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Objective To explore effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) preconditioning on excitatory amino acids and inflammatory response in rats induced by cardiac arrest-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CACPR).Methods 18 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group,CA group and CA + MK-801 group.To establish rat models of CA-CPR and keep samples of serum and specimens of brain tissues for following detection.The injury of neurons was observed by HE staining and expression of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) in brain tissues was detected by Western blot.The concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results Neurons in CA group were disorganized,cells shrank,nuclei pyknosis,and cytoplasmic eosinophilia,accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration.Preconditioning with MK-801 reduced the pathological damage of neuron and degree of macrophage infiltration.The relative expression of NMDAR protein in CA group were significantly higher than that in control group (907.9 ±24.9 vs 321.6 ± 18.4,P ＜0.001).Preconditioning with MK-801 significantly decreased the expression of NMDAR in CA + MK-801 group compared with that in CA group (512.4 ± 21.1 vs 907.9 ± 24.9).The CA group showed significantly increased concentrations of IL-1 β and TNF-α than that in control group (P ＜ 0.001),and this effect was abolished by preconditioning with MK-801.CA rats treated with MK-801 showed higher concentrations of IL-1 β and TNF-α than the control group.Conclusions Cardiac arrest causes pathological injury of neurons,up-regulates expression of NMDAR and aggravates inflammatory response.These results induce the apoptosis of nerve cells.Blocking glutamate receptor with MK-801 can inhibit expression of NMDAR,decrease level of cytokines,down-regulate inflammatory reaction degree therefore to protect the brain.
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Objective To investigate the effect of micro-incision phacoemul-sification on cataract patients and its effect on interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) expressions in cataract patients.Methods With forward-looking research, 284 cataract patients were randomly included in the control (coaxial conventional incision phacoemulsification) or observation (coaxial micro-incision phacoemulsification) groups, with 142 cases per group.The effective phacoemulsification time and mean ultrasonic energy difference were compared between two groups, and the uncorrected vision recovery, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear break-up time (BUT), schirmer I test (SIt), corneal fluorescence stain (FL), and the expressionsIL-6, TNF-α and EGF were measured in two groups on preoperative (T0), 1 week after operation (T1), 2 weeks after operation (T2), 4 weeks after operation (T3), and the above indicators of Spearman correlation analysis.Results There was no significant difference in effective phacoemulsification time and mean ultrasonic energy between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The improvement of uncorrected visual acuity in observation group was significantly better than that in the control group (F=6.116, P =0.032).In addition, OSDI, FL,IL-6,TNF-α, and EGF showed the first increase and then decreased at different time points, and the observation group was superior to the control group with statistically significant difference.At the same time, BUT and SIt showed a trend of increasing first and then decreased, and the observation group was superior to the control group with statistically significant difference.In addition, IL-6, TNF-α, and EGF expressions were positively correlated with OSDI and FL scores (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Micro-incision phacoemulsification can help reduce the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α, improve the expression levels of EGF in cataract patients, and reduce the incidence of adverse symptoms such as dry eye after operation.It might improve the clinical therapeutic effect.
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Objective To explore the expression level and clinical significance of serum interleukin-2 (IL-2),IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods From August 2015-August 2016,31 COPD patients combined with chronic periodontitis were set as group A,31 patients with chronic periodontitis were set as group B,and another 31 healthy subjects were selected as the control group in Chaoyang Hospital.Each group extracted fasting venous blood 4 ml,serum inflammatory factors levels (IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IFN-γ and TNF-α) were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA),periodontal condition [plaque index (PLI),clinical attachment loss (CAL),probing depth (PD),bleeding index (BI)] and lung function index [first 1 s forced expiratory volume％ of predicted value (FEV1％),first 1 s forced expiratory volume occupies the percentage of vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)] were compared.Results The PLI,CAL,PD and BI levels in group B were higher than those in control group,indicators of group A were higher than group B,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in FEV1 ％ and FEV1/FVC between group B and control group,indicators of group A were less than group B and control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The serum levels of IL-4,IL-6,IFN-γ and TNF-α in group B were higher than those in control group,indicators of group A were significantly higher than group B,the levels of IL-2 and IL-10 in group B were significantly lower than those in control group,indicators of group A were significantly less than group B (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Periodontal status and lung function of chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis with COPD patients is not good,the serum levels of IL-4,IL-6,IFN-γ,and TNF-α were increased,and the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 were decreased,which might be important risk factors for chronic periodontitis and COPD happen and progress.Therefore,treatment regimen can be adjusted by detecting the levels of above indicators.
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Objective To explore the expression level and clinical significance of serum interleukin-2 (IL-2),IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods From August 2015-August 2016,31 COPD patients combined with chronic periodontitis were set as group A,31 patients with chronic periodontitis were set as group B,and another 31 healthy subjects were selected as the control group in Chaoyang Hospital.Each group extracted fasting venous blood 4 ml,serum inflammatory factors levels (IL-2,IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IFN-γ and TNF-α) were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA),periodontal condition [plaque index (PLI),clinical attachment loss (CAL),probing depth (PD),bleeding index (BI)] and lung function index [first 1 s forced expiratory volume％ of predicted value (FEV1％),first 1 s forced expiratory volume occupies the percentage of vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)] were compared.Results The PLI,CAL,PD and BI levels in group B were higher than those in control group,indicators of group A were higher than group B,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in FEV1 ％ and FEV1/FVC between group B and control group,indicators of group A were less than group B and control group,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The serum levels of IL-4,IL-6,IFN-γ and TNF-α in group B were higher than those in control group,indicators of group A were significantly higher than group B,the levels of IL-2 and IL-10 in group B were significantly lower than those in control group,indicators of group A were significantly less than group B (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Periodontal status and lung function of chronic periodontitis and chronic periodontitis with COPD patients is not good,the serum levels of IL-4,IL-6,IFN-γ,and TNF-α were increased,and the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 were decreased,which might be important risk factors for chronic periodontitis and COPD happen and progress.Therefore,treatment regimen can be adjusted by detecting the levels of above indicators.
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Objective To investigate the influence of the high-flux hemodialysis (HFD) on inflammatory factors [C-reactive protein (CRP),interleukin-6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] and serum brain natriuretic (BNP) in patients before and after hemodialysis.Methods Fifty patients with MHD were enrolled in our hospital in 2013 and divided randomly into HD group (n =25),and HFD group (n =25).Serum CRP,IL-6,TNF-α,and BNP were measured in patients before and after the first hemodialysis session and after the treatment for 6 months later.Results Serum CRP,IL-6,and TNF-α in HD group after the first dialysis session and after the treatment for 6 months were statistically insignificant (P ＞0.05).In HD group,serum BNP was decreased after the first hemodialysis session and the treatment for 6 months later,the decreases was statistically significant (P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05).In HFD group,serum CRP,IL-6,and TNF-α were decreased after the first treatment,the decreases were statistically insignificant (P ＞ 0.05).However,after the 6 mouths,the decreases were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Serum BNP was decreased after the first hemodialysis session and the treatment for 6 months later,the decrease was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.01).Between two groups,the different time-point and the interaction of two groups and the different time-point,the discrepancy above them were statistically significant (P ＜0.01).Conclusions The high-flux hemodialysis can eliminate more inflammatory factors such as CRP,IL-6,TNF-α,and serum BNP in patients with uremia.Serum BNP Helps to adjust the dry weight in time,relieve cardiac load and reduce the incidence of heart failure.High-flux hemodialysis is one of the ways of treatment that reduce the morbidity of the heart failure.It can improve prognosis of the patients with MHD.
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Objective To investigate the analgesia effect and the possible mechanism of intravenous administration with different concentrations of ozonized saline (OS) by observing changes in behavior,plasma tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α),and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels after rat plantar incision.Methods Fifty-four health adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the investigation.Twenty four rats were randomly divided into four groups,6 in each group.The rats in group A1 were intravenously administered with 5ml/kg oxygen saline,10min before the incision.The rats in groups B1,C1,and D1 were intravenously administered with 20 μg/ml,30 μg/ml,and 40 μg/ml OS 5 ml/kg.An 1-cm incision was made in the right plantar surface from the heel to the toes according to the method described by Brennan under sevoflurane anesthesia.The 50％ paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (50％ PWMT) and cumulative pain score (CPS) at the times of 24 h before and 2,6,24,48 h after surgery were underwent.Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups,6 in each group.Groups A2,B2,C2,and D2 processed as well as group 1.All groups except group E2 were made the model of incisional pain.2 ml blood was taken out of the right ventricular 2 h after the operation,then the levels of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results There were no significant differences in the 50％PWMT between group A1 and group B1 at each time point after surgery (P ＞ 0.05).The 50％ PWMT in groups C1 and D1 were higher than those in group A1 at each time point after surgery (P ＜ 0.05).The CPS in groups B1,C1,and D1 were lower than those in group A1 after surgery (P ＜ 0.01).Compared to group E2,the levels of plasma TNF-α 2 h after the operation in group B2 and D2 were not statistically different (P ＞ 0.05).The levels of plasma TNF-α in groups C2 and A2 were higher than those in group E2 (P ＜ 0.05).The levels of plasma IL-6 2 h after the operation between group A2 and group E2 showed no difference (P ＞ 0.05).The levels of plasma IL-6 in groups B2,C2,and D2 were higher than those in group E2 (P ＜ 0.05).Concltsions Intravenous administration of ozonized saline can inhibit the incisional pain in rats.The analgesia effect of ozonized saline was dose-dependent.
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Objective To investigate whether hydrogen-rich saline could ameliorate the expressions of cytokines in a rat model of inflammatory pain through activating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).Methods Eighty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats,weighing 180 ～ 220 g,were randomly divided into five groups (n =16 in each group):Control group (Con),inflammation pain group (CFA),inflammation pain + hydrogen-rich saline group (CFA + H2),inflammation pain + HO-1 inhibitor Znpp-Ⅸ group (CFA + Znpp-Ⅸ),and inflammation pain + hydrogen-rich saline + HO-1inhibitor Znpp-Ⅸ group (CFA + H2 + Znpp-Ⅸ).The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were tested on days 1 (T1),2 (T2),3 (T3),5 (T4),7 (T5),and 14 (T6) after inflammation pain.The expressions of spinal HO-1 mRNA and protein were measured with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot,and spinal inflammatory cytokines were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on day 7 after inflammatory pain.Results Compared to Con group,MWT and TWL were significantly reduced;the spinal HO-1 mRNA level,protein expression and activity were increased;and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6 and IL-10 in spinal tissues were also increased in CFA group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to CFA group,MWT and TWL were significantly increased;the spinal HO-1 mRNA level,protein expression and activity were further increased;and the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased,while IL-10 was further increased in CFA + H2group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to CFA + H2 group,MWT and TWL were decreased;the spinal HO-1 mR-NA level,protein expression and activity were decreased;and the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in spinal tissue were significantly increased,while IL-10 was decreased in CFA + H2 + Znpp-Ⅸ group (P ＜0.05).Conclusions Hydrogen-rich saline can ameliorate the mechanical and thermal allodynia in a rat model of inflammatory pain,and reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines via activating HO-1.
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Objective To investigate the relationships between serum inflammatory mediators and myocardial injury in rats with sepsis.Methods Thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control group and sepsis (0,24,48,72 h) groups.The rats subjected to sepsis were induced with cecum ligation perforation (CLP).Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6),cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnI) and B-type natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-proBNP) in the venous blood were measured at 0 h,24 h,48 h,and 72 h after CLP.The lactic acid (Lac) of the arterial blood,cardiac index (CI),acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score were also determined simultaneously.Results The levels of TNF-α,IL-6,cTnI,NT-proBNP,and Lac in sepsis (24 h,48 h,and 72 h) groups were significantly elevated compared to normal control and sepsis (0 h) group.In addition,the number of sepsis (24 h,48 h,and 72 h) groups progressively increased (P ＜0.05).Conclusions It existed a close relationship between serum inflammatory mediators and myocardial injury,and made myocardium damage after CLP.
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Objective To explore the clinical value of combined detection of serum carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724),carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA),and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for the diagnosis,assessment of curative effect,and illness monitoring for advanced gastric cancer (AGC).Methods Serum levels of CA724,CEA and TNF-α were measured by the methods of chemiluminescence and compared in 20 patients with AGC (Group A),20 patients with benign gastric disease (Group B),and 20 healthy adults (Group C).Also,serum levels of CA724,CEA and TNF-α in peripheral blood as well as in portal vein were measured and compared before and after surgical treatment in patients of group A.Results The serum levels of CA724,CEA and TNF-α in patients of group A were significantly higher than groups B and C (P ＜ 0.05).In addition,the serum levels of CA724,CEA and TNF-α in patients of group A were decreased after surgical treatment and increased slightly after one month (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The serum levels of CA724,CEA and TNF-α in most patients of AGC are significantly elevated and the combined detection of serum CA724,CEA and TNF-α contributes to the diagnosis,assessment of curative effect,and illness monitoring for AGC.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of immunological and inflammatory reactions on type 2 diabetic macrovascular disease.Methods120 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 60 health controls were enrolled in this study.The patients were divided into two sub - groups,type 2 diabetes mellitus group and type 2 diabetic macrovascular disease group.The markers of immunological and inflammatory reactions were detected,and the main associated factors were collected and analyzed by one -way ANOVA and logistic regression.ResultsThe level of FBG,PPG,HbA1c,Hs-CRP and TNF-αt [ (9.86 ± 1.79)mmol/L,( 14.45 ±5.48) mmol/L,( 11.43 ±3.25) ％,(6.79 ±3.71 )mg/L,( 1.99 ±0.65) ng/ml] in the group of type 2 diabetic macrovascular disease group were higher than type 2 diabetes mellitus group [ (7,25±0.64)mmol/L,(10.45 t2.89) mmol/L,(8.56 ±1.58)％,(4.72 ±2.39) ag/L,(1.24 ±0.44) ng/ml,P ＜ 0.05 ].The risk factors in type 2 diabetic macrovascular disease were TNF-α,Hs-CRP and HbA1 c.ConclusionsImmunological and inflammatory reactions play a key role in type 2 diabetic macrovascular disease.
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Objective To study the effect of calcium on human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). Methods Proliferation abilities of HPMCs were assessed by tetrazolium salt colorimetry assay (MTT assay) and the levels of LDH in the supernatant were detected in all groups to evaluate the damage of HPMCs. The expression of TNF-α in cytoplasm was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Calcium enhanced proliferation of HPMCs in a time-dependent manor(P＜0.01), especially calcium with 1.25 mmol/L(0.5098±0.016,0.6763±0.048) and 1.0 mmol/L(0.4853±0.016,0.6678±0.076). Calcium with different concentrations significantly increased the levels of LDH in HPMCs in a time-dependent manor, while the effect of calcium with 1.25 mmol/L was lowest(17.78±1.18,23.60±1.39,P＜0.01). Calcium with 2.0 mmol/L[(42.61±3.29)%] and 1.75 mmol/L[(33.32±1.88)%] significantly up-regulated the expression of TNF-α(P＜0.01) . Conclusions High calcium damaged HPMCs and up-regulated the expression of TNF-αby HPMCs, while physical calcium (1.25 mmol/L)can protect peritoneum and prevent peritoneal fibrosis.
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Objective To study the Sheng Mai San on the levels of cell factors induced by lipopolysaccharide in acute liver failure rats. Methods The models of chronic liver failure were constructed by injecting CCl4 in the abdomen of rats. The serum levels of lipopolysaccharide and cell factors were determined after treating with LPS and Sheng Mai San for 2 hours. Results The serum level of IL-6［(64.50±18.79)pg/ml vs (4.79±0.57)pg/ml］, ICAM-1［(25100.00±5258.85)pg/ml vs (4215.50±942.79)pg/ml］ and TNF-α［(17.55±2.39)pg/ml vs (10.92±5.02)pg/ml］ was increased by CCl4 (P＜0.05), but there is no effect on the serum level of LPS in rats ［(0.058±0.007)EU/ml vs (0.040±0.002)EU/ml,P＞0.05］. Sheng Mai San can significantly reduce the serum level of IL-6, ICAM-1 and TNF-α in rats with acute liver failure induced by CCl4 ［(17.20±3.12)pg/ml,(9490.00±2725.78)pg/ml,(3.00±1.00)pg/ml,P＜0.05］. After treating with LPS for 2 hours, the serum level of LPS, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1 markedly increased ［(0.501±0.019)EU/ml,(19750.00±9655.17)pg/ml,(5615.00±490.50)pg/ml,(41000.00±589.88)pg/ml,P＜0.01］. Sheng Mai San could reduce the serum levels of LPS, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1 and in rats with chronic liver failure (P＜0.01). Conclusions SD Rats in the state of chronic liver fail-ure, existing serious serum endotoxin, can induce the levels of cell factors by diversification inflammation reaction and. ShengMaiSan can regulating the levels of cell factors in rats with chronic liver failure.
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Objective To investigate the effects of exercise training intervention on the expressions of TNF-α and adiponectin in circulation and tissues of high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced insulin resistance rats. Methods 29 S-D rats were random divided into 2 groups: Control group (9 rats) and high-fat/high-sucrose diet group (20 rats). After fed for 6 weeks, 18 rats with insulin resistance were random divided into 2 groups: model group ( n = 9) and exercise group ( n = 9). After 6 weeks intervention, serum TNF-α and adiponectin concentration were measured by radioimmunity assay and ELISA respectively, while TNF-α and adiponectin mRNA expressions in liver and skeletal muscle were measured by RT-PCR. Results Fasting plasma glucose(FPG) and fasting serum insulin(FINS) levels increased significantly and insulin sensitivity index(ISI) decreased significantly in rats of model group than those in control group(7.49 ± 1.13 vs 5.06±0.38, 33.57 ±4.87 vs 13.61±2.94, -5.51±0.16 vs -4.21 ±0.22, all P <0.05). Serum TNF-α concentration was significantly higher than those in control group, while serum adiponectin concentration was significantly lower. (3.03 ± 0. 50 vs 2. 39 ± 0. 44, 0. 77 ± 0. 09 vs 0. 86 ± 0. 08, all P < 0. 05 ).Expressions of TNF-α mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle increased significantly and adiponectin mRNA expression significantly decreased in rats of model group compared to those in control group (0. 66 ± 0. 19 vs 0. 05 ± 0. 03, 1.15 ± 0. 20 vs 0. 25 ± 0. 10, 0. 25 ± 0. 10 vs 0. 85 ± 0. 13, all P < 0. 01 ). Fasting plasma glucose(FPG) and fasting serum insulin(FINS) levels decreased significantly and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) increased significantly in rats of exercise group than those in model group(5.77 ± 1.17 vs 7.49 ±1.13, 25.69 ±4.27 vs 33.57 ±4. 87, -5. 10 ±0.31 vs -5.51 ±0. 16, all P <0.05) ;Serum TNF-α concentration was significantly lower and serum adiponectin concentration was significantly higher in rats of exercise group than those in model group ( 2.40 ± 0. 59 vs 3.03 ± 0. 50, 0. 86 ± 0. 10 vs 0. 77 ± 0. 09, all P < 0. 05); Expressions of TNF-α mRNA in liver and skeletal muscle decreased significantly and adiponectin mRNA expression increased significantly in rats of exercise group compared to those in model group (0. 21±0. 10 vs 0.66±0. 19, 0.49 ±0. 17 vs 1.15 ±0.20, 0.97 ±0.20 vs 0. 25 ±0. 10, all P <0.01). Conclusion Exercise training can significantly improve insulin resistance, which may be through modulating the expressions of TNF-α and adiponectin.
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Objective To investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TFN-α) in human villus and deciduas from different abortion. Methods From May 2008 to May 2009, 45 women with early pregnancy( <49days)were divided into three groups, medical abortion completed group ( n = 15),medical abortion uncompleted group( n = 15 )and control group( n = 15, patients with dilatation and curettage ). The villus and deciduas were collected at the third day of medical abortion or at the day of curettage.Immunohistochemical technique was carried out to examine the distribution of TNF-α in villus and deciduas of the three groups. Results The age, gestational age, diameter of gestional sac and levels of serum E2, P and B-HCG before abortion were similar in all three groups. The expression of TNF-o in villus and deciduas of the control group was lowest among three groups[(4. 75 ± 10. 22)% vs (2. 66 ±2. 57)%]. The expression of TNF-α in villus and deciduas of medical abortion completed group was highest among three groups [(26. 67 ± 7.46) % vs ( 18. 44 ± 11. 14) %, P < 0. 05]. Conclusion Appropriate amount of TNF-α exists in the normal pregnancy, mifepristone can increase the expression of TNF-α in human villus and deciduas. and disturb reproductive immunity and effect matenal-fetal interface to induce abortion.
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Objective To investigate the effect of leptin on transcription factor nuclear-κB (NF-κB) activity of pancreatic tissue and blood inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α,IL-1β) in severe acute pancreatitis. Methods Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups, including sham group (group A, n = 12), AP model group(group B, n = 12) and Leptin treatment group (group C, n = 12). SAP was induced by intraductal injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. Exogenous leptin was injected I. P. Fifteen minutes later. The concentration of serum amylase, leptin, TNF-α, IL-1βwere measured by radioimmunoassay 6 hours later. NF-κB activity of the pancreatic tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. The changes of pathology of the pancreas were observed. Results The levels of serum amylase, cytokine TNF-αand IL-1βwere significantly reduced in group C, and the levels of serum leptin were significantly increased in group C. NF-κB activity in the pancreatic tissue in group B were significantly higher than that in group A. However, NF-κB activity of the pancreatic tissue in group C were significantly lower than that in group B. Furthermore, the extent of necrosis of the pancreatic tissue was re-lieved. Conclusion Exogenous leptin protected the rats pancreas against damage by sodium taurocholate. The protective effects of exoge-nous leptin were attributive to the reduction in cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β. The possible protective mechanism was that leptin decreased NF-κB activity.