Foliar application of triacontanol ameliorates heat stress through regulation of the antioxidant defense system and improves yield of eggplant / Title in the second language of the article: Amelioration of heat stress in egg plant through application of tricontanol

Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.

Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 ​​kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.

Foliar application of triacontanol ameliorates heat stress through regulation of the antioxidant defense system and improves yield of eggplant

Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.

Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.

1-triacontanol cerotate isolated from Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. safeguards hippocampal CA3 neurons and augments special memory deficit in chronic epileptic rats / Cerotato de 1-triacontanol aislado de Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. protege las neuronas CA3 del hipocampo y mejora el déficit de memoria especial en ratas epilépticas crónicas

SUMMARY: Currently many people with epilepsy do not have seizure control even with the best available medications. Moreover various antiepileptics have adverse cognitive impact with other side effect. Thus, need for new antiepileptic drugs still remains challenge. However, many of the natural components have antiepileptic action and this fact remains scientifically unexplored. This study was designed to check the behavioral and neuro-pathological outcome of 1-Triacontanol cerotate (1TAC), isolated from Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. (MQ) on chronic Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy in rats. Two-month-old adult male Wistar rats (n=60) were randomly divided into six groups; Group I (Cage Control), II (Vehicle Control), III (Positive Control), IV (Standard drug treated), V (1TAC: 40 mg/kg) & VI (1TAC: 80 mg/kg). To induce kindling a 35 mg/kg dose of PTZ was injected i.p. in every 48 hrs for 30 days in Group III to VI. Spatial memory performance was tested using Morris water maze, following which brains were further processed for histopathological investigations. Interestingly, 1TAC was able to minimize the loss of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA3 region. These cellular changes were behaviorally responded as improved special learning and memory, a better spatial navigation and object place configuration. The current study strongly implicates that 1TAC from MQ has potent neuroprotective role and augments special memory deficit in chronic epileptic rats. The isolated component which attenuates spatial memory performance could be beneficial outcome to retain cognitive blunting in chronic epilepsy.

RESUMEN: Actualmente, muchas personas con epilepsia no cuentan con un control adecuado de las convulsiones, incluso con los mejores medicamentos disponibles. Además, varios antiepilépticos tienen un impacto cognitivo adverso además de efectos secundarios. Por lo tanto, la necesidad de nuevos fármacos antiepilépticos sigue siendo un desafío. Sin embargo, muchos de los componentes naturales tienen acción antiepiléptica y este hecho permanece científicamente inexplorado. Este estudio se diseñó para verificar el resultado conductual y neuro-patológico del cerotato de 1-triacontanol (1TAC), aislado de Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. (MQ) en el modelo de epilepsia en ratas del pentilenetetrazol (PTZ) crónico (PTZ). Ratas Wistar adultas de dos meses de edad (n = 60) se dividieron aleatoriamente en seis grupos; Grupo I (Control de jaula), II (Control de vehículo), III (Control positivo), IV (Medicamento estándar de tratamiento), V (1TAC: 40 mg / kg) y VI (1TAC: 80 mg / kg). Para inducir la inflamación se inyectó una dosis de 35 mg / kg de PTZ i.p. en cada 48 horas durante 30 días en los grupos III a VI. El rendimiento de la memoria espacial se probó utilizando el laberinto de agua de Morris, después de lo cual se procesaron los cerebros para investigaciones histopatológicas. Curiosamente, 1TAC pudo minimizar la pérdida de células piramidales en la región CA3 del hipocampo. Estos cambios celulares respondieron de manera conductual como una mejora del aprendizaje especial y la memoria, una mejor navegación espacial y la configuración del lugar del objeto. El estudio actual implica fuertemente que 1TAC de MQ tiene un potente papel neuroprotector y mejora el déficit de memoria especial en ratas epilépticas crónicas. El componente aislado que atenúa el rendimiento de la memoria espacial podría ser un resultado beneficioso para retener la reducción cognitiva en la epilepsia crónica.

Effects of octacosanol and triacontanol alcohols on ciclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activities in vitro / Efecto sobre la actividad in vitro de las enzimas cicloxigenasa y 5-lipoxigenasa de los alcoholes octacosanol y el triacontanol

INTRODUCTION: policosanol, a mixture of eight primary aliphatic alcohols purified from sugar cane wax, contains octacosanol as major component. D-002, a mixture of six primary aliphatic alcohols purified from beeswax, presents triacontanol as the main component. Although both substances are high molecular weight alcohol mixtures, they have different compositions and pharmacological effects such as their distinct effects on arachidonic acid metabolism enzymes; whereas policosanol inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, D-002 inhibits COX and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activities. OBJECTIVE: to study the effects of octacosanol and triacontanol, which are main components of policosanol and D-002, respectively on the COX and the 5-LOX enzyme in vitro activities. METHODS: triacontanol and octacosanol were suspended in a Tween-20/H2O (2 %) (0.6-5000 g/mL) vehicle. The effects of adding these alcohols on COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes activities were assessed in rat platelet microsomes, rat seminal vesicle microsomes and rat polymorphonuclear (PMN) preparations, respectively. Indomethacin (0.4µg/mL) was used as reference inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, and Lyprinol as 5-LOX inhibitor. RESULTS: octacosanol showed significant, marked (70% with highest concentration) (IC50=143.54 g/mL) and dose-dependent (r=0.991, p <0.001) inhibitory action on COX-1 activity. However, Triacontanol did not affect COX-1, but inhibited significantly, depending on dose (r=0.985, p <0.001) the COX-2 activity to 50 % with 1250 g/mL. In contrast, octacosanol did not change COX-2 activity. Indomethacin inhibited both COX-1 and COX-2 by 83 %. Octacosanol addition was ineffective whereas triacontanol had significant, dose-dependent (r=0.978, p<0.001) and marked effect (79 %) on the 5-LOX activity (IC50=58.74 g/mL). Lyprinol inhibited 5-LOX by 89 %. The inhibitions induced by octacosanol and triacontanol were competitive. CONCLUSIONS: in vitro addition of octacosanol and triacontanol caused differential effects on COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX enzyme activities. Whereas octacosanol markedly inhibited COX-1 activity and did not change those of COX-2 and 5-LO, triacontanol markedly inhibited 5-LOX activity, but had moderate effect on COX-2 and did not change COX-1 activity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el policosanol, mezcla de ocho alcoholes purificados de la cera de la caña de azúcar, contiene octacosanol como componente mayoritario. El D-002, mezcla de seis alcoholes alifáticos primarios purificada de la cera de abejas, presenta triacontanol como el componente mayoritario. Aunque ambas sustancias son mezclas de alcoholes de alto peso molecular, exhiben diferente composición y perfil farmacológico como son sus efectos sobre las enzimas del metabolismo del ácido araquidónico: mientras el policosanol inhibe la actividad de ciclooxigenasa (COX)-1, el D-002 inhibe las actividades de la COX y la 5-lipooxigenasa (5-LOX). OBJETIVO: investigar los efectos del octacosanol y el triacontanol, principales componentes del policosanol y el D-002, respectivamente, sobre las actividades de las enzimas COX y 5-LOX in vitro. MÉTODOS: el policosanol y el triacontanol se suspendieron en vehículo Tween-20/H2O (2 %) (0.6-5000g/mL). Los efectos de la adición de estos alcoholes sobre las actividades de las enzimas COX-1, COX-2 y 5-LOX se evaluaron en microsomas de plaquetas de ratas, microsomas de vesículas seminales de ratas y en preparaciones de polimorfonucleares (PMN) de ratas, respectivamente. Se utilizó indometacina (0.4 µg/mL) como inhibidor de referencia de COX-1 and COX-2 y Lyprinol como inhibidor de 5-LOX. RESULTADOS: la adición de octacosanol inhibió la actividad de COX-1 de modo significativo, marcado (70 % con la concentración mayor) (CI50=143.54 g/mL) y dependiente de la dosis (r=0.991, p <0.001). La adición de triacontanol, sin embargo, no afectó COX-1, pero inhibió de modo significativo y dependiente de la dosis (r=0.985, p <0.001) la actividad de la COX-2 hasta 50 % con 1250 g/mL. En contraste, el octacosanol no modificó la actividad de la COX-2. La indometacina inhibió COX-1 y COX-2 en un 83 %. Mientras la adición del octacosanol no fue efectiva, el triacontanol inhibió de modo significativo, dependiente de la dosis r=0.978, p <0.001) y marcadamente (79 %) la actividad de la 5-LOX (CI50=58.74 g/mL). El Lyprinol inhibió la 5-LOX en un 89 %. Las inhibiciones inducidas por el octacosanol y el triacontanol fueron competitivas. CONCLUSIONES: la adición in vitro de octacosanol y triacontanol produjo efectos diferenciales sobre las actividades enzimáticas de COX-1, COX-2 y 5-LOX. Mientras el octacosanol inhibió marcadamente la actividad de COX-1, sin afectar COX-2 y 5-LOX; el triacontanol inhibió marcadamente 5-LOX, pero moderadamente COX-2, y no cambió la actividad de COX-1.

Protocol for augmented shoot organogenesis in selected variety of soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)].

Development of a reproducible, versatile and efficient in vitro plant regeneration system is highly warranted for Indian soybean varieties for their mass multiplication in view of their commercial significance. Accordingly a protocol for direct shoot organogenesis in soybean variety JS 335 has been developed. Using cotyledonary node explants significant organogenic responses, mean shoot number and shoot length were observed when these were incubated on MS medium supplemented with 0.89 µM Benzyladenine (BA) and 5 μg/L triacontanol (TRIA) where in 9.3 ± 0.5 shoots were obtained. TRIA at 5 μg /L able to produce 6.8 ± 0.5 shoot buds in presence of 0.98 µM IBA and 0.89 µM BA. Highest mean shoot buds (14.0 ± 0.5 and 9.0 ± 0.5) and mean shoot length (4.6 ± 0.3 and 10.0 ± 0.7) were obtained when cotyledonary node and shoot tip explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.14 µM gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.89 µM BA and 5 μg/L TRIA. Moreover, TRIA supported highest mean root number (6.3±0.5) and root length (21.5 ± 0.57 cm). Field survival of in vitro derived plants of TRIA treatment was 70% and the overall growth and seed yield was also significantly better than control plants. This protocol may be used for improving the in vitro regeneration of soybean variety JS 335 for transformation studies.