Escala de Coping para Fala em Público (ECOFAP): evidências de validade de conteúdo e processos de resposta / Speaking in Public Coping Scale (ECOFAP): content and response process validity evidence

Resumo Objetivo Apresentar as evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e nos processos de resposta da Escala de Coping para a Fala em Público (ECOFAP). Método Estudo metodológico de elaboração e validação de instrumento. Seguiu-se o modelo de elaboração de instrumentos com procedimentos teóricos, empíricos e analíticos, baseados nos critérios de validade do Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (SEPT). O processo de obtenção das evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo foi realizado em duas etapas: 1) definição conceitual do construto, elaborado com base nos preceitos teóricos da fala em público e da Teoria Motivacional do Coping (TMC); 2) elaboração dos itens e chave de respostas, estruturação do instrumento, avaliação por comitê de dez especialistas, reestruturação dos itens da escala, realizada em três momentos, até a elaboração da versão piloto da ECOFAP. O processo de resposta foi realizado com amostra de conveniência de 30 indivíduos, com e sem dificuldades de fala em público, no campus de uma universidade brasileira, pertencentes a diferentes extratos sociais e profissões. Nesse processo, foram analisadas qualitativamente as reações verbais e não verbais dos respondentes. Resultados A primeira versão da ECOFAP, composta por 46 itens, foi avaliada pelos juízes e posteriormente reformulada, resultando em uma segunda versão com 60 itens. Essa segunda versão foi novamente submetida à análise de especialistas e calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo por item. Foram excluídos 18 itens, originando uma terceira versão de 42 itens. As evidências de validade com base nos processos de resposta da versão de 42 itens foram aplicadas em uma amostra de 30 indivíduos, resultando na reescrita de um item e inclusão de mais seis itens, originando a versão piloto da ECOFAP de 48 itens. Conclusão A versão piloto da ECOFAP apresenta itens bem estruturados semântica e sintaticamente que representam estratégias de enfrentamento para a fala em público.

Abstract Purpose To present the content and response process validity evidence of the Speaking in Public Coping of Scale (ECOFAP). Methods A methodological study to develop and validate the instrument. It followed the instrument development method with theoretical, empirical, and analytical procedures, based on the validity criteria of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (SEPT). The process of obtaining content validity evidence had two stages: 1) conceptual definition of the construct, based on theoretical precepts of speaking in public and the Motivational Theory of Coping (MTC); 2) developing items and response keys, structuring the instrument, assessment by a committee with 10 specialists, restructuring scale items, and developing the ECOFAP pilot version. Item representativity was analyzed through the item content validity index. The response process was conducted in a single stage with a convenience sample of 30 people with and without difficulties speaking in public, from the campus of a Brazilian university, belonging to various social and professional strata. In this process, the respondents' verbal and nonverbal reactions were qualitatively analyzed. Results The initial version of ECOFAP, consisting of 46 items, was evaluated by judges and later reformulated, resulting in a second version with 60 items. This second version was again submitted for expert analysis, and the content validity index per item was calculated. 18 items were excluded, resulting in a third version of 42 items. The validity evidence based on the response processes of the 42-item version was applied to a sample of 30 individuals, resulting in the rewriting of one item and the inclusion of six more items, resulting in the pilot version of ECOFAP with 48 items. Conclusion ECOFAP pilot version has items with well-structured semantics and syntactic, representing strategies to cope with speaking in public.

Cuestionario para caracterizar las lesiones no intencionales en niños de uno a cuatro años / Questionnaire to characterize non intentional lesions in children from 1 to 4 years old

RESUMEN Fundamento: Objetivo: Métodos: Resultados: Conclusiones:

ABSTRACT Foundation: Objective: Methods: Results: Conclusion:

Enfermedad cardiovascular en la mujer. Cómo la perciben, qué conocen y qué conductas de prevención adoptan las mujeres / Cardiovascular disease in women. How they perceive it, what they know about and what preventive behaviors women adopt

Antecedentes: las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) representan un importante problema de salud para las mujeres en Uruguay. De acuerdo con las últimas estadísticas publicadas, en nuestro país mueren por esta causa más mujeres (13 por día) que hombres (11 por día). Objetivo: evaluar la percepción, conocimiento y conductas de prevención de las ECV de la mujer por la mujer. Método y resultado: en 2013 se encuestaron en Montevideo, por teléfono fijo, 300 mujeres (con edades entre 20 y 70 años), seleccionadas al azar, con una distribución similar a la de la población general en cuanto a nivel socioeconómico y edad. El cuestionario evaluó la percepción de la ECV como problema de salud, causa de muerte y comportamientos de prevención. El cáncer fue percibido por el 52% como el principal problema de salud y por el 62% como primera causa de muerte. La ECV lo fue en 17% y 12%, respectivamente. La mayoría de las mujeres tienen conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo cardiovascular, síntomas de ECV y comportamientos de prevención. Sin embargo, especialmente las más jóvenes subestimaron esta enfermedad y el cáncer de mama fue percibido como el principal problema de salud y no la ECV. Las mujeres hablan poco de estos temas con sus médicos (41% sobre medidas de prevención y 32% sobre síntomas de ECV). Conclusiones: la percepción de las mujeres encuestadas es que el cáncer es el principal problema de salud y causa de muerte; solo el 12% identificó a la ECV como la primera causa de muerte. Si bien las mujeres conocen los síntomas y los factores de riesgo, no los asocian con un problema de género.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a major health problem for women in Uruguay. More women than men die every year in our country due to heart disease and 13 women die every day, according to the latest published vital statistics. Objective: to evaluate the perception, knowledge and preventive behaviors of CVD of women by women. Method and results: in 2013, 300 women (age 20-70 years) were selected at random and surveyed by telephone, distributed in proportion to the population in terms socioeconomic level and age. The questionnaire assessed the perception of CVD as a health problem, cause of death and prevention behaviors. Cancer was perceived by 52% as the main health problem and 62% as the leading cause of death. So was CVD in 17% and 12% respectively. The vast majority of women respondents had an adequate level of knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors, symptoms of heart disease, as well as behaviors that prevent or reduce the likelihood of becoming ill. However, most women, especially the young ones underestimated this disease and perceived breast cancer as a main health concern rather than CVD. Few women talk about this with their doctors (41% of prevention measures and 32% of CVD symptoms). Conclusion: the perception of the surveyed women was that cancer is their main health problem and cause of death. Just 12% perceived CVD as the main cause of death. Although women knew the symptoms and risk factors of this illness, they didn't associate it with a gender problem.

Cuestionario de actividades de la vida diaria (T-ADLQ): utilidad en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular menor / Usefulness of the activities of daily living questionnaire (T-ADLQ) in patients with minor stroke

Background: The inability to carry out activities of daily living (ADL) is prevalent in elderly people and it is associated with hypertension and stroke. Aim: To evaluate ADLs using the T-ADLQ in hypertensive patients with minor stroke. Subjects and Methods: T-ADLQ, Cognitive tests (Minimental and Addenbrooke), and Hamilton depression test were applied to 100 hypertensive ambulatory patients (55 without symptomatic stroke and 45 with ischemic stroke, Rankin ≤ 2). Results: In stroke patients the ability to perform ADL was significantly reduced compared with hypertensive patients without stroke. Cognitive dysfunction and depressive symptoms were associated with a lower ADL performance. Conclusions: The T-ADLQ is useful to evaluate ADL in hypertensive ambulatory patients with ischemic stroke.