Formación de la cultura metrológica desde las potencialidades del deporte y la Educación Física

Este artículo trata la formación de la cultura metrológica, en los estudiantes de la Educación Preuniversitaria, desde las potencialidades del deporte y las clases de Educación Física, como uno de los elementos que debe ser priorizado en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Física y como parte de la preparación de los estudiantes para la vida. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en diseñar un sistema de tareas docentes integradoras que permita aprovechar las potencialidades del deporte, en general, y las clases de Educación Física, en particular para la formación de la cultura metrológica en los estudiantes de décimo grado. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizaron los métodos: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, modelación, observación, análisis documental, encuesta, entrevista y estadística descriptiva que permitieron procesar la información referente al tema objeto de investigación; así como determinar las causas de las insuficiencias que se presentan en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Física, para la formación de la cultura metrológica de los estudiantes de décimo grado. El sistema de tareas docentes integradoras propuesto se caracterizó por armonizar núcleos conceptuales básicos para el tratamiento a los contenidos metrológicos como son la estimación y medición de magnitudes y la conversión de unidades de medida; además de aprovechar las potencialidades del deporte y las clases de Educación Física.

Este artigo trata da formação da cultura metrológica em alunos da Educação Pré-Universitária, a partir das potencialidades das aulas de esportes e de Educação Física, como um dos elementos que devem ser priorizados no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de Física e como parte da preparação dos alunos para a vida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conceber um sistema de tarefas didáticas integradoras que permita aproveitar as potencialidades do esporte, em geral, e das aulas de Educação Física, em particular, para a formação da cultura metrológica em alunos do décimo ano. Para desenvolver a pesquisa foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, modelagem, observação, análise documental, levantamento, entrevista e estatística descritiva que permitiram o tratamento das informações referentes ao tema sob investigação; bem como determinar as causas das insuficiências que surgem no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de Física, para a formação da cultura metrológica dos alunos do décimo ano. O sistema de tarefas de ensino integrativo proposto caracterizou-se por harmonizar núcleos conceituais básicos para o tratamento de conteúdos metrológicos como a estimativa e medição de grandezas e a conversão de unidades de medida; além de aproveitar o potencial das aulas de esportes e Educação Física.

This article deals with the formation of metrological culture in Pre-University Education students, from the potential of sports and Physical Education classes, as one of the elements that must be prioritized in the teaching-learning process of Physics and as part of preparing students for life. The objective of this work was to design a system of integrative teaching tasks that allows taking advantage of the potential of sport, in general, and Physical Education classes, in particular, for the formation of metrological culture in tenth grade students. To develop the research, the following methods were used: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, modeling, observation, documentary analysis, survey, interview and descriptive statistics that allowed the processing of information regarding the topic under investigation; as well as determine the causes of the insufficiencies that arise in the teaching-learning process of Physics, for the formation of the metrological culture of tenth grade students. The proposed system of integrative teaching tasks was characterized by harmonizing basic conceptual cores for the treatment of metrological content such as the estimation and measurement of magnitudes and the conversion of measurement units; in addition to taking advantage of potential of the sports and Physical Education classes.

Subtipos de Dislexia do Desenvolvimento Descritos no Português Brasileiro: Uma Revisão Integrativa / Developmental Dyslexia Subtypes Described in Brazilian Portuguese: An Integrative Review / Subtipos de Dislexia del Desarrollo Descritos en Portugués Brasileño: Una Revisión Integradora

A heterogeneidade na dislexia do desenvolvimento pode ser compreendida por meio dos subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento (SDD), porém não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a literatura brasileira sobre SDD. A presente revisão buscou responder quais SDD foram identificados no português brasileiro. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos, em inglês ou português, que descrevessem ao menos um SDD, bem como critérios diagnósticos, com participantes brasileiros. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases Scielo, Pubmed e Google Scholar. Como resultado, foram encontrados 11 estudos referentes a seis SDD, sendo as dislexias fonológicas e de superfície as mais presentes, e foram descritas as definições, critérios de identificação e instrumentos de avaliação utilizados em cada estudo. Foi discutida a heterogeneidade de definições, critérios de identificação e instrumentos de avaliação encontrados. Destacam-se o pequeno número de relatos em comparação com a literatura internacional e a necessidade de tarefas padronizadas, validadas e sensíveis aos SDD no português brasileiro.(AU)

The present review aimed to explore the subtypes of developmental dyslexia (SDD), identified in the Brazilian literature, considering the heterogeneity in developmental dyslexia. This review included empirical studies in English or Portuguese, involving Brazilian students, and describing at least one SDD, along with diagnostic criteria. Searches were conducted in the Scielo, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. The review identified 11 studies, which covered six different SDD. Phonological and surface dyslexia were the most commonly reported subtypes. The review discussed the variations in definitions, identification criteria, and evaluation instruments used in these studies. It also highlighted the limited number of reports in the Brazilian literature compared to international sources and emphasized the need for standardized, validated tasks in Brazilian Portuguese that are SDD-sensitive.(AU)

La heterogeneidad en la dislexia del desarrollo puede comprenderse a través de los subtipos de dislexia del desarrollo (SDD), pero no se encontraron estudios que evalúen la literatura brasileña sobre SDD. Esta revisión buscó responder cuáles los SDD se han identificado en el portugués brasileño. Se incluyeron estudios empíricos con participantes brasileños en inglés o portugués que describieran al menos un SDD y sus criterios de diagnósticos. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos Scielo, Pubmed y Google Scholar. Como resultado, se encontraron 11 estudios relacionados con seis SDD, siendo las dislexias fonológicas y de superficie las más comunes, y se describieron las definiciones, criterios de identificación e instrumentos de evaluación utilizados en cada estudio. Se discutió la heterogeneidad de definiciones, criterios de identificación y herramientas de evaluación encontradas. Se destaca el escaso número de informes en comparación con la literatura internacional y la necesidad de tareas estandarizadas, validadas y sensibles a SDD en el portugués brasileño.(AU)

Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC): no siempre relacionada con tabaquismo / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Not Always Related to Smoking

Existen un número importante de riesgos no relacionados al tabaco pasible de provocar la EPOC, por lo que la carga de la EPOC no tabáquica es mucho mayor de lo pensado. En los países del tercer mundo, existen importantes agentes de peligro no relacionados al tabaco pasibles de provocar la EPOC. No está aclarada la patogenia de la EPOC y su relación con la exposición laboral a polvos, gases y humos. Son necesarias más investigaciones experimentales y epidemiológicas de mayor magnitud para confirmar la relación entre estas dos variables. Aproximadamente el 15 % de la EPOC relacionada con el trabajo está agravada por el tabaquismo y continúan publicándose nuevos agentes que causan EPOC. Las mujeres presentan una manifestación clínica diferente de la EPOC y son -ante exposiciones semejantes- más propensas a desarrollar la enfermedad que los hombres. La protección personal de los trabajadores es de importancia, ya que es dificultoso valorar la naturaleza del polvo, humo o gases, su concentración ambiente y el tiempo de exposición.

There are a lot of risks unrelated to tobacco that can cause COPD, so the burden of non-smoking COPD is much greater than previously thought. In the Third World countries, there is a significant number of non-tobacco-related risk agents capable of causing COPD. The pathogenesis of COPD and its relationship with occupational exposure to dust, gases, and fumes is not fully understood. Further experimental and epidemiological research on a larger scale is needed to confirm the relationship between these two variables. Approximately 15 % of COPD is related to work, and aggravated by smoking. New agents causing COPD continue to be reported and published. Women exhibit a different clinical manifestation of COPD and, under similar exposures, are more prone to developing the disease compared to men. Personal protection for workers is of particular importance since it is challenging to as sess the nature of dust, smoke, or gases, their ambient concentration, and the duration of the exposure.

Uso del método de observación: una propuesta de aplicación al análisis de estrategias de resolución de problemas en niños con discapacidad / Use of observational method: a proposal for application to the analysis of problem-solving strategies in children with disabilities

El presente trabajo se ocupa de evaluar posibilidades del método de observación aplicado al análisis de estrategias de resolución de problemas en niños con discapacidad mediante juegos y tareas estructuradas. El marco teórico de referencia de esta contribución está representado por la teoría de la resolución de problemas, que contiene los principales procesos que intervienen en la gestión de los problemas y que nosotros aplicamos al desarrollo cognitivo y metacognitivo atípico. Junto con tres tareas diferentes estructuradas(Torre de Hanoi, Tetris y Bloques de construcción), usamos dos listas de comportamientos para codificar estrategias de resolución de problemas adoptadas por niños y/o adolescentes con desarrollo atípico. La aplicación de este tipo de observación con el uso de listas de comportamientos podría ser útil para crear en relación entre la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las estrategias de resolución de problemas y competencias metacognitivas en niños desarrollados atípicos(AU)

This paper is concerned with evaluating the possibilities of the observational method applied to the analysis of problem-solving strategies in children with disabilities through structured tasks. The theoretical framework of reference for this contribution is represented by the theory of problem-solving, containing the main processes involved in problem management,which we apply to atypical cognitive and metacognitive development. Together with three different structured tasks (Tower of Hanoi, Tetris, and Building Blocks), we used two lists of behaviors to code problem-solving strategies adopted by children and/or adolescents with atypical development. The application of this type of observation with the use of lists of behaviors could be useful to create a link between qualitative and quantitative research to improve the knowledge of problem-solving strategies and metacognitive competencies in atypically developed children(AU)

Psychometric properties of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2): an analysis based on the Item Response Theory / A falta capacidade discriminatória em tarefas motoras do Movement Assessment Battery for Children ­ 2: O que a Teoria de Resposta ao Item revela?

Introduction: the American Psychiatric Association reveals that 6% of school-age children have developmental coordination disorder. Objective: this study aimed at assessing the suitability of the tasks proposed by the MABC-2 motor assessment instrument based on the psychometric properties of such an instrument and the analysis of the Item Response Theory. Methods: 582 children ranging in age from 3 to 5 years old of both sexes participated in the study. The motor tasks suitability for children was verified by using the Gradual Response Model, and applying the Maximum Likelihood Estimation method. Results: the motor task 'bicycle trail' showed a lower discriminatory power and was removed from the analysis. Considering the 'Aiming & Catching' dimension, 'Threading Beads' was the motor task with the highest degree of difficulty. Regarding balance, the 'One Leg Balance' task was classified as having a high degree of difficulty; on the other hand, the motor tasks 'Jumping on mats' and 'Catching Beanbag' required below average motor performance levels, that is, they are tasks with low discrimination capacity. The results showed that the low discriminative capacity of some MABC-2 items regarding this study sample makes it difficult to correctly classify the child's general motor performance level.Conclusion: the findings show that there is a need to review the suitability of the MABC-2 motor tasks in order to equate the difficulty and discriminatory capacity of the tasks so that standardization more appropriate to the reality of children from different populations is established.Keywords: psychometric properties, motor tasks, motor performance.

Introdução: a American Psychiatric Association revela que 6% das crianças em idade escolar apresentavam desordem coordenativa desenvolvimental. Objetivo: analisar a adequabilidade das tarefas propostas no instrumento de avaliação motora MABC-2 a partir da análise da teoria de resposta ao item.Método: participaram do estudo 582 crianças de 3 a 5 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. A adequabilidade das tarefas motoras às crianças foi verificada por meio do modelo de resposta gradual, com método de estimação de máxima verossimilhança. Resultados: os resultados evidenciaram a existência de apenas dois fatores, sendo que as tarefas relativas ao "Equilíbrio" e "Lançar e "Receber", das dimensões propostas no modelo original foi agrupado em uma dimensão. Além disso, a tarefa motora "Caminho da bicicleta" não apresentou bom ajuste ao modelo, sendo eliminada das análises. Com isto, o modelo final apresentou bons índices de ajuste, e os parâmetros relacionados à tarefa indicaram a falta de equivalência de dificuldade e capacidade discriminatória entre as tarefas motoras do instrumento.Conclusão: os achados indicam que existe a necessidade de rever a adequabilidade das tarefas motoras do MABC-2 no sentido de equiparar a dificuldade e a capacidade discriminatória das tarefas a fim de criar uma padronização mais adequada a realidade de crianças de diferentes populações.

Adaptación de Tareas para Detectar el Talento Matemático en Personas con Discapacidad Visual Basada en el Análisis de las Habilidades de Visualización y la Generalización / Adaptation of Tasks to Detect Mathematical Talent in People with Visual Impairment Based on the Analysis of Visualization and Generalization Skills

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se analizan las habilidades de visualización y la generalización en la resolución por una persona ciega de dos tareas propuestas para la identificación del talento matemático. A partir de este análisis, se establecen algunas pautas para adaptar las tareas y se contrastan con las habilidades requeridas en la prueba original, especialmente en las relativas a las características del talento asociadas a la generalización. Se evidencia que las personas con discapacidad visual requieren la manifestación de otras habilidades, como por ejemplo la memoria visual y la percepción de las relaciones espaciales que no son imprescindibles en el planteamiento original.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, analisamos as capacidades de visualização e de generalização na resolução por uma pessoa cega de duas tarefas propostas para a identificação de talentos matemáticos. A partir dessa análise, foram estabelecidas algumas diretrizes para a adaptação das tarefas e contrastadas com as competências exigidas no teste original, especialmente as relacionadas às características do talento associadas à generalização. Verificamos que as pessoas com deficiência visual requerem a manifestação de outras capacidades, tais como a memória visual e a percepção de relações espaciais, que não são essenciais na abordagem original.

ABSTRACT: In this work, we analyze the visualization skills and generalization in the resolution by a blind person of two tasks proposed for the identification of mathematical talent. From this analysis, some guidelines were established to adapt the tasks and contrasted with the skills required in the original test, especially those related to the characteristics of talent associated with generalization. We verifed that people with visual impairment require the manifestation of other skills, such as visual memory and perception of spatial relationships, which are not essential in the original statement.

Research on implementation status and key issues of function fulfillment in China national medical centers and national regional medical centers / 中华医院管理杂志

China national medical centers and national regional medical centers are the key entities to expand the availability of quality medical resources and ensure they are better distributed among regions. It is of great significance for the centers′ high-quality development to understand the key issues in the construction and progression of centers by evaluating the performance of their function fulfillment. The evaluation framework of this study was based on the " structure-process-outcome" model. The study was divided into three stages, including centers′ self-evaluation, data reporting, and on-site investigation and evaluation. The team conducted the evaluation on 15 entity hospitals supporting 6 national medical centers and 5 national regional medical centers that had been approved by October 2020. As the results showed, the funding and policy support for these centers from governments at all levels were increased, the internal and external management mechanism of the centers were preliminarily set up, the functions of the centers were executed properly, and the " radiation effect" of the centers was in place gradually. The key problems hindering the fulfillment of functions concern the mechanisms that were not sound and need to be further refined, which included the field of financial investment and policy guarantee for the entity hospitals, internal and external management of centers, introduction and cultivaton of the talented, and the innovation and transformation of scientific achievements which facilitates breakthroughs in core technologies. To promote the efficient implementation of functional tasks of the centers, the authors proposed four suggestions. First, the " commission and province co-construction" mechanism should be further improved to augment investment and policy guarantee from the government. Second, the internal organization and management mechanism of each centers should be optimized. Third, the reform and innovation in the training and management system of the talented medical personnel should be accelerated. Last, the health needs oriented mechanism for scientific research innovation and achievements transformation should be established.

The Role of Mental Imagery in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Explorative Study

Background: The present study aimed to investigate how mental imagery affects the manifestation of symptoms among people with OCD, considering its impact on symptom severity. Methodology: For the said purpose, we compared people with OCD (n=30) with a clinical control group (people suffering from Schizophrenia; (n=30) and community control group (n=30). Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (assess symptom severity of OCD), Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (spontaneity of imagery), Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (vividness of imagery) along with Mental Clock Task (ability to generate images), Change Detection Task (maintenance of imagery), Match to Sample Task (image inspection), Mental Rotation Task (image manipulation-transformation), Ambiguous Figure Task (image restructuring) and Image Combination Task (mental synthesis) were used in the study. Results: The result suggests that there is a difference in terms of the spontaneous use of mental imagery in daily life among the three groups. Regression analysis showed that the Image Generation and Image Manipulation-Transformation capacity plays a role in the manifestation or maintenance of Obsessive and Compulsive symptoms in OCD. Both the factors independently predict the symptom severity of Obsessive Compulsive disorder, but not in Schizophrenia.

Metodología para la formación profesional de alumnos ayudantes, mediante tareas docentes de desempeño / Methodology for the professional training of assistant student s by means of performance educational tasks

RESUMEN Introducción: la validación sistemática de los resultados de la práctica educativa en las universidades médicas cubanas, revela la importancia y trascendencia del proceso de formación profesional de alumnos ayudantes en las diferentes disciplinas, a partir de la determinación de las necesidades formativas de carácter docente o científico-técnico. Objetivo: elaborar una metodología para la formación profesional de alumnos ayudantes, mediante el empleo de tareas docentes de desempeño. Materiales y métodos: durante la investigación se aplicaron métodos como el analítico-sintético, el histórico-lógico y la sistematización. También se empleó una encuesta de autoevaluación, la consulta a expertos y el grupo focal para la validación de la metodología. Para el procesamiento de los datos, fueron aplicados métodos estadístico-matemáticos. Resultados: la metodología fue validada teóricamente mediante la consulta a expertos y el desarrollo de un grupo focal integrado por nueve especialistas, quienes evaluaron de muy adecuado cuatro de los seis indicadores propuestos. Las sugerencias realizadas se encaminaron hacia el logro de aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos, enriqueciéndose la propuesta inicial. Conclusiones: se elaboró una metodología para la formación profesional de alumnos ayudantes, mediante el empleo de tareas docentes de desempeño. Sus contenidos estructurales quedaron definidos en cuatro etapas fundamentales: diagnóstico, planificación, ejecución y evaluación (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the systematic validation of the results of the educational practice in Cuban medical universities discloses the importance and transcendence of the process of assistant students' professional training in the different academic subjects, starting from the determination of the training necessities of educational and scientific-technical character. Objective: to elaborate a methodology for the professional training of assistant students using performance educational tasks. Materials and methods: during the research the authors applied methods like the analytic-synthetic and the historical-logical ones and systematization. An auto-assessment survey, experts' consultation and the focal group for methodology validation were also used. Mathematic-statistical methods were applied for data processing. Results: the methodology was theoretically validated by means of experts' consultation and the development of a focal nine-specialist group, who evaluated as very suitable four of the six proposed indicators. The suggestions made headed toward the achievement of conceptual and methodological aspects, making the initial proposal richer. Conclusions: a methodology for the professional training of assistant students was elaborated by means of the employment of performance educational tasks. The methodology structural contents were defined in four essential stages: diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation (AU).

Tareas docentes sobre educación ambiental en Enfermería, desde la educación en el trabajo / Teaching tasks on environmental education in Nursing from the education at work

RESUMEN Introducción: uno de los problemas profesionales a resolver por el egresado en Enfermería, es el enfrentamiento a riesgos y alteraciones higiénico-epidemiológicas relacionados con el medio ambiente. De ahí la necesidad de incidir en la educación ambiental desde la educación en el trabajo, por ser un área clave en la formación de este profesional. Objetivo: diseñar un sistema de tareas docentes sobre la educación ambiental en la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería, desde el área de educación en el trabajo. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal, en la carrera de Licenciatura en Enfermería en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Sagua la Grande, provincia Villa Clara, durante el curso 2019-2020. Se emplearon los métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y sistémico-estructural. Métodos empíricos: análisis de documento, discusión grupal, observación y criterio de expertos. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se constató que solo en el 50 % de las actividades de educación en el trabajo se ejecutan acciones sobre educación ambiental. En la entrevista, los profesores declararon tener dificultades para vincular los problemas ambientales en sus clases. Se aportó un sistema de tareas docentes dirigidas a la educación ambiental desde la educación en el trabajo, y las pautas para que cada docente pueda elaborar sus propias tareas en dependencia de las situaciones ambientales concretas de cada área de atención. Conclusiones: se desarrollaron ejemplos de tareas docentes para favorecer el aprendizaje de la educación ambiental en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería, a través de la educación en el trabajo (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: one of the professional problems to be solved by the graduated in Nursing is facing the risks and hygienic-epidemiological changes related to the environment. Therefore, the necessity of stressing environmental education from the education at work, because it is a key area in this professional training. Objective: to design a teaching tasks system on environmental education in the degree course of Nursing, from the field of the education at work. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive research was carried out in the degree studies in Nursing in the Medical Sciences Faculty of Sagua la Grande "Lidia Doce Sanchez", Villa Clara province, during the 2019-2020 school year. The theoretical methods used were the analytic-synthetic, the inductive-deductive and the systemic-structural ones. The used empiric methods were documents' analysis, group discussion, observation and expert's criteria. Descriptive statistics was also used. Results: It was found that actions on environmental education are carried out only in 50 % of the education at work activities. In the interview, the teachers declared to have difficulties to link the environmental problems in their classes. A system of teaching task aimed at environmental education from the education at work and guidelines were provided so that each teacher can develop his or her own tasks depending on the concrete environmental situations of each area of care. Conclusions: examples of teaching tasks were developed to encourage the learning of environmental education in students of the degree course in Nursing, through the education at work (AU).

Analysis of technical-tactical training tasks of u-16 female handball teams / Análise das tarefas de treinamento técnico-tático de equipes de handebol feminino sub-16

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to analyze the technical-tactical training tasks of U-16 female handball teams. In this descriptive, quantitative and observational study, two coaches and 27 athletes from the cadet (U-16) category of two women's handball teams from the state of Santa Catarina (Brazil) were investigated. The data were collected through systematic and indirect observation (filming) of 36 training sessions, transcribed and analyzed from the Integral System for the Analysis of Training (SIATE). The data treatment was based on descriptive (frequency) and inferential statistics (hierarchical-multilevel modeling), using SPSS 23.0 software and program R. In the 336 tasks analyzed, it was observed that the sessions prioritized games and competition as means of training and tactical-technical conduct as the content type. The coaches used an undulatory model in the structuring of the tasks in the investigated microcycles, both teams prioritizing the use of training situations similar to the requirements of official handball matches.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as tarefas de treinamento técnico-tático de equipes femininas de handebol sub-16. Neste estudo descritivo, quantitativo e observacional, dois treinadores e 27 atletas da categoria cadete (U-16) de duas equipes de handebol feminino do estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil) foram investigados. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação sistemática e indireta (filmagem) de 36 sessões de treinamento, transcritas e analisadas no Sistema Integral de Análise de Treinamento (SIATE). O tratamento dos dados foi baseado em estatística descritiva (frequência) e inferencial (modelagem hierárquica em vários níveis), utilizando o software SPSS 23.0 e o programa R. Nas 336 tarefas analisadas, observou-se que as sessões priorizaram jogos e competição como forma de treinamento e conduta tático-técnica como o tipo de conteúdo. Os treinadores usaram um modelo ondulador na estruturação das tarefas nos microciclos investigados, ambas as equipes priorizando o uso de situações de treinamento semelhantes às exigências das partidas oficiais de handebol

El desarrollo de la habilidad solucionar problemas de salud de carácter urgente en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina / The development of skills to solve urgent health problems in the medicine student

RESUMEN Introducción: El egreso de un médico general competente demanda que desde el pregrado aprenda a solucionar los problemas de salud más prevalentes. Objetivo: Diseñar un sistema de tareas docentes que contribuya a que el estudiante de Medicina desarrolle la habilidad de solucionar problemas de salud de carácter urgente presentes en el paciente adulto. Método: En el curso escolar 2017-2018, en el servicio de Medicina Intensiva del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" se realizó un estudio de corte transversal y con enfoque cualitativo. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemático-estadísticos. Se hizo un pre-experimento en el que se aplicó un sistema de tareas docentes dirigido a satisfacer el objetivo que se declaró, en el que participaron 25 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: La autoevaluación del estudiante y su examen de desempeño mostró que en el 64,0 % de ellos mejoró su preparación para este fin y logró el desarrollo de la habilidad. Conclusiones: Se fundamenta desde el punto de vista teórico que la solución de estos problemas de salud de carácter urgente adquiere el carácter de habilidad profesional para el médico dada su implicación en el modo de actuación profesional. Se diseña un sistema de tareas docentes que posibilita esta aspiración y se demuestra su viabilidad para su instrumentación en la práctica pedagógica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The graduation of competent general practitioners demand from them the learning of skills to solve the most common urgent health issues from early stages of the undergraduate level. Objective: To design a system of teaching tasks aiming to the development of problem-solving skills in the medicine student regarding common urgent health problems in adult patients. Method: During the school year 2017-2018, a qualitative-focused cross-sectional study was undertaken in the intensive care service at the General Teaching Hospital ¨Dr. Agostinho Neto¨. In the research, theoretical, empirical and mathematical-statistical methods were used. A pre experiment was carried out, applying a system of teaching tasks aimed to the goals already set, in a group of 25 randomly-selected students. Results: Self-evaluation of the students, and their performance in the exams showed an improvement in 64.0% of them, and the development of the skills required. Conclusions: From a theoretical point of view, is obvious that the resolution of urgent health problems is a keystone skill in the practitioners, due to the importance it has in their career. On that path, a system of tasks is developed in order to show the students how to improve on these skills, and the viability to make this tasks into the current teaching program is proved.

Sistema de tareas docentes integradoras para favorecer la interdisciplinariedad del profesional de la Cultura Física / System of integrative teaching tasks to promote interdisciplinary of the professional of Physical Culture

Resumen El desempeño del profesional de la Cultura Física en el eslabón de base, en Cuba, requiere de una sólida formación interdisciplinaria que la universidad, como ente formador, debe propiciar, sin embargo, no se alcanza en este aspecto los niveles deseados. Ante dicha afirmación, el objetivo de esta investigación es proponer tareas docentes integradoras para favorecer la interdisciplinariedad en el proceso de formación del Licenciado en Cultura Física, desde la asignatura Teoría y metodología de la Educación Física, la cual reviste gran importancia como una vía acertada para conducir la formación, con un carácter interdisciplinario en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte "Manuel Fajardo". Con este propósito se, utilizaron los métodos: analítico, sintético, inductivo- deductivo y análisis documental. Los resultados fueron valorados mediante los paquetes estadísticos SPSS v. 20 y Epidat v. 4.2, y la dócima no paramétrica de Wilcoxon, lo cual permitió la elaboración de veinte tareas docentes integradoras, que fueron validadas como resultado del criterio de treinta expertos y constituyen una alternativa de solución al problema revelado en la investigación. Se corroboró a través de un preexperimento pedagógico, realizado en el tercer año del curso académico 2017-2018.

Abstract The performance of the Physical Culture professional in the base link in Cuba requires a solid interdisciplinary formation that the university as a training entity must propitiate; however, the desired levels are not reached in this aspect. In view of this affirmation, the objective of this research is to propose integrative teaching tasks to favor interdisciplinarity in the process of formation of the Bachelor in Physical Culture, from the subject Theory and Methodology of Physical Education, which is of great importance as an appropriate way to conduct the formation with an interdisciplinary character in the University of Sciences of Physical Culture and Sport "Manuel Fajardo". For this purpose, the following methods were used: synthetic analytic, deductive inductive, documentary analysis. The results were evaluated through the statistical packages SPSS v. 20 and Epidat v. 4.2, and Wilcoxon's nonparametric docima, which allowed the elaboration of twenty integrative teaching tasks, which were validated as a result of the criteria of thirty experts and constitute an alternative solution to the problem revealed in the research. It was corroborated through a pre-pedagogical experiment carried out in the third year of the 2017-2018 academic year.

Diferencias en la reserva neural en relación al entrenamiento musical / Differences in the neural reserve in relation to music training

La reserva neural es un subcomponente de la reserva cognitiva y refiere a las diferencias en los paradigmas cognitivos que subyacen al desempeño de tareas en un cerebro sano. Puede darse por diferencias innatas (inteligencia, edad) o ambientales, como el entrenamiento musical. Éste está relacionado con diferencias cerebrales y cognitivas. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de investigaciones que evaluaron rendimiento cognitivo en músicos como no músicos, y establecer diferencias en la reserva cognitiva y, más específicamente, el subcomponente de reserva neural, entre ambos grupos. Se parte de la suposición de que los músicos poseen un rendimiento superior en tareas cognitivas con respecto a los no músicos y que esto está relacionado con una mayor reserva neural debido al entrenamiento musical. Los resultados son contradictorios. Se encontraron algunas diferencias en dominios cercanos a la práctica musical en adultos jóvenes, y en diversos dominios en adultos mayores. Las diferencias entre grupos, que no diferían en inteligencia, podrían ser atribuibles a una mayor reserva cognitiva. También hay relaciones con el tipo de instrumento, los años y la edad de comienzo de la práctica musical. Se sugiere replicar los hallazgos controlando diversas variables(AU)

Neural reserve is a subcomponent of cognitive reserve and refers to the differences in cognitive paradigms that underlie task performance in a healthy brain. It can occur due to innate (intelligence, age) or environmental differences, such as musical training. This is related to brain and cognitive differences. The aim of the present study is to carry out a bibliographic review of investigations that evaluated cognitive performance in musicians as well as non-musicians, and to establish differences in cognitive reserve and, more specifically, the neural reserve subcomponent, between both groups. It is assumed that musicians have superior cognitive tasks performance compared to non-musicians and that this is related to a greater neural reserve due to musical training. The results are contradictory. Some differences were found in domains close to musical practice in young adults, and in various domains in older adults. The differences between groups, which did not differ in intelligence, could be attributable to a greater cognitive reserve. There are also relationships with the type of instrument, the years and the age of beginning of the musical practice. It is suggested to replicate the findings controlling for various variables(AU)

Diseño de un instrumento de preferencias vocacionales en Administración, Materiales y Biotecnología / Design of an Instrument for Vocational Preferences in Administration, Materials and Biotechnology

Resumen Este estudio buscó diseñar y evaluar una prueba de preferencias vocacionales para las carreras de Administración de Empresas, Ingeniería en Materiales e Ingeniería en Biotecnología en el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR). Para ello, se construyó previamente el perfil vocacional de cada carrera a partir del cual se redactaron los ítems de la prueba. Participaron 480 estudiantes con una media de edad de 22.07 años, 53.19% mujeres y 46.81% hombres. Se obtuvo información del perfil de cada carrera por parte de estudiantes y docentes. Posteriormente, la revisaron grupos de expertos. A partir del perfil definido, se redactaron los ítems de la prueba. Luego, se evaluaron sus características psicométricas con análisis factoriales. Se obtuvieron adecuados indicadores de bondad de ajuste. La prueba vocacional incluyó tres escalas: habilidades, intereses y tareas vocacionales. La escala de habilidades evaluó seis factores: lógico-matemática, física, química, biológica, liderazgo y autorregulación- disciplina. Por su parte, las escalas de tareas e interés se utilizaron para definir las preferencias por los tres factores evaluados: Administración, Materiales y Biotecnología. Finalmente, se evidenciaron diferencias según sexo, carrera y nivel de satisfacción vocacional.

Abstract: This study sought to design and evaluate a vocational preference test for Business Administration, Materials Engineering and Biotechnology Engineering majors at the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR). For this goal, first of all a vocational profile of each career was constructed, from which the test items were written. 480 students took part, with an average age of 22.07 years, 53.19% of them women and 46.81% men. Descriptions of the profile of each career were collected by students and teachers, and later analyzed by expert groups. From the defined profile, items were drawn up and later evaluated with factor analysis, for the selection of the items, obtaining adequate indicators of goodness of fit. The vocational test includes three factors: Skills, Interests and Vocational Tasks. In turn, the Skills scale evaluated six areas: Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Leadership and Self-regulationdiscipline. For its part, the scale of preferences contemplated the three areas evaluated: Administration, Materials and Biotechnology. On the other hand, there were differences according to sex, major and level of vocational satisfaction.

The formation of professional competencies of students who study theory and practice of inclusive education of children with disabilities

The article deals with the organizational- methodological and content aspects of practice-oriented tasks aimed at the formation of professional competencies of future professionals who study the theory and practice of the inclusive education of children with disabilities. Practice-oriented tasks aimed at the formation of knowledge about the essence of the basic concepts used in the process of the professional activity of specialists in an inclusive educational space are presented. In addition, practice-oriented tasks aimed at the formation of the abilities to analyze and summarize educational activities in organizations engaged in educational activities and to support children with disabilities and their families are given.

Developmental tasks, family structures and functions of selected Filipino families with young children: A cross-sectional study

Background@#The family life cycle describes the stages of family development starting from the formation of the emerging adults to marriage, birth of children, growth into adolescents, adulthood and families in later life. The cycle includes individual developmental changes of family members, evolution of marital relationship and cyclic development of the evolving family unit. Presently, there is no study that describes the developmental tasks, structures and functions of Filipino families with young children.@*Objective@#The objective of the study was to describe the developmental tasks, family structure and functions among selected Filipino families with young children.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2016 on a total of 353 Filipino parents of families with young children ages 0-12 years old.@*Results@#The extended type of family (65%) is more predominant than the nuclear type (35%) among the participants. A high Family APGAR score of 9.2 (SD ± 1.1) translated to highly functioning families with young children. Overall, the first order changes on financing, marital adjustments and extended family relationships were highly met except that on the unexpected costs of family life. For second order changes, there was a significant association of decline in intimacy over time among couples progress thru the life stages (X2 12.75, p-value 0.013). Partners were able to adjust the marital relationship mainly through communication and acceptance. The parenting roles were done most of the time except for the roles on inspiring children for nationalism and providing wholesome educational materials. Finally, almost all families with young children (99%) were able to align relationship with extended family members.@*Conclusion@#The selected Filipino families with young children mostly have an extended family structure and are highly functional. Overall, the first and second developmental tasks were accomplished in varying degrees.

Propuesta de procedimientos para elaborar tareas integradoras en asignaturas de la carrera Medicina / Proposal of procedures to develop integrative tasks in subjects from Medicine career

RESUMEN Fundamento: La educación médica en el siglo XXI exige de un estudiante capaz de captar las conexiones entre las diferentes asignaturas para dar solución a determinada problemática y puedan integrar aquello que se les enseñó aisladamente en las asignaturas. Objetivo: Describir procedimientos generales de las asignaturas de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Genética para elaborar tareas integradoras que contribuyan al desarrollo de la independencia cognoscitiva de los estudiantes de la carrera Medicina. Desarrollo: Se exponen las características de las tareas docentes integradoras y los procedimientos para su elaboración a partir de la determinación de los nodos interdisciplinarios entre las asignaturas de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Genética. Conclusiones: Los procedimientos que se presentan para la elaboración de las tareas docentes integradoras, orientan metodológicamente la actividad del profesor para desarrollar la independencia cognoscitiva de los estudiantes de la carrera Medicina.

ABSTRACT Background: In the 21st century, medical education requires a student capable of understanding the relations among the different subjects in order to solve a certain problem and integrate everything taught in isolation in all of them. Objective: To describe general procedures in the Pathological Anatomy, Microbiology and Genetics subjects to elaborate integrative tasks that contribute to the development of the cognitive independence in Medicine students. Development: The characteristics of the integrating teaching tasks and the procedures for their elaboration from the determination of the interdisciplinary nodes among the Pathological Anatomy, Microbiology and Genetics subjects are exposed. Conclusions: The procedures presented for the elaboration of the integrating teaching tasks, methodologically guide the teacher´s activity to develop the cognitive independence in Medicine students.

Guía didáctica para la educación en el trabajo desde la asignatura Medicina Comunitaria / Didactic guide for the education in the work from the Community Medicine subject

RESUMEN Introducción: La educación en el trabajo es la forma fundamental del proceso docente educativo en las carreras de las ciencias médicas y en específico para la asignatura de Medicina Comunitaria de la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: Exponer elementos referidos a una guía didáctica para la educación en el trabajo de la asignatura Medicina Comunitaria. Método: Se diseñó una guía didáctica para la educación en el trabajo, desde la asignatura Medicina Comunitaria. Se interactuó con estudiantes de segundo año de la carrera de Medicina, la cuak abarcó 4 etapas. Resultados: Se ofrecen las tareas con sus objetivos y acciones a cumplimentar por los estudiantes, amparados por la guía actual de confección del Análisis de la Situación de Salud. Conclusiones: La guía constituye una herramienta que posibilita la realización de las actividades de la educación en el trabajo a la vez que permite el logro de competencias profesionales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The education in the work is the fundamental form of the educational teaching process in the careers of the medical sciences and in specific for the subject of Community Medicine of the career of Medicine. Objective: To exhibit elements referred to a didactic guide for the education in the work of the Community Medicine subject. Method: A didactic guide was designed for the education in the work, from the Community Medicine subject. It was interacted with students of the second year of the career of Medicine, which included 4 stages. Results: The tasks are offered with their objectives and actions to complete for the students protected by the current guide of preparation of the Analysis of the Situation of Health. Conclusions: The guide constitutes a tool that makes possible the achievement of the activities of the education in the work, simultaneously it allows the achievement of professional competitions.

Assessment of the care process with orthotics, prosthetics and special materials / Evaluación del proceso de cuidado con ortesis, prótesis y materiales especiales / Avaliação do processo de cuidado com órteses, próteses e materiais especiais

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess potential failures in the care process with orthotics, prosthetics and special materials in a high-complexity hospital. Method: an intervention study conducted from March to October 2013. This process was assessed with the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) service tool. The data were analysed according to the risk and the corrective measures were defined. Results: no failure was classified as high risk and the corrective measures indicated as low and moderate risk had the following improvement initiatives suggested: standardize the material records in the information system; create a specific form to require materials; hire specialized technical personnel and create a continuous education program. Conclusion: all the suggested initiatives were implemented and helped to reduce the assistance risks for patients due to failures in this process. The actions increase safety levels and provide higher quality of service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar las fallas potenciales en el proceso de trabajo del cuidado con ortesis, prótesis y materiales especiales en un hospital de alta complejidad. Método: estudio de intervención realizado de marzo a octubre de 2013. El proceso fue evaluado utilizando la herramienta de Análisis del Modo y Efecto de Fallas del tipo servicio. Los datos fueron analizados conforme el riesgo y se definieron las medidas correctivas. Resultados: ninguna falla fue clasificada como alto riesgo y las medidas correctivas apuntadas como de bajo y moderado riesgo han tenido propuestas de acciones de perfeccionamiento: estandarización de los registros de materiales en el sistema de información; creación de un formulario específico para la solicitud de material; contratación de personal técnico especializado y creación de un programa de educación permanente. Conclusión: todas las acciones propuestas fueron implantadas y ayudaron en la reducción del riesgo asistencial a los pacientes por fallas en este proceso, aumentando los niveles de seguridad y proporcionando más calidad en el servicio.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as falhas potenciais, no processo de trabalho do cuidado com órteses, próteses e materiais especiais em um hospital de alta complexidade. Método: estudo de intervenção realizado de março a outubro de 2013. O processo foi avaliado utilizando a ferramenta de Análise de Modos de Falhas e Efeitos do tipo serviço. Os dados foram analisados conforme o risco e foram definidas as medidas corretivas. Resultados: nenhuma falha foi classificada de alto risco e as medidas corretivas apontadas como de baixo e moderado risco tiveram propostas de ações de melhoria, como: padronização dos cadastros de materiais no sistema de informação; criação de um formulário específico para a solicitação de material; contratação de pessoal técnico especializado e criação de um programa de educação permanente. Conclusão: todas as ações propostas foram implantadas e auxiliaram na redução do risco assistencial aos pacientes por falhas neste processo, aumentando os níveis de segurança e proporcionando maior qualidade no serviço.