Mycobacterium abscessus keratitis after LASIK surgery / Ceratite por Mycobacterium abscessus após cirurgia LASIK

ABSTRACT A 33-year-old male presented with unilateral subacute infectious keratitis 4 weeks after surgery. Corneal inflammation was resistant to standard topical antibiotic regimens. During diagnostic flap lifting and sampling, the corneal flap melted and separated. Through flap lifting, corneal scraping, microbiological diagnosis of atypical mycobacteria, and treatment with topical fortified amikacin, clarithromycin, and systemic clarithromycin, clinical improvement was achieved.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo masculino, 33 anos, apresentou ceratite infecciosa subaguda unilateral 4 semanas após a cirurgia. A inflamação da córnea foi resistente aos regimes de antibióticos tópicos padrão. A aba da córnea foi derretida e seccionada durante o levantamento e amostragem para diagnóstico. A melhora clínica só foi alcançada após levantamento do retalho, raspagem e diagnóstico microbiológico de micobactérias atípicas e tratamento com amicacina fortificada tópica, claritromicina e claritromicina sistêmica.

Antiangiogenic activity of photobiomodulation in experimental model using chorioallantoic embryonic membrane of chicken eggs / Atividade antiangiogênica da fotobiomodulação em modelo experimental usando membrana embrionária corioalantóide de ovos de galinhas

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular effects of photobiomodulation using a light-emitting diode on the chorioallantoic embryonic membrane of chicken eggs grouped into different times of exposure and to detect the morphological changes induced by the light on the vascular network architecture using quantitative metrics. Methods: We used a phototherapy device with light-emitting diode (670 nm wavelength) as the source of photobiomodulation. We applied the red light at a distance of 2.5 cm to the surface of the chorioallantoic embryonic membrane of chicken eggs in 2, 4, or 8 sessions for 90 s and analyzed the vascular network architecture using AngioTool software (National Cancer Institute, USA). We treated the negative control group with 50 μl phosphate-buffered-saline (pH 7.4) and the positive control group (Beva) with 50 μl bevacizumab solution (Avastin, Produtos Roche Químicos e Farmacêuticos, S.A., Brazil). Results: We found a decrease in total vessel length in the Beva group (24.96% ± 12.85%) and in all the groups that received 670 nm red light therapy (2× group, 34.66% ± 8.66%; 4× group, 42.42% ± 5.26%; 8× group, 38.48% ± 6.96%), compared with the negative control group. The fluence of 5.4 J/cm2 in 4 sessions (4×) showed more regular vessels. The number of junctions in the groups that received a higher incidence of 670 nm red light (4× and 8×) significantly decreased (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Photo-biomodulation helps reduce vascularization in chorioallantoic embryonic membrane of chicken eggs and changes in the network architecture. Our results open the possibility of future clinical studies on using this therapy in patients with retinal diseases with neovascular components, especially age-related macular degeneration.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar os efeitos vasculares da foto-biomodulação com diodo emissor de luz utilizando membrana embrionária corioalantóide de ovos de galinhas em grupos com diferentes tempos de exposição e detectar as alterações morfológicas por meio de métricas quantitativas promovidas pela luz na arquitetura da rede vascular. Métodos: Um aparelho de fototerapia com diodo emissor de luz no comprimento de onda de 670 nm foi usado como fonte de fotobiomodulação. A luz vermelha foi aplicada a uma distância de 2,5 cm da superfície da membrana embrionária corioalantóide em 2, 4 ou 8 sessões de 90 s a arquitetura da rede vascular foi analisada por meio do software AngioTool (National Cancer Institute, USA). Usamos um grupo controle negativo tratado com 50 µL de solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) pH 7,4 e um grupo controle positivo (Beva) tratado com 50 µL de solução de bevacizumabe (Avastin, Produtos Roche Químicos e Farmacêuticos S.A., Brasil). Resultados: Uma diminuição no comprimento total do vaso foi detectada para o grupo Beva (24,96 ± 12,85%), e para todos os grupos que receberam terapia de luz vermelha de 670 nm, 34,66 ± 8,66% (2x), 42,42 ± 5,26% (4x) e 38,48 ± 6,96% (8x) em comparação ao grupo controle. A incidência de 5,4 J/cm2 em 4 sessões (4x) mostrou vasos mais regulares. A redução foi mais intensa nos grupos que receberam maior incidência de luz vermelha de 670 nm (4x e 8x). Conclusão: A fotobiomodulação contribui para a redução da vascularização nos vasos da membrana embrionária corioalantóide de ovos de galinhas e mudanças na arquitetura da rede. Os achados deste experimento abrem a possibilidade de considerar um estudo clínico usando esta terapia em pacientes com doenças retinais com componentes neovasculares, especialmente degeneração macular relacionada à idade.

The Effects of White Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and Infliximab Against Cisplatin- Induced Testicular Damage via Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis / Efectos del Té Blanco (Camellia Sinensis) e Infliximab Contra el Daño Testicular Inducido por Cisplatino a Través del Estrés Oxidativo y la Apoptosis

SUMMARY: Cisplatin (Cis) is an important chemotherapeutic agent used in cancer treatment. Males exposed to Cis were reported to exhibit testicular toxicity. Cis-induced testicular toxicity is mediated by oxidative stress, inflammation, testosterone inhibition and apoptosis. Accordingly, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential protective roles of infliximab (IFX), which is an anti- TNF-a agent, and of white tea (Camellia sinensis), which is known to possess antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, against Cis-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Rats were randomly assigned into five groups as follows: control group, Cisplatin (7 mg/kg) treatment group, Cisplatin (7 mg/kg) + infliximab (7 mg/kg) treatment group, cisplatin + white tea (WT) treatment group, and Cisplatin+ WT+IFX combined treatment group. In the present study, Cis exposure reduced the sperm count. It also increased testicular oxidative stress as well as the levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers. Histopathological assays supported the biochemical findings. Treatment with IFX and/or WT restored testicular histology, preserved spermatogenesis, suppressed oxidative stress and apoptosis, and significantly ameliorated Cis-induced damage. It was concluded that white tea and infliximab could potentially serve as therapeutic options for the protection of testicular tissue against the harmful effects of Cis.

El cisplatino (Cis) es un importante agente quimioterapéutico utilizado en el tratamiento del cáncer. Se informó que los hombres expuestos a Cis exhibieron toxicidad testicular. La toxicidad testicular inducida por Cis está mediada por el estrés oxidativo, la inflamación, la inhibición de la testosterona y la apoptosis. En consecuencia, este estudio se realizó para evaluar las posibles funciones protectoras de infliximab (IFX), un agente anti-TNF-α, y del té blanco (Camellia sinensis), conocido por sus propiedades antioxidantes, antiapoptóticas y anti-TNF-α -efectos inflamatorios, contra la toxicidad testicular inducida por Cis en ratas. Cinco grupos de ratas se asignaron al azar de la siguiente manera: grupo control, grupo de tratamiento con cisplatino (7 mg/ kg), grupo de tratamiento con cisplatino (7 mg/kg) + infliximab (7 mg/kg), grupo de tratamiento con cisplatino + té blanco (WT), y grupo de tratamiento combinado Cisplatino+ WT+IFX. En el presente estudio, la exposición a Cis redujo el conteo de espermatozoides. También aumentó el estrés oxidativo testicular, así como los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios y apoptóticos. Los ensayos histopatológicos respaldaron los hallazgos bioquímicos. El tratamiento con IFX y/o WT restauró la histología testicular, preservó la espermatogénesis, suprimió el estrés oxidativo y la apoptosis, y mejoró significativamente el daño inducido por Cis. Se concluyó que el té blanco y el infliximab podrían potencialmente servir como opciones terapéuticas para la protección del tejido testicular contra los efectos nocivos de Cis.

Relationship between coronary flow reserve by CZT SPECT and invasive coronary fractional flow reserve and its potential clinical value / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between regional coronary flow reserve (CFR) obtained from cadmium-zinc-telluride SPECT(CZT SPECT) myocardial functional perfusion imaging (MFPI) and invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) measured during coronary angiography (CAG) and its clinical value in guiding coronary interventions.Methods:Forty-two patients (30 males, 12 females, age (63.3±9.8) years) who completed CZT SPECT MFPI in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June 2022 to September 2022 and underwent CAG within 3 months were included retrospectively. The concordance of CFR and FFR for diagnosing myocardial ischemia (CFR<2.0 and FFR<0.8) was calculated at the vascular level. The diagnostic efficacy of coronary stenosis≥70% for decreased myocardial blood flow (CFR<2.0) was calculated. Kappa test was used to analyze the data. Results:A total of 126 major coronary arteries were identified in 42 patients, of which 30(23.8%) had a CFR<2.0 by CZT SPECT and 33(26.2%) had stenosis≥70% in CAG. A total of 32 coronary vessels were performed with MFPI CFR and FFR measurements, of which 6 were both decreased and 21 were both normal, so the concordance rate was 84.4%(27/32)( Kappa=0.612, P<0.001). Among 33 coronary vessels with stenosis≥70%, 13 were with CFR≥2.0. Among 30 coronary vessels with CFR<2.0, 10 were with stenosis<70%. When using stenosis≥70% to diagnose CFR decreasing, the sensitivity was 66.7%(20/30), specificity was 86.5%(83/96), positive predictive value was 60.6%(20/33), negative predictive value was 89.2%(83/93), and accuracy was 81.7%(103/126). Conclusions:The concordance between CFR and FFR for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia is good. Nearly 1/3 of the coronary arteries with decreased CFR have stenosis<70%, whereas nearly 40% of the coronary arteries with stenosis≥70% are not result in myocardial ischemia. Regional CFR determined by CZT SPECT may have potentially significant clinical value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and decision-making of coronary intervention.

Bilineage embryo-like structure from EPS cells can produce live mice with tetraploid trophectoderm

Self-organized blastoids from extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells possess enormous potential for investigating postimplantation embryo development and related diseases. However, the limited ability of postimplantation development of EPS-blastoids hinders its further application. In this study, single-cell transcriptomic analysis indicated that the "trophectoderm (TE)-like structure" of EPS-blastoids was primarily composed of primitive endoderm (PrE)-related cells instead of TE-related cells. We further identified PrE-like cells in EPS cell culture that contribute to the blastoid formation with TE-like structure. Inhibition of PrE cell differentiation by inhibiting MEK signaling or knockout of Gata6 in EPS cells markedly suppressed EPS-blastoid formation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that blastocyst-like structures reconstituted by combining the EPS-derived bilineage embryo-like structure (BLES) with either tetraploid embryos or tetraploid TE cells could implant normally and develop into live fetuses. In summary, our study reveals that TE improvement is critical for constructing a functional embryo using stem cells in vitro.

Effects of brucea javanica oil emulsion on proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma TE-1 cells and its possible mechanism / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

@#[摘 要] 目的：探讨鸦胆子油乳剂（BJOE）对食管鳞状细胞癌TE-1细胞增殖、凋亡和自噬的影响及其可能的机制。方法：按干预措施的不同，将TE-1细胞分为对照组、RAPA（自噬激动剂）组、740Y-P（PI3K激活剂）组、BJOE组、BJOE+RAPA组和BJOE+740Y-P组。采用FCM、克隆形成、Transwell实验检测细胞凋亡、增殖、迁移和侵袭能力，qPCR法检测细胞中PI3K、Akt、mTOR、LC3Ⅰ、LC3Ⅱ、p62、Beclin 1、caspase-3的mRNA表达，WB法检测PI3K、Akt、mTOR及其磷酸化、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、p62、Beclin 1、caspase-3的蛋白表达。结果: 与对照组比较，RAPA组和BJOE组细胞凋亡率均显著升高（均P<0.01），细胞克隆形成率、迁移和侵袭能力均显著降低（均P<0.01），细胞中PI3K、Akt、mTOR的mRNA和蛋白磷酸化水平均显著降低（均P<0.05），p62的mRNA和蛋白水平显著降低（均P<0.01），LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Beclin 1和caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白水平显著升高（均P<0.05），740Y-P组的结果则相反（均P<0.05）；与RAPA组或740Y-P组比较，BJOE+RAPA组或BJOE+740Y-P组细胞凋亡率显著升高（均P<0.01），克隆形成率、细胞侵袭和迁移能力显著降低（均P<0.01），PI3K、Akt、mTOR的mRNA和蛋白磷酸化水平均显著降低（均P<0.05），p62的mRNA和蛋白水平均显著降低（均P<0.05），LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Beclin 1和caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白水平显著升高（均P<0.05）。结论: BJOE显著抑制TE-1细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭并促进细胞凋亡与自噬，其机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的激活有关。

Alternativas fitoterápicas no controle da obesidade / Phytotherapy alternatives in obesity control / Alternativas herbales en el control de la obesidad

Nos últimos anos, a obesidade vem aumentando consideravelmente entre adultos e crianças e, segundo a OMS, estima-se que em 2025 o número de obesos ultrapasse a 2,3 milhões em todo o mundo. O indivíduo obeso apresenta maiores riscos de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares, dislipidemias e ainda alguns tipos de cânceres. O tratamento para a obesidade é variado e inclui mudanças no estilo de vida como: hábitos alimentares e prática de atividade física, tratamento medicamentoso, cirurgia bariátrica e fitoterápicos com o potencial de auxiliar no tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de avaliar os benefícios da utilização de medicamentos fitoterápicos como auxiliar no tratamento da obesidade, seus principais ativos, mecanismos de ação e sua utilização popular. Dentre as plantas pesquisadas e que demonstraram potencial para atuar no tratamento da obesidade encontram-se Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale e Senna alexandrina. Os principais mecanismos de ação envolvidos no potencial anti-obesidade das plantas medicinais são a capacidade de controle do apetite e ingestão de energia, estímulo da termogênese, inibição da lipase pancreática e redução da absorção de gordura, diminuição da lipogênese e aumento da lipólise. Desta forma, conclui-se que as plantas selecionadas neste estudo apresentaram efeitos positivos nos parâmetros bioquímicos e físicos, podendo ser incluídas nos protocolos como coadjuvantes nos tratamentos de emagrecimento.

In recent years, obesity has increased considerably among adults and children and according to the WHO, it is estimated that in 2025 the number of obese people will exceed 2.3 million worldwide. The obese individual is at greater risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia and even some types of cancer. The treatment for obesity is varied, including changes in lifestyle such as eating habits and physical activity, drug treatment, bariatric surgery and phytotherapy with the potential to aid in the treatment. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review, evaluating the benefits of using herbal medicines as an aid in the treatment of obesity, their main assets, mechanisms of action and their popular use. Among the plants researched and that have shown potential to act in the treatment of obesity are Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber officiale and Senna alexandrina. The main mechanisms of action involved in the antiobesity potential of medicinal plants are the ability to control appetite and energy intake, thermogenesis stimulation, pancreatic lipase inhibition and reduction of fat absorption, lipogenesis decrease and lipolysis increase. Thus, it is concluded that the plants selected in this study showed positive effects on biochemical and physical parameters, and can be included in the protocols as adjuvants in weight loss treatments.

En los últimos años, la obesidad ha aumentado considerablemente entre adultos y niños y, según la OMS, se estima que en 2025 el número de obesos superará los 2,3 millones en todo el mundo. Los individuos obesos tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las dislipidemias e incluso algunos tipos de cáncer. El tratamiento de la obesidad es variado e incluye cambios en el estilo de vida como: hábitos alimenticios y práctica de actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico, cirugía bariátrica y medicamentos a base de hierbas con potencial para ayudar en el tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica para evaluar los beneficios del uso de las hierbas medicinales como ayuda en el tratamiento de la obesidad, sus principales activos, mecanismos de acción y su uso popular. Entre las plantas investigadas y que mostraron potencial para actuar en el tratamiento de la obesidad están Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale y Senna alexandrina. Los principales mecanismos de acción implicados en el potencial antiobesidad de las plantas medicinales son la capacidad de controlar el apetito y la ingesta de energía, estimular la termogénesis, inhibir la lipasa pancreática y reducir la absorción de grasas, disminuir la lipogénesis y aumentar la lipólisis. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las plantas seleccionadas en este estudio mostraron efectos positivos sobre los parámetros bioquímicos y físicos, y pueden ser incluidas en los protocolos como coadyuvantes en los tratamientos de pérdida de peso.

Catequinas del té verde: efectos antigenotóxicos y genotóxicos. Revisión sistemática / Green tea catechins: antigenotoxic and genotoxic effects. Systematic review

Las catequinas del té verde (Camellia sinensis) (CTV) presentan efectos benéficos para la salud asociados a su potencial antioxidante. Por otra parte, el estrés oxidante es una de las vías de inducción de daño genotóxico. De ahí que, en la presente revisión se realizó un análisis de los efectos antigenotóxicos y genotóxicos de las CTV, haciendo énfasis en las vías implicadas en estos procesos y sus efectos en la salud. Se realizó una revisión de artículos indexados en las bases de datos de PubMed® y Science Direct® (2021) con las palabras clave "green tea" y "green tea catechins". Se delimitaron los estudios utilizando los operadores booleanos "AND", "OR" y "NOT" ("antigenotoxic", "genotoxic", "antioxidant" y "prooxidant"). En su mayoría se consideraron las publicaciones del 2016 al 2021. Se observó que los efectos benéficos en la salud de las CTV están relacionados con: a) su actividad antioxidante mediante la captura, inhibición y prevención de la formación de las especies reactivas de oxígeno; b) la regulación del sistema antioxidante endógeno; c) la activación de los mecanismos de reparación al contribuir en la eliminación del aducto 8-hidroxi-2'-desoxiguanosina; d) la inducción de apoptosis en células con daño al ADN; y e) la inhibición de la inflamación relacionada con su actividad antiapoptótica. Si bien, en algunos de los estudios se reportaron efectos genotóxicos, estos a su vez contribuyeron en la eliminación de células con daño genético, por lo que, no se puede considerar del todo a la actividad genotóxica de las CTV como perjudiciales para la salud(AU)

The green tea catechins (Camellia sinensis) (CTV) have beneficial effects for health associated with their antioxidant potential. Moreover, oxidative stress is one of the pathways for inducing genotoxic damage. Hence, in this review, an analysis of the antigenotoxic and genotoxic effects of CTV was carried out, emphasizing the pathways involved in these processes and their effects on health. A review of articles indexed in the PubMed® and ScienceDirect® (2021) databases with the keywords "green tea" and "green tea catechins" was carried out. Studies were delimited using the Boolean operators "AND", "OR" and "NOT" ("antigenotoxic", "genotoxic", "antioxidant" and "prooxidant"). For the most part, publications from 2016 to 2021 were considered. It was observed that the beneficial health effects of CTVs are related to: a) their antioxidant activity through the capture, inhibition and prevention of the formation of reactive oxygen species; b) the regulation of the endogenous antioxidant system; c) the activation of the repair mechanisms by contributing to the elimination of the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine adduct; d) the induction of apoptosis in cells with DNA damage; and e) the inhibition of inflammation related to its antiapoptotic activity. Although some of the studies reported genotoxic effects, these in turn contributed to the elimination of cells with genetic damage. Therefore, the genotoxic activity of CTV cannot be considered as harmful to health

Research progress on application of shear wave elastography in kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Early detection of renal allograft dysfunction plays a critical role in the management of immunosuppression and the survival of renal allograft. However, early detection of renal allograft dysfunction still has certain challenges because no significant changes could be observed in clinical manifestations and biochemical parameters during the early stage. As a novel ultrasound examination tool in recent years, shear wave elastography has been successfully applied in the detection of thyroid, breast, liver and alternative organs. In addition, it also has promising application prospect in the examination of renal allograft due to multiple advantages of real-time, dynamic, accuracy and repeatability. In this article, the classification, principle, advantages, influencing factors of shear wave elastography and its application in the field of kidney transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for clinicians to make accurate decisions in the prevention and monitoring of renal allograft diseases.

Analysis of resistance and sensitivity of 1 200 strains of vulvovaginal candidiasis in China to five common antifungal drugs / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To test the antibiotic susceptibility of vulvovaginal candidiasis pathogenic strains to 5 antifungal drugs commonly used in clinic.Methods:A total of 1 200 vulvovaginal candida patients from 23 gynecological and family planning outpatient departments in China were enrolled. Their vaginal secretions were collected for candida strain isolation and species identification. According to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-S3, the sensitivity of 1 200 strains to clotrimazole, fluconazole, miconazole, itraconazole and nystatin was tested.Results:(1) The sensitivity and resistance of 1 200 vulvovaginal candidiasis pathogens to 5 antifungal drugs were statistically different ( χ2=3 513.201, P<0.01). (2) All strains had higher sensitivity to nystatin [99.92% (1 199/1 200)], followed by miconazole [92.25% (1 107/1 200)] and clotrimazole [87.17% (1 046/1 200)]. All strains had higher resistance to fluconazole [69.17% (830/1 200)], while itraconazole was 50.83% (610/1 200). (3) There was no significant difference between candida albicans and non-candida albicans in drug sensitivity to nystatin ( P=0.315) and miconazole ( P=0.425). (4) Candida albicans and non-candida albicans showed different sensitivity to clotrimazole, fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Compared with non-candida albicans, candida albicans showed higher sensitivity to clotrimazole [susceptibility rate: 73.01% (165/226) vs 90.45% (881/974); P<0.001] and higher resistance to fluconazole [resistance rate: 50.88% (115/226) vs 73.41% (715/974); P<0.001]. Although the drug sensitivity of itraconazole was not high, the susceptibility rate of candida albicans to itraconazole was slightly higher than that of non-candida albicans [37.68% (367/974) vs 23.89% (54/226)], and the drug resistance rate was lower [49.28% (480/974) vs 57.52% (130/226)]. Conclusions:The sensitivity of 1 200 strains of candida to 5 antifungal drugs is significantly different, the sensitivity rate of nystatin, miconazole and clotrimazole are higher, but the resistance rate of fluconazole and itraconazole are higher. The sensitivity of candida albicans and non-candida albicans to the same drug is also significantly different. It is suggested that in clinical diagnosis and treatment, we should pay attention to the identification of candida and drug sensitivity test, so as to select antifungal drugs rationally.

Inhibitory effects of gallic acid on human esophageal cancer TE- 1 cells in vitro and its mechanism / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To in vestigate inhibitory effect s of gallic acid （GA）on human esophageal cancer TE- 1 cells in vitro and its potential mechanism. METHODS The effects of GA on the proliferation of TE- 1 cells were determined by MTT assay after treated with GA for 24 h and 48 h. Cell fluorescence counting （CCK-F）method and inverted fluorescence microscope were used to observe the changes in the number and morphology of TE- 1 cells after treated with GA. The change of cell migration ability was detected by scratch test. The effects of GA on the colony-forming ability of TE- 1 cells were tested by plate colony formation experiment. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Fluorescence probe （DCFH-DA）method was used to observe reactive oxygen species （ROS）production. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of caspase- 3，caspase-9，Bcl-2，Bcl-2 associated X protein （Bax），cyclin D 1 and cyclin D 3. RESULTS GA significantly reduced the proliferation ability of TE- 1 cells in time and concentration dependent manner. the IC 50 of GA to TE- 1 cells were （281.22±26.81）μmol/L（24 h）and（220.90±31.15） μ mol/L（48 h），respectively. Compared with control group ，the cells in the administration group showed shrinkage ，sparse arrangement and nuclear pyknosis ，and the number of cells decreased significantly. Compared with control group ，the cell migration ability and colony formation ability were decreased significantly in administration groups （P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）. The apoptosis rates of TE- 1 cells were （6.21±0.32）％，（12.59±0.58）％ and（15.41±0.41）％ after treated with 100，300 and 500 μmol/L GA for 24 h，all of which were significantly higher than （5.29±0.28）％ of control group （P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）. Except for GA 100 μmol/L group，the level of ROS in other administration groups were significantly increased （P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）. Compared with control group，the expressions of Bcl- 2（only GA 200 μmol/L group），Bax（except for GA 100 μmol/L），caspase-3 and caspase- 9（except for GA 100 μmol/L）were increased significantly （P＜0.01 or P＜0.05），while the protein expressions of Bcl- 2（except GA 100， 200 μmol/L group），cyclin D 1 and cyclin D 3 were significantly decreased （P＜0.01 or P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS GA can inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer TE- 1 cells， E-mail：1209364115@qq.com restrict their migration ability and colony-forming ability ，and promote apoptosis. The mechanism may be related to the increase of ROS level ，up-regulation of the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins caspase- 3，caspase-9 and Bax ，and down-regulation of the expressions of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl- 2，cyclin D1 and cyclin D 3.

Study on preparation and formation mechanism of danazol-sodium caseinate composite nanoparticles / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To prepar e and characterize danazol （DAZ）-sodium caseinate （SC）composite nanoparticles ，and to study the mechanism of preparing nanoparticles in “bottom-up”technology. METHODS SC was used as a stabilizer for regulating nanoparticles，so that DAZ-SC composite nanoparticles were prepared by anti-solvent precipitation method. The particle size ， Zeta-potential，micro-morphology，stability，encapsulation efficiency ，drug loading and in vitro dissolution rate were characterized. Fluorescence spectra ，IR spectra ，FBRM and other methods were used to analyze the interaction mechanism between DAZ and SC. RESULTS The particle size of DAZ-SC composite nanoparticles was （223.7±12.5）nm，and the polydispersity index was 0.274± 0.012. Zeta-potential was －（17.81±1.63）mV（n＝3）. The stability of nano-suspension was good ，the solid properties of DAZ were greatly improved ，and the dissolution rate was significantly increased. SC was statically quenched under the action of DAZ and the secondary structures of SC were changed. The crystallization process of DAZ was controlled under the action of SC ，and the interaction between DAZ and SC was mainly hydrogen bond and van der Waals force. CONCLUSIONS In this study ，DAZ-SC composite nanoparticles are successfully prepared. In the “bottom-up”technology，the interaction between SC and DAZ caused by hydrogen bond and van der Waals force inhibits the growth and agglomeration of drug crystals .

Estabilidad cromática de una cerámica de feldespato monocromática utilizada en sistema CAD/CAM sometida a inmersión de diferentes soluciones de tinción / Color stability of a monochromatic feldspar ceramic used in CAD/CAM system immersed in different staining solutions

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Determinar la estabilidad cromática de una cerámica de feldespato monocromática utilizada en sistema CAD/CAM sometida a inmersión de diferentes soluciones de tinción. Materiales y métodos: 90 discos de cerámica feldespática monocromática, divididos en 3 grupos según solución de tinción: agua destilada, café y té. Se realizaron 3 tomas de color: el día 0, 14 y 28, con un espectrofotómetro. Para determinar la diferencia de color (ΔE*), se restó la 2da y la 1era medida para los 14 días; y la 3era y la 2da medida para los 28 días. Resultados: Los resultados se interpretaron utilizando el Índice del Departamento Nacional de Normas (NBS). La muestra inmersa en agua destilada presentó valores ΔE* 1.424 y ΔE* 1.233; la muestra en café presentó valores ΔE* 3.327 y ΔE* 3.901; la muestra inmersa en té presentó valores ΔE* 4.597 y ΔE* 5.201. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas al comparar la estabilidad cromática en las tres soluciones de tinción a los 14 y 28 días (p<0.001). Conclusiones: Existe diferencia significativa en la estabilidad cromática de una cerámica de feldespato monocromática sometida a inmersión de diferentes soluciones de tinción. Se obtuvieron cambios de color marcados en las muestras inmersas en café y en té.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Determine the color stability of a monochromatic feldspathic ceramic used in CAD / CAM system subjected to immersion in different staining solutions. Methods and materials: 90 monochromatic feldspathic ceramic discs were divided into 3 groups according to staining solution: distilled water, coffee and tea. Three color samples were taken: on days 0, 14 and 28, with a spectrophotometer. To determine the color difference (ΔE *), the 2nd and 1st measure were subtracted for the 14 days; and the 3rd and 2nd measure for the 28 days. Results: The results were interpreted using the National Standards Department Index (NBS). The sample immersed in distilled water presented values ΔE * 1,424 and ΔE * 1,233; the sample in coffee presented values ΔE * 3,327 and ΔE * 3,901; the sample immersed in tea presented values ΔE * 4,597 and ΔE * 5,201. Significant differences were obtained when comparing the chromatic stability in the three staining solutions at 14 and 28 days (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the chromatic stability of a monochromatic feldspar ceramic subjected to immersion in different staining solutions. Marked color changes were obtained in the samples immersed in coffee and tea.

Analysis of "Tianyou (TE 16) and five regions" in the human body / 中国针灸

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Evaluación de las características fisicoquímicas y de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite del árbol de té contra Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) ATCC 6919 / Evaluation of tea tree oil physicochemical features and its antimicrobial activity against Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) ATCC 6919

Resumen: Introducción. El aceite del árbol de té es un aceite esencial reconocido por sus propiedades antimicrobianas. Objetivos. Evaluar la composición, características y efecto antimicrobiano del aceite al 2 % del árbol de té y su concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) contra Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó el quimiotipo en tres lotes diferentes de este aceite mediante cromatografía de gases, así como su actividad antimicrobiana en concentración al 2 % v/v y la CIM contra C. acnes mediante ensayo de difusión en agar (guía M11-A8 CLSI). Resultados. Los lotes evaluados presentaron los quimiotipos ajustados a la norma ISO 4730, lo que indicó la alta calidad del producto. Los lotes contenían de 30 a 40 % de terpinen-4-ol, compuesto que favorece la actividad antimicrobiana, la cual presentó en todos los lotes un efecto dependiente de la concentración contra C. acnes, con una inhibición del crecimiento microbiano en concentración al 2 % v/v en todas las pruebas. La concentración inhibitoria mínima fue de 0,25 % v/v. La actividad antimicrobiana del aceite del árbol de té contra este microorganismo ya ha sido reportada con una concentración inhibitoria mínima entre 0,05 y 1,25 % v/v, rango que cobija la obtenida en este estudio. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidenciaron la gran calidad de este producto y su capacidad como agente antibacteriano contra C. acnes. Se deben hacer estudios con otros aislamientos del microorganismo provenientes de pacientes con acné vulgar para confirmar su actividad general y la de cada uno de sus componentes.

Abstract: Introduction: Tea tree oil is an essential oil recognized for its antimicrobial properties. Objective: To evaluate the composition, features, and antimicrobial effect at 2% v/v, and its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Cutibacterium acnes (Propionibacterium acnes). Materials and methods: Three different batches of tea tree oil were evaluated. We characterized its chemotype by gas chromatography and its 2% v/v antimicrobial activity against C. acnes by agar diffusion assay (guide M11-A8 CLSI). Results: The three batches of oil had the chemotypes required by the ISO 4730 standard, which indicates that it is a high-quality product. Additionally, they had 30% to 40% of terpinen-4-ol, a compound that favors its antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity against C. acnes for all batches had a concentration-dependent effect with microbial growth inhibitory activity in all assays at 2% v/v. The MIC obtained against C. acnes for all batches was 0.25% v/v. The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil against this microorganism has been previously reported with a MIC between 0.05% and 1.25% v/v, a range that covers the one obtained in this study. Conclusion: These results show the high quality of the oil and its capacity as an antibacterial agent against C. acnes. New studies should be conducted to confirm its activity and that of its components in isolates of the microorganism from patients with acne vulgaris.

A meta-analysis of the effects of green tea combined with physical activity on blood lipids in humans / Metanálise dos efeitos do chá verde combinado com atividade física sobre lípides sanguíneos em seres humanos / Metaanálisis de los efectos del té verde combinado con actividad física sobre lípidos sanguíneos en seres humanos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Most studies of green tea extract (GTE) combined with physical activity have reported a preventative effect for cardiovascular disease; however, the findings regarding the effects on serum lipids are controversial. Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to examine the evidence of the effects of GTE combined with physical activity on the serum lipid content in humans. Methods: In June 2017, we conducted electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify pertinent studies: those with an experiment period exceeding two weeks, human randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and those that only assessed GTE with physical activity were included. A random effects model meta-analysis was used in this review. Results: A total of 271 citations were retrieved in our search of the electronic literature, and 7 RCTs, which included 608 individuals, were identified. Overall, there was no significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD:-0.169; 95% confidence interval [CI]:-0.414 to 0.076; I2=22.7%; p=0.177) or total cholesterol (TC) levels between the GTE and placebo combined with the physical activity group. Similar results were also observed for high density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). In the subgroup and sensitivity analyses of the five studies, the TC levels of the subjects who received a lower dose of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) together with performing physical activity were significantly decreased. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that green tea combined with physical activity does not improve the lipid and lipoprotein levels in humans. Level of evidence I; Systematic review.

RESUMO Introdução: A maioria dos estudos sobre extrato de chá verde (ECV) em combinação com atividade física relata efeito preventivo em doenças cardiovasculares; entretanto, os achados sobre os efeitos sobre lípides séricos são controversos. Objetivo: Esta metanálise tem como objetivo examinar as evidências dos efeitos do ECV em combinação com atividade física sobre o teor de lípides séricos no ser humano. Métodos: Em junho de 2017, realizamos pesquisas eletrônicas nos bancos de dados PubMed, Web of Science e Cochrane Library para identificar estudos pertinentes; foram incluídos os que tinham período experimental superior a duas semanas, estudos clínicos randomizados (ECRs) e que avaliaram apenas ECV com atividade física. Neste trabalho, empregamos o modelo de metanálise de efeitos aleatórios. Resultados: Um total de 271 citações foi recuperado em nossa busca, e sete ECRs foram identificados, totalizando 608 indivíduos incluídos. No geral, não houve redução significativa nos níveis da lipoproteína de baixa densidade do colesterol (LDL-C) (DMP: -0,169; 95% de intervalo de confiança [IC]: -0,414 a 0,076; I2 = 22,7%; p = 0,177) ou no colesterol total (CT) entre o ECV e placebo combinados com o Grupo atividade física. Resultados semelhantes foram observados também para a lipoproteína de alta densidade do colesterol (HDL-C) e para os triglicérides (TG). No subgrupo e nas análises de sensibilidade de cinco estudos, os níveis de CT dos indivíduos que receberam dose mais baixa de epigalocatequina-3-galato (EGCG) em combinação com atividade física foram significativamente reduzidos. Conclusão: A evidência atual sugere que o chá verde em combinação com atividade física não melhora os níveis de lípides e lipoproteínas no ser humano. Nível de Evidência I; Revisão sistemática.

RESUMEN Introducción: La mayoría de los estudios sobre extracto de té verde (ETV) en combinación con actividad física relata efecto preventivo en enfermedades cardiovasculares; entretanto, los hallazgos sobre los efectos sobre lípidos séricos son controvertidos. Objetivo: Este metaanálisis tiene como objetivo examinar las evidencias de los efectos del ETV en combinación con actividad física sobre el tenor de lípidos séricos en el ser humano. Métodos: En junio de 2017, realizamos búsquedas electrónicas en los bancos de datos PubMed, Web of Science y Cochrane Library para identificar estudios pertinentes; fueron incluidos los que tenían período experimental superior a dos semanas, estudios clínicos aleatorizados (ECAs) y que evaluaron sólo ETV con actividad física. En este trabajo, empleamos el modelo de metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: Un total de 271 citaciones fue recuperado en nuestra búsqueda, y siete ECAs fueron identificados, totalizando 608 individuos incluidos. En general, no hubo reducción significativa en los niveles de la lipoproteína de baja densidad del colesterol (LDL-C) (DPE: -0,169; 95% de intervalo de confianza [IC]: -0,414 a 0,076; I2 = 22,7%; p = 0,177) o en el colesterol total (CT) entre el ETV y placebo combinados con el Grupo actividad física. Fueron observados resultados semejantes también para la lipoproteína de alta densidad del colesterol (HDL-C) y para los triglicéridos (TG). En el subgrupo y en los análisis de sensibilidad de cinco estudios, los niveles de CT de los individuos que recibieron dosis más baja de epigalocatequina-3-galato (EGCG) en combinación con actividad física fueron significativamente reducidos. Conclusión: La evidencia actual sugiere que el té verde en combinación con actividad física no mejora los niveles de lípidos y lipoproteínas en el ser humano. Nivel de Evidencia I; Revisión sistemática.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo sobre el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y la potencia anaeróbica

Introducción: Existen beneficios en salud al realizar ejercicio físico, sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones que reportan el rendimiento anaeróbico y su correlación con indicadores cardiorrespiratorios. Por tal motivo, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar valores de rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y aptitud anaeróbica después de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico en el cual se determinó la correlación entre ellos. Métodos: 22 hombres (20±2 años) conformaron dos grupos, G1-(entrenamiento), 6 semanas/tres días por semana, intensidad horaria de 45 minutos/día, G2-(Control). Antes y después realizaron un test de Wingate y una prueba de esfuerzo de predominancia aeróbica. Resultados: Aumentos significativos entre el pre-pos en G1 en VO2máx y vatios que mejoraron 7,6 % y 15,9 % respectivamente, diferencia significativa en la PP y en PM/kg con una mejora del 18,8 % y 18,9 %, respectivamente. Conclusión: Un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo en bicicleta estática aumenta el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y rendimiento anaeróbico sin que exista una relación de dependencia entre las diferentes variables.

Introduction: There are health benefits when performing physical exercise, however, there are few investigations that report anaerobic performance and its correlation with cardiorespiratory indicators, for this reason, the purpose of this research was to determine the values of cardiorespiratory performance and anaerobic fitness after an aerobic exercise program determining the correlation between them. Method: 22 men (20 ± 2 years), were divided into two groups, G1 (training), 6 weeks, three days a week with an hourly intensity of 45 minutes per day, G2 (control). Before and after exercise they performed a Wingate test and a predominantly aerobic stress test. Results: Significant increases between pre-post in G1 in VO2Max and watts improving 7.6% and 15.9% respectively, a significant difference in PP and PM/kg improving 18.8% and 18.9% respectively. Conclusion: A submaximal aerobic exercise program on a stationary bike increases cardiorespiratory performance and anaerobic performance without a dependency relationship between the different variables.

Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver with Gall Stones Disease in Himalayan Population

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic pandemic of the 21st century. It is the amassing of fats in the hepatic tissue without significant alcohol intake that results in hepatic steatosis. Patients with gall bladder stones may have associated NAFLD as these ailments share similar factors like obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus. However, few, if any, reports are available about the association of NAFLD with gallstones in the hilly population. Hence, this study was conducted to find out the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with gall bladder stone disease.METHODSThis study was done in the Department of Surgery, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, from June 2017 to May 2019. A total of 300 patients of ultrasound proven gall bladder stones was studied for NAFLD by Fibroscan (transient elastography). Transient elastography (TE) is a noninvasive method that has been shown to be useful for the detection of liver steatosis and fibrosis. NAFLD was diagnosed based on the value of CAP (Controlled Attenuation Parameter) & degree of fibrosis was assessed based on liver stiffness measurement (LSM) value on TE. Steatosis was graded as S0, S1, S2, and S3 while fibrosis was graded as F0-F1, F1, F2, F3, and cirrhosis. Minimum cut-off CAP value for diagnosing NAFLD was 214 dB/m & significant fibrosis was taken with LSM value >7.5 kPa.RESULTSPatients of gall stone disease showed significant liver steatosis, suggestive of NAFLD in 189 patients (63%), based on CAP value; however, 111 patients (37%) did not have significant steatosis. In patients with NAFLD, 57 (30%) had mild steatosis (s1) while 39 (20.53%) & 24 (12.63%) had moderate (s2) and severe (s3) steatosis respectively. Similarity, 72 (24%) patients had significant fibrosis while 228 (76%) patients had no to insignificant fibrosis on TE, 51 (17%) patients had moderate fibrosis, while 14 (4.5%) and 8 (2.5%) patients had severe fibrosis & cirrhosis respectively.CONCLUSIONSHigh prevalence of NAFLD in patients of gall stone disease was observed. Most of the patients had mild NAFLD i.e. grade S1 steatosis & in addition, fibrosis was present in 24% patients of NAFLD with gall stone disease.

La actividad antibacteriana de Camellia sinensis comparada con propóleo frente al Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of Camellia sinensis versus propolis against Streptococcus mutans

RESUMEN Introducción: El té verde (Camellia sinensis) y el propóleo presentan flavonoides, que inhiben el crecimiento, metabolismo y la coagregación del Streptococcus mutans, principal agente causal de la caries dental. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del extracto etanólico del té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento comparado con extracto etanólico de propóleo al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento, frente al crecimiento de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro, longitudinal, prospectivo y comparativo. El universo estuvo constituido por 90 discos de difusión y la muestra por 15 discos embebidos en té verde (Camellia sinensis) o propóleo a diferentes concentraciones, clorhexidina acuosa al 0,12 por ciento y agua destilada. El tamaño de muestra se calculó por fórmula de comparación de medias, después de realizar un estudio piloto. Se colocaron los discos de difusión embebidos en las sustancias sobre agar Mueller Hinton, sembrado con Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), haciendo medición del ancho de los halos inhibitorios a las 24 y 48 h. Se aplicaron pruebas de comparación no paramétricas de Kruskal Wallis y la prueba rangos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: El máximo ancho de halo inhibitorio logrado por clorhexidina acuosa al 0,12 por ciento, extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 20 por ciento y extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento fue a las 24 h con valores de 10,64 mm ± 0,924 mm, 6,82 mm ± 0,982 mm y 8,36 mm ± 1,286 mm, respectivamente. El extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 20 por ciento, presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento, tanto a las 24 h (p= 0,013), como a las 48 h (p= 0,011). Conclusiones: Frente al crecimiento de cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), el extracto etanólico de propóleo al 20 por ciento presenta mayor actividad antibacteriana respecto al extracto etanólico de té verde (Camellia sinensis) al 10 por ciento y 20 por ciento, actividad que disminuye con el paso del tiempo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis contain flavonoids which inhibit the growth, metabolism and co-aggregation of Streptococcus mutans, the main causative agent of dental caries. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of 10 percent and 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract versus 10 percent and 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) strains. Methods: An in vitro experimental prospective longitudinal comparative study was conducted. The study universe was 90 diffusion disks and the sample was 15 disks soaked up in green tea (Camellia sinensis) or propolis at various concentrations, 0.12 percent aqueous chlorhexidine and distilled water. Sample size was estimated by the comparison of means formula after conducting a pilot study. The diffusion disks soaked up in the substances were placed on Mueller Hinton agar planted with Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and the width of the inhibition haloes was measured at 24 h and 48 h. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis comparison tests and the Wilcoxon rank test were performed. Results: The maximum width of the inhibition halo achieved by 0.12 percent aqueous chlorhexidine, 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract, and 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract at 24 h was 10.64 mm ± 0.924 mm, 6.82 mm ± 0.982 mm and 8.36 mm ± 1.286 mm, respectively. The 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract showed statistically significant differences with respect to the 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract, both at 24 h (p= 0.013) and at 48 h (p= 0.011). Conclusions: The 20 percent propolis ethanolic extract displays greater antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) strains than the 10 percent and 20 percent green tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanolic extract. This activity decreases with the passing of time(AU)

Hierarchical structure of Five-shu points and Source-point of Triple Energizer Meridian in rabbits / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To study the position and hierarchical structure of Five-shu points, i．e., "Guanchong" (TE1), "Yemen" (TE2), "Zhongzhu" (TE3), "Yangchi" (TE4) and "Zhigou" (TE6), and the Source-point "Tianjing" (TE10) of the Triple Energizer (TE) Meridian in the rabbit. METHODS: Based on WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (WHO Standard) and National Standard (GB/T 22103-2008) for Acupuncture Point Locations in human body, and combined with X-ray images, the hierarchical structure of Five-shu points and Source-point of the TE Meridian were observed in ten New Zealand rabbits. The acupoint locations were determined by comparing the same name tissues of the rabbits and human body after dissecting the above-mentioned acupoints. After inserting acupuncture needles into the aforementioned acupoints, the relationship between the acupuncture needle and adjacent structure were dissected and measured. RESULTS: "Guanchong" (TE1) was located on the lateral side of the 4th terminal phalanx, and behind the corner of the onyx root. When needled, the penetrated tissues of the acupuncture needle are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and the root region of the 4th phalanx, respectively. "Yemen" (TE2) was located between the 4th and 5th onyxes, at the depression of intersection of coat hair superior to the fingerweb edge. When needled, the penetrated tissues of the acupuncture needle are the superficial fascia, deep fascia and lumbrical muscles of the forepaw, respectively. "Zhongzhu" (TE3) was located between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones, at the depression proximal to the 4th metacarpophalangeal joint. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and lumbrical muscle, respectively. "Yangchi" (TE4) was positioned at the dorsal side of the forepaw, and the surface connection line between the accessory and radial bones intersected with the depression of the extensor digitorum communis on the ulnar side. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and the ulnar side of the common extensor tendon, respectively. "Zhigou" (TE6) was positioned between the radius and ulna, on the posterior aspect of the forelimb and 3 Bone-cun proximal to the distal dorsal forepaw crease. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and the extensor digitorum, respectively. "Tianjing" (TE10) was located at the junction of the body of humerus and the lateral condyle of humerus, on the posterior aspect of the elbow and proximal to the prominence of the olecranon. When needled, the penetrated tissues are skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and triceps brachii muscle, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Five-shu points and Source-point of the TE Meridian on the forelimb in rabbits are innervated by the cutaneous branches of the ulnar radial nerve and the medial brachial cutaneous nerve at the superficial layer, and by the branches of the ulnar nerve and radial nerve in the deep layer, accompanied with cephalic vein and forearm blood vessels and their branches.