficacy of the compounds used in disinfection, and variables such as its concentration, temperature, and application and removal intervals(AU(

Susceptibilidad de cepas de S. aureus aisladas en superficies hospitalarias

Resumen Las infecciones nosocomiales por Staphylococcus aureus tiene una alta prevalencia, debido a que esta bacteria forma parte de la microbiota de la piel del personal de salud y pacientes. Este microorganismo debido a su ubicuidad está presente en superficies y fómites, convirtiéndose en vectores para la trasmisión de infecciones. Objetivo. Describir el perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica de cepas de S. aureus aisladas en superficies de un hospital de la ciudad de Cuenca. Materiales y métodos . Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal, descriptivo. Se recolectaron 200 muestras de diferentes superficies de áreas hospitalarias, en las que se identificó S. aureus mediante la amplificación de genes nucA Y femB. La susceptibilidad fenotípica a los antibióticos se determinó por el método de Kirby Bauer. Resultados . Se identificaron 6 cepas de S. aureus distribuidas de la siguiente manera: 2 cepas en el área de emergencia (33.33%) y 1 cepa (16.66%) en cada una de las áreas de: vestidores, rayos X, ecografía y odontología. La totalidad de estos aislados resultaron resistentes a: penicilina, oxacilina y amoxacilina; sensibles a trimetoprim sulfametoxazol, rifampicina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol, vancomicina y linezolid. En el caso de la gentamicina se encontró: 3 cepas sensibles, 1 con sensibilidad intermedia y 2 resistentes. Conclusión . Se aislaron 6 cepas de S. aurues, en las cuales se pudo medir la susceptibilidad a diferentes antibióticos.

Abstract Nasocomial infections by Staphylococcus aureus have a high prevalence, because this bacterium is part of skin microbiota of health personnel and patients. This microorganism for its ubiquity is present on surfaces and fomites becoming vectors for the transmission of infecions. Objective . Describe the antibiotic sisceptibility profile of S. aureus strains isolated from surfaces of hospital the city of Cuenca. Materials and methods . Is a quantitative cross sectional, descriptive, 200 samples were collected from different surfaces of hospital areas, in which S. aureus was identified through the amplification of nucA and femB genes. Phenotipic susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. Results. 6 strains of S. aureus were identified, distributes as follows: 2 strains in the emergency area (33.33%) and 1 (16.66%) in each of the areas: dressing rooms X-rays, ultrasound and dentistry. All of these isolates were resistant to: penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxacillin; sensitive to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, tetracycline vancomycin and linezolid. In the case of gentamicin, it was found: 3 sensitive strains, 1 with intermediate sensitivity and 2 resistant. Conclusion. Six strains of S. aureus were isolates, in which the susceptibility to different antibiotics could be measured.

Resumo As infecções nosocomiais por Staphylococcus aureus têm uma elevada prevalência, devido ao facto desta bactéria fazer parte da microbiota cutânea do pessoal de saúde e dos pacientes. Devido à sua ubiquidade, este microorganismo está presente nas superfícies e fomenta, tornando-se um vector de transmissão de infecções. Objectivo . Descrever o perfil de susceptibilidade aos antibióticos das estirpes de S. aureus isoladas das superfícies de um hospital na cidade de Cuenca. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo. Duzentas amostras foram recolhidas em diferentes superfícies de áreas hospitalares, nas quais S. aureus foi identificado por amplificação dos genes nucA e femB. A susceptibilidade fenotípica aos antibióticos foi determinada pelo método de Kirby Bauer. Resultados. Foram identificadas seis estirpes de S. aureus, distribuídas da seguinte forma: duas estirpes na área de emergência (33,33%) e uma estirpe (16,66%) em cada uma das seguintes áreas: camarins, raio-x, ultra-som e odontologia. Todos estes isolados eram resistentes à penicilina, oxacilina e amoxacilina; sensíveis ao trimetoprim sulfametoxazol, rifampicina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol, vancomicina e linezolida. No caso da gentamicina encontramos: 3 estirpes sensíveis, 1 com sensibilidade intermédia e 2 resistentes. Conclusão . 6 estirpes de S. aurues foram isoladas, nas quais a susceptibilidade a diferentes antibióticos podia ser medida.

Revisión rápida de la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 por contacto con objetos y superficies / Rapid review of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by contact with objects and surfaces

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar evidencia científica sobre la transmisión indirecta del SARS-CoV-2 en espacios extrahospitalarios y medidas poblacionales para su prevención. Material y métodos: Una revisión rápida de lo publicado en PubMed y MedRxiv entre 01/12/2019 y 24/04/2020 sobre los temas 1) la contaminación y viabilidad del SARS-CoV-2 en distintas superficies inanimadas; 2) la efectividad desinfectante ante SARS-CoV-2 de productos accesibles a nivel domiciliario; 3) los casos y brotes de contagio de SARS-CoV-2 por medio de superficies. Resultados: Una alta proporción de los objetos de personas infectadas con SARS-CoV-2 (inodoro, ollas y tabletas electrónicas) se encuentran contaminados. Este virus permanece viable desde horas hasta días en papel, cartón, tela, vidrio, madera, plástico, acero y cubrebocas. El etanol, 2-propanol, cloro y jabón son efectivos para desactivarlo. Existe poca evidencia sobre casos y brotes por contagio indirecto. Conclusiones: Se requieren estudios que determinen la dosis mínima infectante por autoinoculación. Apelando al principio precautorio, se incluyeron recomendaciones para reducir el riesgo de contagio indirecto.

Abstract: Objective: To identify scientific evidence on the indirect transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in out-of-hospital spaces and population measures for its prevention. Materials and methods: A rapid review of what has been published in PubMed and MedRxiv between 12/01/2019 and 04/24/2020, on the topics: 1) the contamination and viability of SARS-CoV-2 in different inanimate surfaces; 2) products accessible at home level with disinfectant efficacy against SARS-CoV-2; 3) the cases and outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 transmitted through surfaces. Results: A high proportion of the objects people infected with SARS-CoV-2 use (toilet, pots and electronic tablets) are contaminated. This virus remains viable from hours to days in paper, cardboard, cloth, glass, wood, plastic, steel and face masks. Ethanol, 2-propanol, chlorine, and soap are effective in deactivating it. There is little evidence on cases and outbreaks by indirect contact. Conclusions: Studies are required to determine the minimum infectious dose by autoinoculation. Appealing to the precautionary principle, we include recommendations to reduce the risk of indirect contagion.

Comparative Study on Pore Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Solid and Sheet TPMS Models / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze and compare pore characteristics and mechanical properties of models with solid and sheet triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, and build a porous structure with high specific surface area, low stiffness and high strength. Methods The solid TPMS and sheet TPMS models of D, G, and P units with the same porosity were established, and pore characteristics of the model such as pore diameter, rod diameter and specific surface area were compared; mechanical properties of the model were analyzed by finite element method. The porous titanium samples were made by additive manufacturing technology, pore characteristics of porous titanium were observed by microscope and scanning electron microscope, and mechanical properties of porous titanium were detected by compression test. Results The specific surface area of the sheet structure with the same unit was significantly higher than that of the solid structure; mechanical properties of the sheet structure with the same were significantly better than those of the solid structure. Among them, the D unit sheet TPMS model had the most significant advantages, with the specific surface area of 13.00 mm-1, and the elastic modulus, yield strength and compressive strength of the sheet porous titanium sample were (5.65±0.08) GPa, (181.03±1.30) MPa and (239.83±0.45) MPa, respectively, which were 43.87%, 55.08% and 67.21% higher than those of the solid porous titanium sample. Conclusions While retaining low rigidity of the porous structure, the sheet TPMS model of the same unit has a larger specific surface area, which is beneficial for cell adhesion and growth, and its low stiffness and high strength mechanical properties can effectively reduce stress shielding and provide sufficient mechanical support. It is an ideal pore structure model for bone defect repair substitutes.

Design of new gradient scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces and study on its mechanical, permeability and tissue differentiation characteristics / 生物医学工程学杂志

In order to establish a bone scaffold with good biological properties, two kinds of new gradient triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) scaffolds, i.e., two-way linear gradient G scaffolds (L-G) and D, G fusion scaffold (N-G) were designed based on the gyroid (G) and diamond (D)-type TPMS in this study. The structural mechanical parameters of the two kinds of scaffolds were obtained through the compressive simulation. The flow property parameters were also obtained through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in this study, and the permeability of the two kinds of scaffolds were calculated by Darcy's law. The tissue differentiation areas of the two kinds of scaffolds were calculated based on the tissue differentiation theory. The results show that L-G scaffold has a better mechanical property than the N-G scaffold. However, N-G scaffold is better than the L-G scaffold in biological properties such as permeability and cartilage differentiation areas. The modeling processes of L-G and N-G scaffolds provide a new insight for the design of bone scaffold. The simulation in this study can also give reference for the prediction of osseointegration after the implantation of scaffold in the human body.

Superfícies de suporte para prevenção de lesão por pressão no período intraoperatório: revisão sistemática com metanálise / Support surfaces for prevention of pressure ulcer in the intraoperative period: Systematic review with meta-analysis

No período intraoperatório, a lesão por pressão é um evento adverso que pode acometer o paciente cirúrgico. O planejamento e a implementação de cuidados para prevenção deste tipo de lesão são cruciais para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência prestada e da segurança do paciente. As superfícies de suporte são medidas que redistribuem a pressão e controlam o microclima e podem ser utilizadas para prevenção de lesão por pressão. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre superfícies de suporte efetivas para prevenção de lesão por pressão em pacientes, no período intraoperatório. Trata-se de revisão sistemática conduzida pautada nas recomendações da Colaboração Cochrane. A busca dos estudos primários foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Scopus e Web of Science. A amostra da revisão sistemática foi composta por 10 estudos primários, sendo seis ensaios clínicos randomizados e quatro estudos não randomizados. A síntese dos resultados da revisão foi realizada na forma descritiva e por meio de metanálise. Para análise do risco de viés dos ensaios clínicos randomizados foi empregada a ferramenta gratuita denominada Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). Para avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos estudos não randomizados foi adotada a ferramenta para estudo quase experimental, denominada JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies. A qualidade das evidências foi avaliada por meio do Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Na comparação das superfícies de suporte de baixa tecnologia com o cuidado usual (colchão padrão de mesa cirúrgica), a metanálise demonstrou que não existe diferença estatisticamente significante entre as intervenções investigadas (RR = 0,88; IC95%: 0,30-2,39). Nesta comparação houve a inclusão de dois ensaios clínicos randomizados, sendo que o teste estatístico de inconsistência de Higgins indicou alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos (I2 = 83%). Além disso, a qualidade das evidências, por meio do sistema GRADE, foi considerada muito baixa (confiança muito limitada na estimativa do efeito), indicando que provavelmente a condução de outras pesquisas poderá alterar a estimativa do efeito. Na comparação das superfícies de suporte de alta tecnologia com as superfícies de baixa tecnologia, a metanálise evidenciou que existe diferença estatisticamente significante entre as intervenções investigadas, sendo as superfícies de suporte de alta tecnologia as mais efetivas (RR = 0,17; IC95%: 0,05-0,53). Nesta comparação houve a inclusão de três ensaios clínicos randomizados, sendo que a heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi leve (I2 = 0%). A qualidade das evidências foi considerada moderada (confiança moderada no efeito estimado), uma vez que dois ensaios clínicos randomizados foram avaliados com alto risco de viés. Frente ao exposto, recomenda-se a condução de ensaios clínicos bem delineados para testar superfícies de suporte para prevenção de lesão por pressão, principalmente as de alta tecnologia, no período intraoperatório.

In the intraoperative period, pressure ulcer is an adverse event that can affect the surgical patient. The planning and implementation of care to prevent this type of injury is crucial for improving the quality of care provided and for patient safety. Support surfaces are measures that redistribute pressure and control the microclimate and can be used to prevent pressure ulcer. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence available in literature on effective support surfaces for prevention of pressure ulcer in patients, during the intraoperative period. This is a systematic review conducted based on the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. The search for primary studies was performed in the following databases: PubMed; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Scopus and Web of Science. The systematic review sample consisted of 10 primary studies, with six randomized clinical trials and four non-randomized studies. The synthesis of results was performed through descriptive meta-analysis. The free tool called Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to analyze the risk of bias in randomized clinical trials. A tool for quasi-experimental study, called JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies, was adopted to assess the methodological quality of non-randomized studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). When comparing low-tech support surfaces with the usual care (standard operating table mattress), the meta-analysis demonstrated that there is no statistically significant difference between the investigated interventions (RR=0.88; 95%CI: 0.30-2.39). In this comparison, two randomized clinical trials were included and the Higgins inconsistency statistical test indicated high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 83%). In addition, the quality of the evidence, through the GRADE system, was considered to be very low (limited confidence in the estimate of the effect), indicating that the conduct of further research is likely to alter the estimate of the effect. When comparing high-tech support surfaces with low-tech surfaces, the meta-analysis showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the investigated interventions, with high-tech support surfaces being the most effective (RR=0.17; 95%CI: 0.05-0.53). In this comparison, three randomized clinical trials were included and the heterogeneity between the studies was mild (I2 = 0%). The quality of the evidence was considered moderate (moderate confidence in the estimated effect), since two randomized clinical trials were evaluated with a high risk of bias. In view of the above, it is recommended to conduct well-designed clinical trials to test support surfaces for the prevention of pressure ulcer, especially high-tech ones, during the intraoperative period.

Contaminación ambiental por microorganismos multirresistentes y el efecto de la limpieza y desinfección en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Environmental contamination by multi-resistant microorganisms and the effect of cleaning and disinfection in an intensive care unit / Contaminação ambiental por micro-organismos multirresistentes e o efeito de limpeza e desinfecção em unidade de terapia intensiva

Conocer el rol del medio ambiente es fundamental para evitar las infecciones intra-hospitalarias. Con ese objetivo, se planteó evaluar la prevalencia de contaminación ambiental por microorganismos multirresistentes (MMR) antes y después de la limpieza terminal de habitaciones de pacientes colonizados y establecer si la aparatología de uso común actuaba como reservorio de estos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UTI). Se obtuvieron muestras ambientales de las habitaciones, 48 h posteriores a la detección de colonización y luego de las limpiezas. Los resultados mostraron que luego de ambos procedimientos de limpieza se logró reducir de 28,2% a 2,6% la contaminación por Acinetobacter spp. multirresistente (AMR). También, se tomaron muestras de aparatología de uso común encontrándose entre 1,8 y 5,4% de contaminación por MMR. La limpieza y desinfección reducen significativamente la contaminación ambiental. Sin embargo, la colonización de equipos por MMR y el incumplimiento de precauciones universales representan una posibilidad de transmisión cruzada.

It is essential to understand the role of the environment in order to avoid intrahospital infections. To achieve this objective, this research proposes to assess the prevalence of the environmental contamination caused by multi-resistant microorganisms (MRM) before and after terminal disinfection in rooms with colonized patients, but also to establish whether the commonly used device acts as a reservoir of those micro-organisms in an intensive care unit (ICU). Environmental samples were obtained from the rooms, 48 hours after detecting colonization and also after the first and second final cleaning. The results showed that after both procedures, there was a reduction from 28.2% to 2.6% of contamination caused by multi-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (AMR). Samples from appliances and supplies were taken as well, in which case, between 1.8 and 5.4% of contamination levels induced by MMR were found. Cleaning and disinfecting significantly reduce environmental contamination. However, both MMR bacterial colonization and the lack of universal precautions enforcement represent a possibility of cross-transmission.

É essencial conhecer o papel do meio ambiente para evitar as infecções intra-hospitalares. Com esse objetivo, planejou-se avaliar a prevalência de contaminação ambiental por microorganismos multirresistentes (MMR) antes e depois da limpeza final dos quartos de pacientes colonizados e estabelecer se os aparelhos de uso comum atuavam como um reservatório deles na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Obtiveram-se amostras ambientais dos quartos 48 horas após a detecção da colonização e logo após as limpezas finais. Os resultados mostraram que depois dos dois procedimentos de limpeza se obteve uma redução de 28,2% para 2,6% da contaminação por Acinetobacter spp. multirresistente (AMR). Foram obtidas também amostras de aparelhos de uso comum onde se encontraram entre 1,8% e 5,4% de contaminação por MMR. A limpeza e a desinfecção reduzem significativamente a contaminação ambiental. Contudo, a colonização de equipamentos por MMR e o não cumprimento de providências universais representam uma possibilidade de transmissão cruzada.

Análisis microbiológico de superficies en contacto con alimentos / Microbiological analysis of surfaces in contact with food / Análise microbiológica de superfícies de contato com alimentos

RESUMEN De acuerdo a las estadísticas en Colombia los brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos se han incrementado, encontrándose los restaurantes e instituciones educativas dentro de los lugares más implicados. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la inocuidad microbiana de las superficies vivas e inertes en contacto con alimentos en restaurantes formales e informales y puestos de comida ambulante cercanos a un campus universitario. En total se seleccionaron 41 superficies para el análisis de bacterias mesófilas aerobias y Coliformes totales, que fueron posteriormente identificadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas rápidas. Los resultados evidenciaron contaminación cruzada, con altos porcentajes en bacterias mesófilas aerobias, y aunque la mayoría de los recuentos de coliformes totales se encontraron dentro del límite permisible, la identificación bacteriana demostró la presencia de varios géneros de la familia Enterobacteriaceae. Además, se demostró que la capacitación en manipulación higiénica de alimentos es un buen instrumento para minimizar los recuentos de bacterias en superficies.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, foodborne illnesses have increased, being the restaurants and educational institutions within the most involved places. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial safety of living and inert surfaces in contact with food in formal and informal restaurants and street food stalls near a university campus. In total, 41 surfaces were selected for the analysis of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and total Coliform, which were subsequently identified by rapid biochemical tests. The results showed cross contamination, with high percentages in aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and although most total coliform counts are within the allowable limit, bacterial identification demonstrates the presence of several genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family In addition, training in hygienic food modifications was shown to be a good instrument to minimize bacterial counts on surfaces.

RESUMO De acordo com as estatísticas na Colômbia, os surtos de doenças de origem alimentar aumentaram, estando os restaurantes e instituições de ensino entre os mais envolvidos. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a segurança microbiana de superfícies de contato com alimentos vivos e inertes em restaurantes formais e informais e barracas de comida de rua próximas a um campus universitário. Foram seleccionadas 41 superfícies para análise de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e coliformes totais, que foram posteriormente identificadas através de testes bioquímicos rápidos. Os resultados mostraram contaminação cruzada, com altas percentagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, e embora a maioria das contagens totais de coliformes estivesse dentro do limite permitido, a identificação bacteriana demonstrou a presença de vários gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae. Além disso, o treinamento no manuseio higiênico de alimentos demonstrou ser uma boa ferramenta para minimizar a contagem de bactérias na superfície.

Influence of Dimple Depth on Lubricant Thickness in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication for Metallic Hip Implants Using Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) Approach

@#Introduction: The lubricant thickness in clearance between bearing surfaces for metallic hip implants are currently incapable of accommodating the motion experienced (high load and low entraining motion) in hip walking cycle. Thus, micro-dimpled surfaces were introduced onto surfaces of metallic acetabular cups to improve lubricant thickness. Micro-dimpled surface is a method of advanced surface improvement to increase the lubricant thickness in various tribological applications, such as hip implants. However, the application of micro-dimpled surfaces in hip implants has not yet been explored adequately. Therefore, this study aims to identify the influence of micro-dimpled depth on lubricant thickness elastohydrodynamically for metallic hip implants using Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) approach. Methods: Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) approach is an alternative method for analysing characteristics of lubrication in hip implant. Dimples of radius 0.25 mm and various depths of 5μm, 45μm and 100μm were applied on the cup surfaces. The vertical load in z-direction and rotation velocity around y-axes representing the average load and flexion-extension (FE) velocity of hip joint in normal walking were applied on Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model. Results: The metallic hip implants with micro-dimpled surfaces provided enhanced lubricant thickness, namely by 6%, compared to non-dimpled surfaces. Furthermore, it was suggested that the shallow depth of micro-dimpled surfaces contributed to the enhancement of lubricant thickness. Conclusion: Micro-dimpled surfaces application was effective to improve tribological performances, especially in increasing lubricant thickness for metallic hip implants.

Nanotechnology for Combating Microbial Contamination of Water

El agua es una necesidad universal que ha sido reportada por las Naciones Unidas (ONU) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como una prioridad. Existe una necesidad apremiante de acceso gratuito al agua potable para las poblaciones de los países en desarrollo. Además, las fuentes de agua de los países desarrollados también requieren atención debido a la presencia de un alto nivel de contaminantes emergentes. Por lo tanto, la nanotecnología parece ser una herramienta poderosa que podría usarse como sensores, filtros, superficies antibacterianas y nanoantimicrobianos. En esta revisión, hemos discutido la aplicación de las nanopartículas y los nanocompuestos para el tratamiento de aguas y aguas residuales. Además, el impacto de las nanopartículas libres como contaminantes emergentes en las plantas de tratamiento de agua, así como en las aguas subterráneas, merece más estudios.

The water is a universal need that has been reported by the United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) as a priority. There is a pressing need for free access to drinking water for populations from developing countries. Furthermore, the water sources of developed countries also require attention due to the presence of a high level of emergent contaminants. Therefore, nanotechnology appears to be a powerful tool that could be used as sensors, filters, antibacterial surfaces, and nanoantimicrobials. In this review, we have discussed the application of nanoparticles and nanocomposites for water and wastewater treatment. Moreover, the impact of free-nanoparticles as emergent contaminants in water treatment plants as well as groundwater warrants further studies.