Effects of exercise on cations/anions in blood serum of English Thoroughbred horses / Efeito do exercício sobre cátions/ânions em soro sanguíneo de equinos da raça Puro-Sangue-Inglês

English Thoroughbred horses, are widespread in Mexico and due to the lack of data on their exercise physiology, it is important to conduct exercise tests in order to obtain information the effects of exercise on more essential cations/anions in blood serum, as these horses are submitted to constant efforts. The study was carried out with 150 blood samples of English Thoroughbred horses clinically healthy. The blood sample collection was performed during three periods: 1) rest, 2) 30min after exercise (speed race of 12km/h for 30min with no rest) and 3) 60min after exercise. Mean values were calculated for cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate). The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. The linear relationships between ions were quantified, and an analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values between groups. The concentrations of the described analytes are consistent with values reported by international literature. The comparison between groups, revealed that during exercise, sodium ion did not show changes 30min after exercise and increase 60min after. Potassium ion showed increase 30min after exercise and decrease 60min after. Chloride ion showed a decrease 30min after exercise, to recover gradually 60min after. Meanwhile, bicarbonate ion showed increase 30min after exercise, decreasing slightly in the final stage. Negative correlation between bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were determined. It was concluded that exercise tests are useful for the determination of acid-base balance and osmotic balance, and their main role is to evaluate the athletic ability of horses.Considering that chloride ion excretion and metabolic adjustments of potassium ion and bicarbonate ion are superior to water loss, compared to the normal osmolarity of blood serum. The results found can be used to structure an adequate replacement program of electrolytes lost in sweat.(AU)

Equinos da raça Puro-Sangue-Inglês são difundidos no México e, devido à falta de dados sobre sua fisiologia do exercício, é importante fazer testes de exercício para obter informações sobre os efeitos do exercício em cátions/ânions mais essenciais no soro do sangue, pois esses equinos são submetidos a esforços constantes. O estudo foi realizado com 150 amostras de sangue de equinos Puro-Sangue-Inglês, clinicamente saudáveis. A coleta de sangue foi realizada em três períodos: 1) descanso, 2) 30min após o exercício (corrida de velocidade de 12km/h por 30min, sem descanso) e 3) 60min após o exercício. Os valores médios foram calculados para cátions (sódio e potássio) e ânions (cloreto e bicarbonato). O conjunto de dados resultante foi analisado utilizando-se distribuição gaussiana e estatística descritiva. Intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estabelecidos. As relações lineares entre os íons foram quantificadas, e uma análise de variância foi realizada para se compararem os valores médios entre grupos. As concentrações dos analitos descritos são consistentes com os valores relatados na literatura internacional. A comparação entre os grupos revelou que, durante o exercício, o sódio íon não mostrou alterações 30min após o exercício e aumentou 60min após. O potássio íon mostrou aumento 30min após o exercício e diminuiu 60min após. O cloreto íon mostrou uma diminuição 30min após o exercício, para recuperar gradualmente 60min depois. O bicarbonato íon mostrou aumento 30min após o exercício, diminuindo ligeiramente no estágio final. Correlação negativa entre bicarbonato íon e cloreto íon foi encontrada. Concluiu-se que os testes de exercício são úteis para a determinação do equilíbrio ácido-base e do equilíbrio osmótico, e seu principal papel é avaliar a capacidade atlética dos equinos. Considerando-se que a excreção de cloro íon e ajustes metabólicos de potássio íon e bicarbonato íon são superiores à perda de água, comparada à osmolaridade normal do soro sanguíneo,os resultados encontrados podem ser usados para estruturar um programa adequado de reposição de eletrólitos perdidos no suor.(AU)

Bem-estar em equinos do Jockey Club do Paraná: indicadores clínicos, etológicos e ritmo circadiano do cortisol / Welfare in horses of the Jockey Club Paraná: clinic ethologic indicators and circadian rhythm of cortisol

Com o objetivo de estudar parâmetros indicativos de bem-estar, 30 equinos de corrida foram avaliados quanto ao temperamento, comportamento, parâmetros clínicos (condição geral, escoriações, escore corporal, cólicas no último ano, frequências cardíaca e respiratória) e níveis de cortisol plasmático (matutino, vespertino e ritmo circadiano). Todos os animais apresentaram boas condições físicas gerais, parâmetros clínicos normais para a espécie e não tiveram cólica no ano anterior ao estudo, demonstrando a preocupação dos tratadores com a saúde física dos animais. Contudo, 36,7% dos animais estudados apresentavam estereotipias. Apesar da alta incidência de indivíduos com ritmo circadiano do cortisol (RCC) alterado dentro do grupo de animais com comportamentos anormais (63,64%), não foi encontrada diferença estatística (P>0,05) quando comparado com a incidência do grupo de animais sem estereotipia (31,58%). Quatro animais com estereotipia portavam dispositivos para restringir a expressão de anomalias. Desses, todos apresentaram RCC alterado, permitindo demonstrar que equinos restringidos fisicamente de realizar sua estereotipia apresentam 18 vezes mais chances de ter alteração no RCC do que um animal de comportamento normal. Conclui-se que os equinos do Jockey Club do Paraná, apesar de apresentarem condições físicas satisfatórias comparados a estudos nacionais anteriores, possuíam alterações comportamentais e de função adrenocortical compatíveis com estresse crônico. Os achados também corroboram noções prévias de que a estereotipia é uma forma de tentar aliviar o estresse crônico em equinos, e que o uso de meios físicos para restringir sua manifestação aumenta a chance de distúrbios no metabolismo do cortisol.(AU)

The objective was to study indicative parameters of welfare in 30 race horses evaluated for temperament, behavior, clinical parameters (general condition, abrasions, body score, colic in the last year, heart and respiratory rates) and plasma cortisol levels (morning, afternoon and circadian rhythm). All animals presented good general physical condition, normal clinical parameters for the species and no colic episodes in the year preceding the study. However, 36.7% of animals had stereotypies. Despite the high incidence of altered circadian cortisol rhythmicity (CCR) within the group of animals with abnormal behavior (63.64%), there was no statistical difference (P>0.05) when compared with the incidence in the group animals without stereotyping (31.58%). Four animals with stereotypic behavior carried devices to restrict the expression of anomalies. All these four individuals had altered CCR, showing that restricting the stereotypic behavior of a horse increases 18 times the chances of altered CCR when compared to an individual with normal behavior. The horses of the Jockey Club of Paraná, despite having good physical condition compared to previous national studies, had behavioral and adrenocortical function consonant with chronic stress changes. The results also corroborate previous concepts of stereotyping as stress relieving in horses, and that the use of its physical restriction increases the chances of disturbances in cortisol metabolism.(AU)

A retrospective study of causes for mortality of Thoroughbred horses in Caracas, Venezuela (2008-2012) / Estudo retrospectivo sobre causas de mortalidade em cavalos de Puro Sangue em Caracas, Venezuela (2008-2012)

The aim of this study was to describe the causes of death in Thoroughbred horses at the Racetrack "La Rinconada", in Caracas (Venezuela) during 2008-2012. This study was conducted in a cohort of all Thoroughbred horses that died or were subjected to euthanasia. Data was collected retrospectively. Only horses for which a full necropsy report was available were included in the study. The carcass and all internal organs of each horse were examined and representative samples of tissues with abnormalities were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination. Samples were collected for bacteriological or virological examination when indicated in gross examination. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A total of 532 Thoroughbred horses were examined post-mortem. Of these horses, 44% were females and 56% males. In general musculoskeletal injuries and dilaceration occurred specifically at higher frequency. The total year and horses dead for descriptive statistical analysis was to mean 106.4 and median 125; Standard Deviation: 47.82573; variation (Standard Deviation): 2287.3, population (Standard Deviation): 42.77663 and variance (Standard Deviation): 18229.84. In conclusion we identify and describe the causes of death in Thoroughbred Race Horses in Caracas, Venezuela. In order of importance the causes of death were principally skeletal muscle injuries resulting in fractures euthanasia, abdominal crisis were mostly bowel twists and gastric rupture andrespiratory pathologies such as the pneumonia, pleuritis presented a significant number of cases of pulmonary hemorrhage induced by exercise. Finally the multisystem pathologies were presented in low cases.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as causas de morte em cavalos de raça Puro Sangue no rasto "La Rinconada", em Caracas, Venezuela, durante 2008-2012. Este estudo foi conduzido com cavalos Puro Sangue que morreram ou foram submetidos à eutanásia. Os dados foram escolhidos retroativamente. Somente cavalos com relatório de necropsia disponível foram incluídos neste estudo. Foram examinados o cadáver e todos os órgãos internos de cada cavalo e as amostras representativas de tecidos com anormalidades foram coletadas em 10% de formol neutro e processadas para exame histopatológico. As amostras foram apanhadas para o exame bacteriológico ou virológico somente quando indicadas em exame macroscópico. Uma análise estatística descritiva foi feita e um total de 532 cavalos Puro Sangue foi examinado através de necropsia. Destes cavalos, 44% eram fêmeas e 56% machos. Em geral, rompimentos musculares esqueléticos ocorreram mais frequentemente. O ano total e cavalos de mortos para análise estatística descritiva foi em média 106.4, mediana 125; Padrão de Divergência: 47.82573; variação (padrão de Divergência): 2287.3, população (Padrão de Divergência): 42.77663 e discrepância (Padrão de Divergência): 18229.84. Para concluir, identificamos e descrevemos as causas de morte em Cavalos Raça de Puro Sangue em Caracas, Venezuela. As causas de norte, por ordem da importância, foram lesões do músculo esquelético que causaram fraturas e eutanásia, crises abdominais principalmente por distorção e a ruptura gástrica e patologias viventes como a pneumonia e a pleurisia apresentaram um número significante dos casos de hemorragia pulmonar induzida pelo exercício. Finalmente, as patologias multi-sistêmicas foram apresentadas em poucos casos.(AU)

Histological features of the placenta and their relation to the gross and data from Thoroughbred mares / Achados histológicos da placenta e sua relação com seus aspectos macroscópicas e dados de éguas Puro Sangue Inglês

The placenta is a transitory organ that originates from maternal and fetal tissues, the function of which is transporting nutrients from the mother to the fetus. The aim of this study was describe the histological features of placentas in healthy Thoroughbred mares at foaling and evaluate their relation with the gross placental and data of these mares. For this study 188 Thoroughbred mares were used. It was performed clinical observation for signs of placentitis during daily health checks and ultrasonic examination monthly to assess the fetus and placenta. All of the mares that exhibited clinical signs of placentitis were treated during gestation. The parturition was assisted, the placentas were grossly evaluated and samples were collected immediately after expulsion. The following data were considered for each mare: age, gestational age, number of parturition, time for placental expulsion, umbilical-cord length, placental weight and clinical signs of placentitis. Histological evaluation of the placentas revealed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization of the epithelial areolar cells, presence of inflammatory infiltrates and hypoplasia-atrophy of the microcotyledons. Most of the gross placental findings were consistent with the histological results. In conclusion the mares with a vacuolated placental chorionic epithelium were older and had experienced a larger number of births. Great part of the mares with inflammatory infiltrates did not showed any clinical signs of placentitis during gestation.(AU)

A placenta é um órgão transitório originado do tecido fetal e materno, com função de transportar nutrientes da mãe para o feto. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os achados histológicos das placentas de éguas Puro Sangue Inglês (PSI) a termo e avaliar sua relação com a macroscopia da placenta e dados dessas éguas. O estudo utilizou 188 éguas PSI. Foram realizadas observações clinicas diárias para presença de sinais clínicos de placentite e ultrassonografia mensal para avaliar saúde do feto e placenta. As éguas que apresentaram sinais clínicos de placentite durante a gestação foram tratadas. Os partos foram assistidos, as placentas avaliadas macroscopicamente e coletadas imediatamente após sua expulsão. Como dados das éguas foram considerados: idade, tempo de gestação, número de partos, tempo de eliminação da placenta, comprimento de cordão umbilical, peso da placenta e sinais clínicos de placentite. A avaliação histológica das placentas demonstrou extensiva vacuolização citoplasmática das células do epitélio coriônico das regiões areolares, presença de infiltrados inflamatórios e hipoplasia-atrofia de microcotilédones. A maior parte dos achados macroscópicos da placenta foram condizentes com os resultados de histologia. Como conclusão, a vacuolização do epitélio coriônico foi característica de éguas mais velhas e com maior número de partos. Grande parte das éguas com infiltrados inflamatórios não demonstraram sinais clínicos de placentite.(AU)

Topography of arterial and venous blood vessels in the kidneys of English Thoroughbred Horses / Topografia dos vasos sanguíneos arteriais e venosos nos rins de Cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês

In equines, kidney diseases are typically associated with respiratory and digestive problems, but surgical intervention is not common. The study of kidney blood vessels of domestic and wild animals are of fundamental importance for understanding many aspects of their physiology and nutrition. The current study used 30 pairs of kidneys from English Thoroughbred horses being 15 males and 15 females of different ages. The organs were donated by the Jockey Club of Sao Paulo. During the animal necropsies, the kidneys and their arteries and veins were removed together. The organs were fixed in formalin 10% for about 48 hours, for dissection and individualization of the components of the renal pedicle. After dissecting the material, the components of the renal pedicle were individualised. To analyse the results, the cranioventral, craniodorsal, caudoventral and caudodorsal quadrants were defined using two lines: craniocaudal and dorsoventral. Overall, the following results were obtained: in the hilar region, two arterial branches occurred in the right kidney in 50% of cases and two in the left kidney (33.3%); in the juxtahilar region, the number of arterial branches ranged from four to five in the right kidney in 20% of cases, whereas six occurred in the left kidney (16.7%); and regarding the extrahilar region, three branches occurred in the right kidney (26.7%) and three in the left kidney (20.0%).

As doenças renais em equinos, geralmente estão associadas a problemas respiratórios e digestórios, entretanto não são frequentes as intervenções cirúrgicas neste órgão para estes animais. O estudo dos vasos sanguíneos relativos aos rins nos animais domésticos e selvagens é de fundamental importância para o entendimento de diversos aspectos de sua fisiologia e nutrição. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados 30 pares de rins de equinos Puro Sangue Inglês, dos quais 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, de diferentes faixas etárias, provenientes de doação do Jockey Club de São Paulo. Durante a necropsia dos animais, os rins unidos por meio de suas artérias e veias renais foram retirados em bloco. Em seguida, foram fixados em solução de formol a 10%, por aproximadamente 48h, para a dissecação e individualização dos componentes dos pedículos renais. Para a análise dos resultados foram demarcados os quadrantes cranioventral, craniodorsal, caudoventral e caudodorsal, com duas linhas uma craniocaudal e a outra dorsoventral. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que: os ramos arteriais da região hilar são observados no rim direito em número de dois em 50%, no esquerdo em número de dois (33,3%), os ramos arteriais na região justahilar são computados no rim direito em número de quatro a cinco em 20% e no rim esquerdo em número de seis (16,7%), e nos ramos dispostos na região extrahilar são registrados no rim direito em número de três (26,7%) e no esquerdo em número de três (20%).

Avaliação ecocardiográfica do desenvolvimento cardíaco de cavalos atletas: comparação entre atividades físicas distintas / Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac development of athletic horses: comparision between different physical activities

A capacidade aeróbica dos equinos atletas pode ser explicada, em partes, pelo seu desenvolvimento cardíaco associado ao treinamento físico. O exame ecocardiográfico de equinos atletas permite a visualização destas alterações e da função cardíaca destes animais. Buscou-se avaliar ecocardiograficamente equinos de diferentes modalidades esportivas, para verificar se o tipo de atividade física desempenhada por cada grupo de animais promove diferenças estruturais ou funcionais cardíacas. 196 equinos foram submetidos à avaliação ecocardiográfica em repouso, sendo divididos em três grupos: grupo Polo, 44 equinos participantes de provas de Polo; grupo QM, 49 equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, participantes de provas de baliza e tambor, e grupo PSI, 103 equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês participantes de provas de corridas. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices cardíacos: SIV, DIVE e PLVE em sístole e diástole, AE em sístole, Ao em diástole, relação AE:Ao, FEj, VEj, VSFVE, VDFVE, FS%, E-S, TEVE, DC e FC. Os animais do grupo PSI apresentaram os maiores volumes de ventrículo esquerdo, tendo apresentado proporcionalmente menor eficiência quando analisado o VEj. Os animais do grupo Polo e QM apresentaram melhores valores quando analisadas as variáveis de função cardíaca. A atividade física mais intensa desempenhada pelos animais do grupo QM e Polo permitiu melhor desenvolvimento funcional do coração destes animais, tendo o grupo PSI, apresentado valores que sugerem que sua capacidade aeróbica ainda pode ser melhor explorada através de melhor orientação de seu treinamento físico...

The aerobic capacity of equine athletes may be explained, in part, by its cardiac development associated with physical training. Echocardiographic examination of equine athletes allows the visualization of these changes and cardiac function of these animals. We aimed to evaluate echocardiographically horses of different sports to see if the type of physical activity performed by each group of animals promotes structural or functional cardiac differences. 196 horses underwent echocardiography at rest were divided into three groups: Polo group, 44 horses participating in tests of Polo; QM group, 49 horses of Quarter Horse, participants of barrel and pole bending events and PSI group, 103 horses of the breed Thoroughbred racehorses. We evaluated the following heart rates: IVS, LVD and LVFW in systole and diastole, LA in systole, Ao in diastole, mean LA: Ao, EF, EV, LVFSV, LVFDV, FS%, E-S, LVET, CO and HR. The PSI group animals showed higher left ventricular volumes and provided proportionately less efficiency when we analyzed EV. Animals in group Polo and QM showed higher values when variables such as cardiac function. The more intense physical activity performed by the animals of group QM and Polo provided better functional development of the heart of these animals, and the PSI group, presented figures suggesting that aerobic capacity can still be better exploited through better targeting of their physical training...

Training and Detraining Effects on Satellite Cell Response after Exhaustive Exercise in Thoroughbred Horses / 体力科学

We investigate the effects of training and detraining on the satellite cell activation in thoroughbred horse muscles after an exhaustive exercise. Six horses were subjected to conventional training for 18 weeks and detraining for 6 weeks. Before training (Pre), after 10-week and 18-week training (10Tr and 18Tr), and after 6-week detraining (DTr), an incremental exercise test (IET) was performed on inclined treadmill to measure VO₂max and the velocity at a plasma lactate of 4 mmol/l (VLA4). Biopsy samples from gluteus medius muscle was obtained before and at 1 minute (1min), 3 hour (3hr), 6 hour (6hr) and 1 day after each IET. Number of muscle satellite cell were counted in type identified muscle fibers by immuno-histochemical stain images. The levels of mRNA expressions were determined using real time RT-PCR system. The number of satellite cells in 10Tr was significantly higher in type IIa fibers (0.31±0.10) than Pre (0.15±0.06). As compared to each value before IET, IL-6 mRNA expression (fold change) increased remarkably at 6hr after IET in 10Tr (x 2290.2) and 18Tr (x 2304.2), but not in both Pre (x 260.0) and DTr (x 853.3). IGF-I and Myogenin mRNA expressions were significantly increased at 1 day after IET in 18Tr (x 6.6 and x 3.3), but not in both Pre and DTr. These results suggested that the increased reactivity of satellite cells by training for 18 weeks is almost disappeared after detraining for 6 week, as well as VO₂max and VLA4.

Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrug on prevalence of helicobacter like organisms in gastric mucosa of thoroughbreds horses

The aim of this study was describe effects of NonsteroidalAnti-inflammatory drug on prevalence of Helicobacter LikeOrganisms in gastric mucosa of Thoroughbreds horses. Werestudied 54 Thoroughbred horses in the national race Track“La Rinconada” Caracas-Venezuela. All equine were treatedby seven days with phenylbutazone at an intravenous doseof 4.4 mg/kg. All horses presented Equine gastric ulcer syndromeacute superficial gastritis (25/54), chronic gastritis witherosion focal (16/54), chronic gastritis with erosion focal andulcers (14/54) in the gastric in both regions mucosa squamousregion and glandular regions (fundus). Helicobacter Like Organismsinfection in the stomach was confirmed by Warthin-Starry (38/54). Gastric mucosa revealed numerous spiralshapedbacteria morphologically resembling Helicobacter LikeOrganisms in squamous regions, margo plicatus (20/38) andnumerous spiral-shaped bacteria in fundic glands (18/54). Inconclusion, we detected high presence of Helicobacter LikeOrganisms in the gastric mucosa of Thoroughbred horse’streatment with phenylbutazone.

Rate of return to race after arthroscopic surgeries in Thoroughbred racehorses (2005~2010) / 대한수의학회지

The racehorses that under arthroscopic surgery due to be injured his limbs were studied during exercise or training at Busan Race Park from 2005 to 2010. Rate of arthroscopic surgical treatments was 1.4% (63/4,642). Affected bones were radius, radial carpal bone, third carpal bone, proximal phalanx, third metacarpal bone, femur, tibia, proximal sesamoid bone and intermediate carpal bone. The lesions were fracture, chip fracture, slap fracture, osteochonrosis, and osteochondrotitis dissencans. Number of patients under arthroscopic surgery were 63. Success horses of returned to racetrack or tried to return to racetrack were 58, and 5 horses were in training or resting at the time of publication. Success horses of returned to their previous use in the patients were 49 horses (84.4%) and no returned to the racetrack were 9 horses (15.6%) in 58 horses.

Etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of bacterial infectious upper respiratory disease in Thoroughbred horses at the Seoul Race Park

Infectious upper respiratory disease (IURD) of Thoroughbred racehorses has been a frequent problem (29.6% of incidence) at the Seoul Race Park (Korea). Risk factors for IURD include the season with a high transfer rate (summer and fall), the stabling period (< or = 3 months), and age (2 to 3 years old), suggesting that the movement and new environment may have depressed the immune system of the horses and decreased their ability to respond properly to pathogens. The bacterial strains (n = 98) isolated from IURD horses included Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and zooepidemicus.

Neonatal isoerythrolysis in Thoroughbred foals / 대한수의학회지

Two 4-day-old Thoroughbred foals with acute clinical signs of depression, elevated pulse and respiratory rates, anemia, and jaundice were referred to the equine hospital of Korea Racing Authority. The foals were seemingly normal at birth, but showed clinical signs such as abnormal behavior, jaundice and anemia suddenly after ingestion of the mare's colostrum, followed by death at 4 days after birth. According to the results of the hematology, serum chemistry analysis, jaundice foal agglutination test, and blood groups test, the foals were diagnosed as neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) caused by the mare's antibodies. These results suggested that the pregnant mares have a potential for NI.

Iatrogenic equine metabolic syndrome in thoroughbred horses

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a cluster of problem that includes obesity, insulin resistance and laminitis. In EMS peripheral adipocytes synthesize adipokines which are analogous to cortisol, resulting in Cushing syndrome like-signs and insulin resistance. The used of dexamethasone and triancinolone is very common and not permitted. Hypothesis or Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe metabolic syndrome iatrogenic in Thoroughbred horses. Were studied 22 Thoroughbred horses (12 female and 10 male), between 2-5 years old, in the national race Track “La Rinconada” Caracas-Venezuela. All equine were euthanized and study by necropsy. Samples were collected from the adrenal glands, gastric mucosa, pancreas, kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs, heart and adenohypofisys. Tissue sections were prepared and stained with Hematoxilin & Eosin (H&E) for light microscopy. Results: Clinical signs were polyury, polydipsy and secondary diabetes mellitus, recurrent infection, lethargie, laminitis and weight loss syndrome. Were isolates of recurrent infection: Salmonella sp., E. coli, Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter cloacae. Necropsy revealed: weight loss, loss fatty subcutaneous, xantomathosis of subcutaneous tissue. Abscess in coxal tuberous, facial and shoulder region. Liver was swollen, friable and icteric. Renal cortical and papillary necrosis. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome severed. Liver with periacinar necrosis with a prominent acinar pattern and fatty degeneration severed. Necrosis and vacuolar (glycogen) degeneration islets of langerhans, fibrosis and chronic. Renal cortical and medullary necrosis, acute tubular necrosis and glycogen nephrosis, glomerulonephritis membranous. Hemorrhages in adrenal cortex and atrophy cortical. Conclusions: These results suggest a iatrogenic EMS in Thoroughbred associated with overdose and chronic dexamethasone and triancinolona

Eficacia de la pentoxifilina en el tratamiento de la hemorragia pulmonar inducida por el ejercicio en equinos purasangres de carreras / Efficacy of pentoxifylline in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred racehorses

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la eficacia de la pentoxifilina en el tratamiento de la hemorragia pulmonar inducida por el ejercicio (HPIE) en equinos Purasangres de carreras. Para tal fin, se seleccionaron en forma aleatoria 146 animales con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 8 años de edad, los cuales fueron sometidos a dos ejercicios intensos (14,6 ± 0,4 m/s) en distancia de 1000 metros, procediéndose luego a realizar una evaluación endoscópica del tracto respiratorio superior, entre 30 y 90 minutos después de cada ejercicio, con el fin de determinar la presencia de la HPIE y caracterizar la intensidad del sangramiento. Posteriormente, del conjunto de animales que presentaron HPIE en ambos ejercicios, se seleccionó al azar una muestra representativa constituida por 40 equinos, los cuales fueron asignados a dos grupos, 20 animales (grupo I) a los cuales se les administró pentoxifilina (8,5 mg/kg, q 12 h, PO) por 7 días y 20 ejemplares (grupo II) que no recibieron tratamiento. Seguidamente el día posterior a la finalización del tratamiento, a cada uno de los animales (grupo I y II), se les realizó una tercera evaluación endoscópica del tracto respiratorio superior de 30 a 90 minutos después de un ejercicio intenso en distancia de 1000 metros, para determinar la ocurrencia y severidad de la HPIE. El análisis de los datos demostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P < 0,05) entre la presencia e intensidad de la HPIE y la administración de la pentoxifilina, observándose que 8 (40%) de los animales tratados no presentaron HPIE, mientras que 20 (100%) de los equinos a los cuales no se les suministró la droga evidenciaron HPIE. Igualmente se determinó que la ocurrencia de HPIE moderada, profusa y visible, respectivamente, fue mayor en los animales no tratados. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento con pentoxifilina ayuda a prevenir o disminuir la HPIE.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of the pentoxifylline in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in Thoroughbred racehorses. One hundred forty six (146) animals were randomly selected with ages between 3 and 8 years old, they were subjected to two intense exercises (14.6 ± 0.4 m/s) on distances of 1000 meters each, the horses were submitted to endoscopic evaluation of the respiratory tract, between 30 and 90 minutes after each exercise, the objective was to determine the presence of the EIPH and to characterize the intensity of the bleeding. Later, the group of animals which presented EIPH on both exercises was selected in random order as representative sample of bleeding racehorses. They were 40 equines divided in two groups, 20 animals (group I) received pentoxifylline (8.5 mg/kg, q 12 h, PO) for 7 days and 20 horses (group II) that did not receive treatment. Subsequently, the day after the end of the treatment, on each one of the horses (group I and II), a third endoscopic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract was performed, 30 to 90 minutes after an intense exercise on 1000 meters distance, in order to see the occurrence and severity of the EIPH. The analysis of the data demonstrated statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the presence and intensity of the EIPH and the administration of the pentoxifylline. Eight (40%) of the pentoxifilline-treated animals showed not EIPH, 20 (100%) not treated horses had evidence of EIPH. It was determined that the occurrence of moderate, profuse and visible EIPH respectively was larger in the not treated animals. Therefore, the treatment with pentoxifylline helps to prevent or to diminish the EIPH.

MUSCLE ADAPTATION TO TRAINING IN THOROUGHBRED HORSES / 体力科学

The thoroughbred horse is a remarkable animal, with both speed and endurance abilities during running. Muscle adaptation associated with training and growth has been examined using various physiological, histochemical and biochemical measurements. We have emphasized the importance of type IIX fiber recruitment in training program for thoroughbred. Because type IIX fiber provides the greatest contribution to total muscle volume in the gluteus medius muscle and increases in oxidative enzymes of the fibers would markedly improve the whole-muscle oxidative capacity. Based on these concepts, we examined the adaptations of type IIX fiber including hybrid fiber to various training programs.It is considered that scientific information about optimal training of these excellent abilities can provide significant insights into exercise physiology and health science not only for thoroughbred horses, but also for human beings.

Glucocorticoid-induced laminitis with hepatopathy in a Thoroughbred filly

A 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly was referred to the Equine Hospital, Korea Racing Association for evaluation of hematuria, inappetite, weight loss and depression. From 25 days prior to admission, the horse was treated for right carpal lameness with 20 mg intramuscular administration of triamcinolone acetonide per day for consecutive 10 days by a local veterinarian. Clinical and laboratory findings included vaginal hyperemia, flare in bladder wall, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, polyuria, polydipsia and laminitis in the end. High activities of aspartate transaminase and gamma glutamyltransferase and high concentration of total bilirubin indicated hepatopathy. Further hematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis did not reveal any abnormalities. Medical history, physical and clinicopathologic findings suggest that the laminitis and hepatopathy in this horse were most likely induced by repeated administration of exogenous corticosteroid. However, guarded prognosis of treating laminitis undermined the benefit of improvement of hematuria following electroacupuncture stimulation. The combined stimulation of kidney related acupoints (Shen Peng, Shen Shu), lumber related acupoints (Yao Qian, Yao Zhong) and associate acupoints (Guan Yuan Shu, Bai Hui) at 5Hz, 1-2V, for 40 minutes was of value in the treatment of hematuria. This case shows that horses under steroids may exhibit laminitis and steroid hepatopathy. Early recognition and good management of laminitis are important in the limitation of complications.

Gastrointestinal impaction by Parascaris equorum in a Thoroughbred foal in Jeju, Korea

A weanling Thoroughbred foal was admitted to Equine Hospital, Korea Racing Association with signs of colic. On admission the foal was sweating profusely, appeared anxious and exhibiting signs suggestive of abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed: tachycardia (90 beats/min), tachypnea (50 breaths/min) and congested and slightly cyanotic mucous membranes. No intestinal sounds were auscultated in all 4 abdominal quadrants. Rectal palpation identified concurrent cecum and large colon impactions. Treatment consisted of intravenous administration of a balanced electrolyte solution, nasogastric siphonage and administration of analgesics. Nasogastric reflux contained ascarids. This treatment failed to alleviate the signs of colic. The foal died 3 hours later following discharge because the owner didn't want laparatomy because of economic constraints. Prior to admission this foal had not received any prophylactic anthelmintic treatment. In necropsy, there were masses of ascarids accumulation in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The outcome of this report is to describe the first diagnosed case of gastrointestinal impaction by P. equorum in a Thoroughbred foal in South Korea and indicates the importance of regular anthelmintic treatment.