Construção e validação psicométrica de instrumento para rastreio de eventos adversos em unidades de pronto atendimento / Construction and psychometric validation of an instrument for screening adverse events in emergency care units

Resumo: A segurança do paciente é tema relevante de estudo nos diversos ambientes de atenção à saúde. Entre eles destaca-se, nesta pesquisa, as Unidade de Pronto Atendimento, principal porta de entrada dos pacientes ao sistema de saúde brasileiro. A alta demanda, diversidade e complexidade dos casos contribuem para o risco de incidentes com danos nestas unidades, que somadas à cultura de segurança não fortalecida gera pouca investigação, reconhecimento e notificação de casos. Considerando a ausência de instrumento para detecção de eventos adversos neste contexto assistencial, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar e validar um instrumento de gatilhos, utilizando a psicometria, para o rastreio de Eventos Adversos em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa metodológica, de cunho quantitativo, seguindo o referencial da Psicometria, e utilizando-se os pólos teórico, experimental e analítico como correspondentes etapas metodológicas. Para a primeira etapa, polo teórico, realizou-se revisão integrativa, com o intuito de identificar na literatura científica gatilhos utilizados em serviços de emergência para rastrear eventos adversos. A reunião e organização das evidências culminou na versão inicial do instrumento de rastreio, contendo gatilhos que indicam a ocorrência de potenciais eventos adversos. Esta foi submetida à análise e organização por grupo focal, composto por quatro especialistas, e validação por grupo de 10 juízes experts em segurança do paciente, urgência/emergência e unidade de pronto atendimento, utilizando-se técnica Delphi on line. Na segunda etapa, polo experimental, o instrumento foi aplicado para análise de 240 prontuários de pacientes, selecionados aleatoriamente entre os atendidos em uma unidade de pronto atendimento da capital paranaense. Informações sociodemográficas, de saúde e do atendimento, gatilhos detectados e correspondentes casos foram registrados. Os eventos adversos confirmados pela pesquisadora e um médico, foram classificados segundo o grau de evitabilidade e dano e categorizados em administração de medicamentos, gerenciamento de vagas, assistência e conduta profissional. A análise dos casos foi complementada com os testes t de Student, exato de Fisher, Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn. O polo analítico se deu, transversalmente, nas primeira e segunda etapas metodológicas, por meio das análises e testes estatísticos. Como resultados, destaca-se que a revisão integrativa possibilitou a identificação e reunião de 54 gatilhos, 50 dos quais foram considerados aplicáveis e organizados em cinco módulos pelo grupo focal. Após três rodadas de julgamento o instrumento foi validado com Indice de Validade de Conteudo de 0,88 e Alfa de Cronbach 0,93, e cuja versão final contêm 48 gatilhos organizados em módulos clínico (n=20), trauma (n=02), procedimentos (n=04), medicamentos (n=07) e laboratorial (n=14). A leitura retrospectiva dos registros em prontuário, norteada pela versão final do instrumento, resultou na detecção de 23 diferentes gatilhos entre os 48 constantes no instrumento. Ao total 163 gatilhos foram registrados, sendo prevalentes administração de antialérgico (n=47), readmissão na UPA em 48 horas (n=23), hipoglicemia e/ou hiperglicemia (n=17);t otalizando 32 eventos adversos confirmados. A análise mostrou que os gatilhos identificados estiveram associados a eventos adversos (p<0,05), sendo 93,8% (n=30) fortemente evitáveis e associados (p<0,05) à idade, tempo de permanência e local para onde o paciente foi encaminhado após o atendimento. Conclui-se que o Instrumento para Rastreio de Eventos Adversos em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento reúne gatilhos válidos e eficazes para rastrear incidentes com danos; sua aplicação contribui para conhecer a epidemiologia desses agravos à saúde em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento, e para o direcionamento de ações com vistas à promoção da segurança do paciente e qualidade assistencial.

Abstract: Patient safety is a relevant topic of study in various health care environments. Among them, this research highlights the Emergency Care Unit, the main gateway for patients to the Brazilian health system. The high demand, diversity and complexity of cases contribute to the risk of incidents with damage in these units, which added to the unstrengthened safety culture generates little investigation, recognition and notification of cases. Considering the absence of an instrument for the detection of adverse events in this care context, the objective of this research was to elaborate and validate an instrument of triggers, using psychometrics, for the screening of Adverse Events in Emergency Units. For this, a methodological research was carried out, of quantitative nature, following the reference of Psychometrics, and using the theoretical, experimental and analytical poles as corresponding methodological steps. For the first stage, theoretical pole, an integrative review was carried out in order to identify in the scientific literature triggers used in emergency services to track adverse events. The gathering and organization of evidence culminated in the initial version of the screening instrument, containing triggers that indicate the occurrence of potential adverse events. This was submitted to analysis and organization by focus group, composed of four specialists, and validation by group of 10 expert judges in patient safety, urgency/emergency and emergency unit, using Delphi technique online. In the second stage, the experimental pole, the instrument was applied for analysis of 240 patient records, randomly selected among those attended in an emergency unit in the capital of Paraná. Sociodemographic, health and care information, triggers detected and corresponding cases were recorded. Adverse events confirmed by the researcher and a physician were classified according to the degree of avoidability and harm and categorized into drug administration, job management, care and professional conduct. Case analysis was complemented with Student's t-tests, Fisher's exact, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test. The analytical pole occurred, transversally, in the first and second methodological stages, through the analysis and statistical tests. As a result, we highlight that the integrative review enabled the identification and meeting of 54 triggers, 50 of which were considered applicable and organized into five modules by the focus group. After three rounds of judgment the instrument was validated with Content Validity Index of 0.88 and Cronbach's Alpha 0.93, and whose final version contains 48 triggers organized in clinical modules (n=20), trauma (n=02), procedures (n=04), drugs (n=07) and laboratory (n=14). The retrospective reading of records in medical records, guided by the final version of the instrument, resulted in the detection of 23 different triggers among the 48 contained in the instrument. In total 163 triggers were registered, being prevalent administration of antiallergic (n=47), readmission to the UPA in 48 hours (n=23), hypoglycemia and/or hyperglycemia (n=17); totaling 32 confirmed adverse events. The analysis showed that the identified triggers were associated with adverse events (p<0.05), being 93.8% (n=30) strongly avoidable and associated (p<0.05) with age, length of stay and place where the patient was referred after care. It is concluded that the Instrument for Screening Adverse Events in Emergency Care Units brings together valid and effective triggers to track incidents with damage; its application contributes to knowing the epidemiology of these health problems in Emergency Care Units, and to direct actions aimed at promoting patient safety and quality of care.

Factores desencadenantes del abandono del tratamiento antifímico. Distrito 09d13. 2016 ­ 2019 / Triggering factors for abandonment of antiphimic treatment. District 09d13. 2016 ­ 2019

Definido como la inasistencia continua del enfermo a la terapia antituberculosa por un mes o más, representa un excedente de gasto en salud pública. Asimismo, es uno de los problemas de salud pública mayormente reportados a nivel mundial como un resultado no satisfactorio de la estrategia tuberculosis. Objetivo: determinar los factores desencadenantes del abandono del tratamiento antifímico. Resultados: el principal factor desencadenante de abandono terapéutico en el Distrito 09D13, corresponde a la dimensión factores del paciente, ubicando dentro de este a la mejoría sintomatológica secundaria a un tratamiento parcial en el primer lugar, con un 94,1%, con predominio sobre el sexo masculino y en edades de 20 a 49 años. Conclusión: Los principales factores prevalentes en este estudio que desencadenan los abandonos fueron asociados a factores del paciente, en primer lugar, la mejoría sintomática, seguido por una situación económica deficiente. El tercer factor estuvo asociado al servicio de salud, como la falta de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. El estudio correlacional, establece que existe una relación positiva considerable entre la falta de vivienda y el consumo de alcohol, ambos factores no se muestran como los más prevalentes por sí solos, la perspectiva sugiere que cuando ambos factores se juntan se fortalece el factor desencadenante de abandono de la terapia antifímica(AU)

Defined as the continuous absence of the patient to antituberculous therapy for a month or more, represents an excess of public health spending. It is one of the public health problems most reported and worldwide as an unsatisfactory result of the tuberculosis strategy. Objective: to determine the triggers for the abandonment of antifungal treatment. Results: the main triggering factor for treatment abandonment in District 09D13 corresponds to the patient factors dimension, placing within this the symptomatic improvement secondary to a partial treatment in the first place, with 94.1%, with a predominance of the male sex and in ages from 20 to 49 years. Conclusion: The main prevalent factors in this study that trigger dropouts were associated with patient factors, firstly, symptomatic improvement, followed by a poor economic situation. The third factor was associated with the health service, such as the lack of knowledge about the disease. The correlational study establishes that there is a considerable positive relationship between homelessness and alcohol consumption, both factors not shown as the most prevalent by themselves, the perspective suggests that combination of both factors triggers discontinuation of antifungal therapy(AU)

Clinical profile and triggers of migraine: an Indian perspective

Background: Primary headache disorders are among the most ubiquitous disorders affecting people worldwide. Migraine headache is one of the commonest syndromes of primary headache. There are few studies regarding clinical profile of migraine and migraine triggers in India. The objective this study was to study the gender, age distribution, frequency, severity of migraine attacks and other associated symptoms in patients presenting with migraine. To study in detail about triggers of migraine in present study population.Methods: About 222 patients who presented with history suggestive of migraine with or without aura defined according to International classification of headache disorders 2, fulfilling the study criteria were included. The study duration was fifteen months from March 2017 to May 2018. Details were collected using a proforma.Results: In this study, incidence of Migraine is higher in females (169,76%) than males (53, 24%). Majority of migraine patients were between age group of 18-29 years constituting about 77 patients (34.65%). Frequency of migraine more commonly observed was 3-4 per month was observed in 64 patients (29%) and chronic migraine was seen in 19 patients (8.4%). Migraine without aura is most common type observed in this study. Many patients had more than one trigger. More common triggers identified were sun exposure (85, 38.3%), sleep deprivation (83, 37.4%), stress (84, 37.8%) and travel (80, 36%).Conclusions: Migraine is more common in females than males with majority being in between age group of 18-29 years. Many had frequency of 3-4 episodes per month. Most had more than one trigger.

Factors affecting readmission for asthma exacerbation in children attending Alexandria university children-hospital

Background: The admission rate for bronchial asthma has increased dramatically all over the world. This increase in admission influences the children’s quality of life in addition to health care cost. Objective of the study was to identify the risk factors for readmission because of acute asthmatic attacks.Methods: Case control study applied on asthmatic children admitted because of acute asthma attacks attending emergency room, paediatric intensive care unit and inpatient wards of Alexandria university children's hospital, Alexandria, Egypt in the period from September 2016 to July 2017. The study group was subdivided into 2 groups; group (A) readmitted within one year from first admission and group (B) firstly admitted.Results: The mean age in group (A) and (B) was 9.09±3.98 and 8.65±4.01 respectively. Males were more than females in both groups, and no sex differentiation effects on readmission. The duration of the disease in readmitted group ranged from 1-8 years, it was a risk factor for acute asthma readmission. Viral infection, exercise and dust were risk factors for acute asthma exacerbation readmission. Disease severity was found to have a higher percentage of hospitalization; cases with severe and moderate bronchial asthma compared to mild cases. Readmitted patients had more sleep disturbance and lack of school attendance. Readmitted patients were less adherent to treatment.Conclusions: Duration of the disease, viral infections, common cold, dust and exercise are risk factors for acute asthma readmission. Severity of the disease and adherence to medications affect acute asthma readmission.

Study of aromas as reminiscence triggers in community-dwelling older adults in Japan / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: This study investigates the presence or absence of reminiscence experiences in older adults when using aromas. Focusing on 40 scents familiar to Japanese people, our objective was to determine points of caution for aroma selection and use in reminiscence therapy.Materials and Methods: The participants were 118 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older. They were asked about the experience of recalling the past in response to stimuli of 40 aromas on the Japanese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT-J). In addition, an olfactory visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate olfactory function. Furthermore, a questionnaire-based survey was administered instead of asking participants to actually smell the odorants in the UPSIT-J.Results: At least 70% of the participants experienced recalling the past triggered by 16 aromas including sandalwood and yuzu fruit. Furthermore, 15 of the scents demonstrated a significant association with age, gender, and olfactory function.Conclusion: These results suggest the importance of considering method, age, and gender when selecting olfactory stimuli. In addition, frequently recalled aromas might evoke reminiscence in older adults.

Psychosocial triggers or facilitators and burnout syndrome in workers of grocery stores in Guadalajara, Mexico / Desencadenantes o facilitadores psicosociales y síndrome de burnout en trabajadores de tiendas de abarrotes en Guadalajara, México

Abstract Objective: To analyze the relationship among the triggers and facilitators variables of the influential psychosocial type with Burnout Syndrome in grocery store workers, in Guadalajara, Mexico. Material and methods: The study was cross-sectional and applied to 321 people working in grocery stores located in the municipality of Guadalajara, Jalisco. A sociodemographic and labor data questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of psychosocial variables and the Maslach Burnout Inventory scale (MBI-HSS) for the presence of Burnout Syndrome. Both descriptive and inferential analysis were included. Under informed consent the respondents accepted their participation voluntarily. Results: 64.2% of the population presented Burnout Syndrome. Emotional exhaustion was the most affected (59.9%). Several triggers and / or facilitators were associated with more than one burned dimension, specifically with the Emotional exhaustion dimension. Conclusions: Grocery stores are usually a family business. The people who work in them, depend on them to survive. They are a source of employment, tranquility and protection. Thus, working safely affirms a better life quality and customer service.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las variables desencadenantes y facilitadores del tipo psicosocial influyente con el síndrome de Burnout en los trabajadores de las tiendas de abarrotes en Guadalajara, México. Material y métodos: El estudio fue transversal y aplicado a 321 personas que trabajaban en supermercados ubicados en el municipio de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de datos laborales para la evaluación de variables psicosociales y la escala de inventario de Maslach Burnout (MBI-HSS) para la presencia de síndrome de Burnout. Se incluyeron análisis tanto descriptivos como inferenciales. Bajo consentimiento informado los encuestados aceptaron su participación voluntariamente. Resultados: 64,2% de la población presentó síndrome de Burnout. El agotamiento emocional fue el más afectado (59,9%). Varios disparadores y/o facilitadores se asociaron con más de una dimensión quemada, específicamente con la dimensión de agotamiento emocional. Conclusión: Las tiendas de abarrotes suelen ser una empresa familiar. Las personas que trabajan en ellas dependen de ellos para sobrevivir. Son una fuente de empleo, tranquilidad y protección. Por lo tanto, trabajar con seguridad afirma una mejor calidad de vida y servicio al cliente.

Angioedema hereditario, ponderación de evidencias. parte 2 - tratamiento / Hereditary angioedema, weighting of evidence. Part 2 - Treatment

Desde las observaciones de Quincke y Osler, que refirieron pacientes con una "tumefacción" diferente de las que provocaban habitualmente los mecanismos alérgicos hasta el descubrimiento de un nuevo mediador responsable de esos edemas dolorosos y deformantes, se han sucedido los aportes de los investigadores en el esclarecimiento de la patogenia y el tratamiento del AEH hasta la actualidad, en que el arsenal terapéutico se ve notablemente enriquecido por medicamentos altamente eficaces y específicos. Intentaremos describirlos. (AU)

From the observations of Quincke and Osler, who referred patients with a "swelling" different from those that usually provoked the allergic mechanisms until the discovery of a new mediator responsible for these painful and deforming edemas, have been the contributions of researchers in the Clarification of the pathogenesis and treatment of HAE to date, where the therapeutic arsenal is remarkably enriched by highly effective and specific drugs. We will try to describe them.(AU)

IgE-mediated food allergies in children: prevalence, triggers, and management / 소아과

Food allergy (FA) is a serious health problem, and severe FA such as food-induced anaphylaxis can often be life threatening. The incidence of FA has been increasing especially in children. They usually develop early in life and affect up to 10% of children. The 2 most common food allergens worldwide are milk and eggs, while the third one varies depending on the countries: peanuts in the United States and Switzerland, wheat in Germany and Japan, tree nuts in Spain, sesame in Israel, and walnuts in Korea. These common food allergens are different and difficult to identify because of differing study methodologies, population, geography, age, and dietary exposure patterns. The current management of FA relies on the strict avoidance of culprit allergens, the prompt treatment of allergic reactions, including epinephrine use for food-induced anaphylaxis, monitoring, and education to prevent further reactions. Newer approaches for tolerance induction to FA and FA immunotherapy have been under investigation but are not yet ready for real-world application. Thus, consistent and systematic education of patients, caregivers, and food-handling people is of primary importance for the management and prevention of FA reactions. This review assesses and compares IgE-mediated FA in children in Korea and other countries, with a focus on summarizing the prevalence, common triggers, and management of FA.

ANGIOEDEMA HEREDITARIO, PONDERACIÓN DE EVIDENCIAS. PARTE 1 / Hereditary angioedema, weighting of evidence. Part 1

A pesar de que el angioedema hereditario es un padecimiento raro, tiene una amplia bibliografía que ratifica que la fisiopatología de esta enfermedad es compleja. La constante investigación de la industria farmacéutica no solo ha aportado nuevos recursos terapéuticos sino que ha logrado despertar un inusitado interés en la comunidad médica, permitiendo que tengamos una mayor comprensión sobre los mecanismos que presiden la aparición de las crisis. El Comité de Angioedema Hereditario de la AAAeIC ha desarrollado una puesta al día sobre esta entidad, que, por las características de sus síntomas, es abordada principalmente por los especialistas en alergia e inmunología clínica(AU)

Although hereditary angioedema is a rare condition, it has a large number of references that confirm that the pathophysiology of this disease is complex. The constant research of the pharmaceutical industry has not only brought new therapeutic resources, but also aroused an unusual interest in the medical community, allowing us to have a better understanding of the mechanisms that perform the onset of crises. The AAA e IC Hereditary Angioedema Committee has developed an update on this entity, which, due to the characteristics of its symptoms, is mainly addressed by specialists in allergy and clinical immunology.(AU)

Desensitization of Triggers and Urge Reduction for Paruresis: A Case Report

Paruresis is a special type of non-generalized social phobia that involves fear and avoidance of urination in public restrooms. We administered eight 60-minute sessions of desensitization of triggers and urge reduction (DeTUR), an addiction protocol of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, to a 29-year old man with paruresis of 10 year duration. Because phobic avoidance is the hallmark of any anxiety disorder, we applied DeTUR targeting the urge to avoid each anxiety-provoking situation in succession. After treatment, the participant no longer met the requirements for a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder, and the self-reported symptoms of social anxiety had decreased to non-clinical levels; furthermore, these treatment gains were maintained at the one-year follow-up. Further clinical studies are needed to generalize this finding.

Hipertermia maligna / Malignant hypertermia

La hipertermia maligna es un trastorno muscular hereditario que se manifiesta como un estado hipermetabólico desencadenado después de que individuos susceptibles reciben anestésicos volátiles y/o relajantes musculares depolarizantes. La susceptibilidad se basa en una alteración en la regulación del calcio dentro de la fibra del músculo esquelético causada por un defecto en canales de calcio en el retículo sarcoplásmico. Una vez que la crisis de hipertermia maligna se desencadena, se inicia una liberación anormalmente alta de calcio en el retículo sarcoplásmico, dando lugar a un estado hipermetabólico, con signos clínicos típicos tales como taquicardia, rigidez muscular, hipercapnia e hipertermia. Debido a que la hipertermia maligna es potencialmente letal, es relevante establecer los conceptos de manejo de cuidados perioperatorios durante la crisis inesperada y en los pacientes susceptibles que se someten a cirugía. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los conocimientos actuales sobre la fisiopatología y los factores desencadenantes de la hipertermia maligna, así como conceptos para el manejo seguro de la anestesia de estos pacientes.

Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited muscle disorder characterized by hypermetabolism and is usually triggered after susceptible individuals are given volatile anesthetics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants. Susceptibility is based on an altered regulation of calcium within the skeletal muscle fibre caused by a defective calcium release channel at the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Once malignant hyperthermia is triggered an abnormally high release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is initiated resulting in a hypermetabolic state, leading to typicalclinical signs, such as tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hypercapnia as well as hyperthermia. Because malignant hyperthermia is potentially lethal, it is relevant to establish management concepts for perioperative care during unexpected crisis and susceptible patients who require surgery. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge about pathophysiology and triggers of malignant hyperthermia as well as concepts for safe anaesthesiological management of these patients.

Cefaléias inusitadas: de Zeus a Harry Potter / Uncommon headaches: from Zeus to Harry Potter

Ao longo da história da medicina, dores de cabeça induzidas por particularidades singulares têm sido descritas. Este é o caso da "cefaléia do rabo de cavalo" ou da "cefaléia do banho quente". O objetivo desta breve revisão é voltar os olhos para algumas cefaléias inusitadas descritas desde os tempos mitológicos até o mundo imaginário contemporâneo. Algumas das cefaléias aqui revistas estão presentes na classificação atual sob outras denominações, uma vez que, até ingenuamente, muitas destas denominações levaram em consideração para sua descrição apenas o fator desencadeante. Cabe ao médico assistente sempre atentar para os mecanismos de desencadeamento e alívio da dor, para que possamos tentar entender um pouco mais da intimidade destas curiosas cefaléias.

Headaches secondary to multitude of queer trigger factors have been depiced throughout history. This is the case of "pony-tail headache" and "hot-bath headache". The objective of the present brief review is to throw light on some of these somehow bizarre disorders, described from mythological times to today?s imaginary world. Quite few of them are listed in the 2004 International Headache Society classification criteria under other items, since original descriptions were naively based only on the trigger phenomena. The physician must always pay attention to any triggering and relieving mechanism as an attempt to further understand the intimacy of these curious headaches.

Psicoses ordinárias / Ordinary pshycoses

Alguns casos de psicose que têm sido observados na clínica não se enquadram no diagnóstico estrutural do tipo esquizofrenia, paranóia ou psicoses afetivas. Essa psicose tem sido denominada pela clínica lacaniana de psicose ordinária, em contraponto às psicoses clássicas, que apresentam uma fenomenologia clínica exuberante e extraordinária. Essas psicoses denotam uma nova modalidade de apresentação clínica na qual os sintomas clássicos de delírios e alucinações estão ausentes. Outros sintomas, sobretudo aqueles denominados de novas formas de sintomas, podem estar presentes e equivalem ao delírio. Alguns casos de transtornos alimentares graves ou toxicomanias refratárias ao tratamento têm sido descritos como índices de psicose ordinária. Este artigo propõe discutir o tema da psicose ordinária à luz de um caso clínico de anorexia em um homem jovem. Os autores salientam a importância do conhecimento deste tema, a partir da psicanálise, para fins de identificação diagnóstica e manejo adequado do tratamento da psicose.

Some cases of psychosis that have been observed in the clinic do not fit the structural diagnosis of the schizophrenia, paranoia or affective psychoses types. This psychosis has been denominated by the Lacanian clinic as ordinary psychosis in opposition to classic psychoses, which present an exuberant and extraordinary clinical phenomenology. Such psychoses reveal a new modality of clinical presentation in which the classic symptoms of delusions and hallucinations are absent. Other symptoms, especially those classified as new forms of symptoms, can be present and be equivalent to delusions. Some cases of serious eating disorders or refractory drug addictions to treatment have been described as ordinary psychosis. The current article addresses ordinary psychosis in the light of a clinical case of anorexia in a young man. The authors point out the importance o understanding this subject, from the psychoanalysis point-of-view for purposes of diagnostic identification and adequate handling of the psychosis treatment.

Triggers of Atopic Dermatitis / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with cutaneous hyperreactivity to environmental triggers. Atopic dermatitis is often the first step in the "atopic march, " which leads to asthma and allergic rhinitis in the majority of patients. Many allergic and non-allergic triggers impact the clinical course of AD through stimulation of immunologic mediators and cell types in the skin of affected individuals. Allergic triggers of AD include hypersensitivity responses to foods, aeroallergens and microorganisms. Non- allergic triggers include factors such as climate, irritants, infection, psychosocial stressors and occupational exposures. This review will focus on triggers of atopic dermatitis and the clinical diagnosis and management of disease.

Strategy to reduce allogeneic transfusion in the perioperative periods of open heart surgical procedures / 中国输血杂志

Objective To provide a strategy for open heart surgical procedures of reducing allogeneic transfusion in the perioperative periods.Methods A comprehensive blood conservation program and new transfusion criteria[haemoglobin(Hb)were0.05).The Hct was down after operation in both groups.In the test group the Hct decreased in to 30% at day7 postoperation and regained gradually after 14 days of operation.Conclusion The dininishing allogeneic transfusion can be achieved by application of comprehensive blood conservation techniques and new transfusion criterion during the perioperative periods of open heart surgical procedures.The operative curative effect is not influence thereby.

Air Pollutants-Asthma Triggers and Mechanisms / 环境与健康杂志

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with various etiologic factors.Asthma is believed as a result of interaction between gene variation and environmental factors.Asthma increased rapidly worldwide in recent 40 years, air pollutants are believed to be the important triggers, crossover design and multi-pollutant models were used in the further studies.Although some efforts had been made in the mechanism of asthma triggers, they were limited to the lab studies.Studies in asthma related SNP and its interaction with air pollutants will be a revised method in mechanism researches.Based on epidemiological studies, in vivo and in vitro studies, the biological effects and mechanisms of air pollutants on asthma were discussed and evaluated in this paper.