ABSTRACT
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin(TSLP)can enhance the secretion of type 2 cytokines by type 2 T helper(Th2)cells and type 2 innate iymphocytes(ILC2s)in the lung through direct and indirect action.In terms of indirect effects, TSLP can promote the proliferation and expansion of naive CD4 + T cells by using dendritic cells, and promote the recruitment of Th2 cells to the initial inflammatory site.It can also use stromal mononuclear/macrophages cells to start the acute primary Th2-dependent immune response.In the aspect of direct effect, TSLP can activate ILC2s before the adaptive immune response is initiated, and also can use immature T cells, effector Th2 cells and memory Th2 cells to participate in the adaptive immune response.Therefore, TSLP plays an important role in allergic immune response of lung.
ABSTRACT
Brown adipose generates heat via oxidation of fatty acids by a mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent process. In addition, a subpopulation of cells within subcutaneous white adipose tissue, known as beige adipocytes, also plays a role in thermogenesis. The biogenesis of beige adipocytes is induced by thermogenic signals, such as chronic cold exposure. Recently, it has been reported that eosinophils, type 2 cytokines of IL-4/13, and alternatively activated macrophages control the thermogenic cycle of beige adipocytes. Alternatively, activated macrophages induce UCP1+ beige adipocytes through secretion of catecholamines. These results define the role of type 2 immune responses in the regulation of energy homeostasis.