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RESUMO: Este trabalho objetiva evidenciar os movimentos políticos e sua participação na constituição do público-alvo das políticas de Educação Especial no Brasil. Com os pressupostos do materialismo histórico dialético, compreendem-se a política como relação de forças. Analisaram-se fontes documentais que demarcaram mudanças relativas ao público-alvo, bem como literatura acadêmica. Apoiadas no conceito de Estado Integral, verificam-se que as instituições privadas e assistenciais, como aparelhos privados, marcaram posição nas definições das políticas de Educação Especial. Ressaltam-se a criação de dois tipos de movimento: de e para pessoas que demandam políticas públicas de Educação Especial - o primeiro representado por instituições privadas e assistenciais; e o segundo, formado pelos próprios sujeitos com condições específicas, cada qual com demandas particulares. Constataram-se que a participação dos movimentos na constituição do público-alvo da Educação Especial acontece em níveis diferentes, com os movimentos de e para pessoas com deficiências adotando a estratégia de participação em cargos públicos na esfera do aparelho de Estado para que seus interesses sejam incorporados às políticas educacionais, evidenciando a articulação das organizações da sociedade civil como elemento constituidor do Estado Integral. Por fim, destacam-se a forma de atuação política fragmentária dos movimentos com vistas a demandas específicas.
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to highlight the political movements and their participation in the constitution of the target population of the policies of Special Education in Brazil. With the assumptions of dialectical historical materialism, we understand the policy as a relation of forces. Thus, we analyzed documentary sources that marked changes related to the target population, as well as academic literature. Supported by the concept of Integral State, we verified that private and welfare institutions, as private apparatus, marked their position in the definitions of Special Education policies. We emphasize the creation of two types of movement: of and for people who demand Special Education public policies - the first represented by private and welfare institutions; and the second, formed by the subjects themselves with specific conditions, each with particular demands. We noted that the participation of movements in the constitution of the target population of Special Education happens at different levels, with movements of and for people with disabilities adopting the strategy of participation in public positions in the State apparatus so that their interests are incorporated into education policies, highlighting the articulation of Civil Society organizations as a constituent element of the Integral State. Finally, we highlight the form of fragmentary political action of the movements with a view to specific demands.
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Objective@#To compare the results of two rounds of colorectal cancer screening in Haining, explore the long-term mechanism and interval time of screening during the prevention and control of colorectal cancer, and establish practical basis for the rational prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#Between 2007 to 2010 and 2013 to 2015, a total of 80, 000 cases who had completed two rounds of tumor screening were enrolled and analyzed. All cases comes from five towns in Haining.@*Results@#The first round of screening was performed in 80 603 cases and 12.92% (n=10 417) were identified as high-risk population. Colonoscopy were completed in 7 796 subjects and 22.05%(n=1 719) of them were found at least one neoplastic lesions (polyps, adenoma or carcinoma). The population detection rate of all neoplasia was 21.33 per thousand. The detection rate of advanced neoplasia was 4.58% per colonoscopy and 4.43‰ in the population. A total of 357 advanced neoplasia including 296 advanced adenomas and 61 colorectal cancers were found, 330 of whom were applied to early treatment (92.44%). A total of 89 403 subjects participated the second round of screening. The detection rate of high-risk population in the second round (20.81%) was significantly higher than that in the first round (P<0.05). A total of 12 917 subjects completed colonoscopy and 31.97% (n=4 129) of them were found as least one neoplastic lesion. The population detection rate of all neoplasia was 46.18 ‰. Both in the subjects completed colonoscopy and in the screened population, the detection rate of all neoplasia were significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of the first round. The detection rate of advanced neoplasia (n=851) in both the subjects completed colonoscopy (6.59‰)and the total screened population (9.52‰) in the second round were also significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of the first round. The difference of early detection rates for the first (92.44%) and the second (97.53%) round screening were not statistically significant(P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#The main technical indicators of the second round of colorectal cancer screening were significantly better than that of the first round, with significant screening effect. A screening interval of 5 years was suggested for the next round of colorectal cancer screening.
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Objective To develop user-friendly information education-communication (IEC)materials and guidelines of malaria control for various target groups. Methods The participatory methods were used to make sure participation of target groups at each stages of IEC material development. Results A package consisted of interactive video, 2 posters for primary groups, sto ry booklet for students, manual for activities of "buddy system" for teachers, flipcharts for health staff at grass-root levels, guidelines on communication skill and how to use the first 5kinds of materials, was developed. Conclusion A set of user-friendly IEC materials and guidelines of malaria control has successfully been developed with sufficient participation of target groups.