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Introduction@#Mongolia’s capital hosts about half the country’s total population, and its air pollution ranks among the highest in the world during winter. Air pollution is linked to reduced fetal growth, preterm birth, low birth weight, impaired cognitive intra-uterine development, impaired cognitive development, and even spontaneous abortion. Antenatal care includes fetal development monitoring, prevention of anemia, immunization against infectious diseases, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and any health risk factors such as environmental pollution. </br>Health care measures for pregnant women and children under one year of age have the potential to be highly effective because they are directly aimed at reducing pneumonia in children. As such, we need to conduct this survey to determine whether pregnant women were satisfied with the information and advice on air pollution prevention provided by health facilities and to take evidence-based measures.@*Materials and Methods @#The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, a total of 958 pregnant women participated from Songinokhairkhan district, Bayanzurkh district, and Bayankhongor province center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation, and environment of the Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2).@*Results @#The survey covered 958 pregnant women aged 16-45 in Bayanzurkh district Songinokhairkhan district, and Bayankhongor province. During antenatal care visits, the majority of pregnant women (BZD- 56.9%, SKHD- 68.3%, BKH province - 86.7%) were advised by their health specialists to go outside for fresh air, while women in Ulaanbaatar (BZD- 18.9%, SKHD- 24.7%) received the information and advice at the lowest percentage. Pregnant women in Ulaanbaatar were less involved in air pollution training than in Bayankhongor. Participants in the air pollution prevention training rated it as “satisfied” regardless of location. 37.2% of pregnant women obtained information on protecting their health from air pollution from the board of Family Health Center and 34% from their district health centers. 86.1% of the participants were able to obtain information on air pollution on their own, while 86% of them got information from their family and friends. @*Conclusion @#The percentage of pregnant women getting medical advice, training, and information on air pollution prevention from hospitals during their antenatal care visits was the highest in rural areas. Moreover, their level of satisfaction with counseling had been rated as “satisfied”. Pregnant women often seek information on air pollution prevention from non-professional sources, such as their family and friends.
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Background@#Globally the incidence of stroke is not decreasing, and the deaths and disabilities caused by stroke is increasing every year, especially in low and low-middle income countries.</br> Long-term trends in stroke incidence in different populations have not been well characterized, largely as a result of the complexities associated with population-based stroke surveillance.</br> Having reliable data on stroke morbidity and mortality, as well as periodic identification of long-term trends will be important information for proper prevention planning in the population, monitoring the disease and further improving the quality of health care. @*Material and Method@#A prospective cohort study has been conducted in adult citizens (972409 in 2019, 925367 in 2020) of 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar from the 1st of January, 2019 to 31st of December, 2020. All first-ever and recurrent stroke cases were included using special software, developed for stroke registry, based on the WHO STEPS approach from participating radiology departments of state hospitals, district hospitals, and some private hospitals. Information of stroke death was obtained from forensic institute and state registration office of the capital city.</br> The trends of stroke incidence and mortality was compared to data between 1998-1999 and 2019- 2020 in UB. @*Results@#The age-standardized crude incidence rate per 100.000 person-years of stroke were 209.0/100.000 (n=1934) in 2019 and 194.0/100.000 (n=1821) in 2020 among adults of UB city. The above results were compared to 1998-1999 studies and the incidence rate declined by 94.0/100.000 in 2019-2020, whereas mortality rate increased by 10.0/100.000 in women aged 16-34. Stroke mortality was 11.6% in 1998 and 26.5% in 1999, while in our study it was 33.87% in 2019 and 29.71% in 2020. Although the incidence of stroke rates has decreased in 1998-1999, the mortality rate has not decreased significantly. @*Conclusion@#Morbidity and mortality rates among the population of Ulaanbaatar citizen remain highest in the world, compared to 20 years ago with overall morbidity declining but mortality has not decreased. </br> In recent years, the Government of Mongolia has been focused on reducing non-communicable diseases, but the primary and secondary prevention and control of stroke in the general population, as well as the acquisition of knowledge attitudes, practices and access to health care still need to be improved.
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Introduction@#Within the framework of health sector reform, the development of the organization, the responsibility of doctors and medical professionals, and the improvement of ethics, quality and safety of care and services are top priorities. Customer satisfaction is important for the implementation of this operation based on results and quality. The WHO Recommendation states that health professionals have a key role to play in providing information and advice to citizens and their families on how to prevent, mitigate and address air pollution, and how to inform the general public and decision-makers. ADB, the Ministry of Health, and UNICEF report that information and promotional materials on air pollution prevention are scarce and do not provide advice to clients. Therefore, it is the reason for conducting a survey to determine the level of satisfaction of clients receiving child health care.@*Materials and methods@#The survey data were collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study, totally 1160 guardians of children aged 0-5 participated from Songinokhairkhan and Bayanzurkh district and Bayankhongor aimag center. The overall satisfaction of health services is calculated using the three dimensions namely: satisfaction with health service, operation and environment of Health Organization. Satisfaction scores were assessed using an even-point scale. These are “Very Dissatisfied-1 point”, “Dissatisfied-2 point”, “Satisfied-3 point”, “Very satisfied-4 point”. The results were calculated after entering the survey data into SPSS-23, creating a database, and performing error control. Research methodology discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health on December 25, 2019, and the methodology was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the MOH (Stagnant №2).@*Results@#84.7 percent of the respondents were parents of children aged 0-5 years. Their average age is 34, most of them have higher education, and 43.0 percent of them have a household income of 500,000-1 million MNT. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Bayanzurkh District were “dissatisfied” with the Family Health Center’s dressing room, wardrobe, toilet and parking lot. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Songinokhairkhan district were “dissatisfied” in the parking lot and toilet of the health organization. Guardians of children aged 0-5 years in Bayankhongor aimag were satisfied with the services, operation and environment of the health organization. Studies have shown that 76.5 percent of the guardians did not receive air pollution risk training. As for difficulties in preventing air pollution, 31.4 percent of the surveyed population answered that they cannot change their living and working environment to prevent air pollution.@*Conclusion@#It shows the health care organizations need to improve the hospital environment as well as to provide training how to protect children from air pollution risk for guardians.
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Background@#Stroke is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Registry-based data of stroke are scarce in low and middle-income countries such as Mongolia. We aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of stroke in adult population of UB Mongolia by stroke registration method. @*Material and Method@#Covering 611265 (≥15 years old) adult citizens of three districts of Ulaanbaatar, a population-based prospective study was done from the first, January of 2019 to 31st, December of 2019. All first-ever and recurrent stroke cases were included using special software, developed for stroke registry, based on the WHO STEPS approach from participating radiology departments of state hospitals, district hospitals, and family clinics. Information of stroke death was obtained from forensic institute and state registration office of the capital city. @*Results @#In a 1-year study period, 1068 (women 39.1%) stroke cases were registered in people with 60.16±13.66 years old. Stroke incidence rate was 169.81/100000 including first-ever and recurrent events. Stroke incidence rate was higher in men and people with 80 and above years old. The ratio between IS and ICH was 1.14:1.0. Stroke mortality was 27.1% and mortality rate was 45.94/100000. The highest rate mortality was in ICH subtype, male population and older people. @*Conclusion@#We identified relatively high incidence and mortality rate of stroke in ICH indicating an urgent need for improvement of arterial hypertension control, health education and primary prevention mainly among men.
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Background@#Air pollution has been increasing intensively during last decade in big cities of Mongolia especially in Ulaanbaatar due to urbanization, poor urban plan, migration from rural areas to urban areas, poverty, unemployment, economic crises, exercise with unclean technology mainly coal for heating and cooking, raise of number of motor vehicle and other air pollution sources; as result of this phenomena population health has been worsening. The Global burden of disease concept, first published in 1996, constituted the most comprehensive and consistent set of estimates of mortality and morbidity and WHO now regularly develops GBD estimates at regional and global level. The goal of this study is to define DALY of air pollution related diseases in Ulaanbaatar. @*Materials and Methods@#This is retrospective study which used air pollution and mortality secondary data 2008-2017. The DALY extends the concept of potential years of life lost due to premature death (YLL) to include equivalent years of ‘healthy’ life lost by virtue of being in states other than good health. DALYs for a disease or health condition are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) in the population and the equivalent ‘healthy’ years lost due to disability (YLD) for incident cases of the health condition. We used WHO recommended estimation methodology and selected 2 disease category of mortality of each RSD (pneumonia, COPD) and CVD (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease).@*Results@#According to the age group, most of children 0-4 due to RSD and most of adults were died due to CVD. In general, hospitalization is increasing year by year and differing by season. Significant associations were found for all air pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub> had a statistically significant association with cold season’s mortality of RSD and CVD. The most common mortality cases were ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia and COPD. In Ulaanbaatar in 2008-2017, 2205 people were died due to RSD and CVD. Hospital admission and mortality has an increasing trend. @*Conclusion@#Residents of Ulaanbaatar were lost in total 249854 years due to pneumonia, COPD, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease during 2008-2017. The most vulnerable group of people on air pollution was children and elders of Ulaanbaatar city.
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IntroductionAround for the last 70 years, an annual average temperature in Mongolian territory has been increasedby 2.14°Ñ which is 3 times more rapid than the global average warming rate. Also, the number of heatwave days have been increased [1, 2].Heat wave day’s leads to heat related morbidity and mortality. Espesially, stroke [3-5], cardiovascular [3-13] and respiratory [3, 5, 10, 12] mortalities are prevelant. Cardiovascular mortality has been determinedas a leading cause of mortality in our population while it takes the 3rd place [14] as a cardiovascularmorbidity.As the city of Ulaanbaatar houses 46% of Mongolian population, heat effects on health in the area andits trend need to be assessed, analyzed and identifi ed.PurposeTo identify heat risk days to health of the population of Ulaanbaatar city between the years of 1985through 2015Materials and MethodUnder the requirements set to sample, heat risk days with temperatures above 21.10C or 700F refl ectedon weather forecasts broadcasted from 1985 through 2015 by the Information And Research InstituteOf Meteorology, Hydrology And Environment, Mongolia have been selected. The afore mentioneddata have been translated into the heat index of National Weather Service of USA and processed andconcluded [15] according to the special formula and tables.ResultsIt is shown that heat risk days for the health of population of the Ulaanbaatar city had been 201 from1985 through 1995, 385 from 1996 through 2005 and 373 from 2006 through 2015. The average heatrisk days per given year varied in numbers from 4 through 56 and trended to increase. The largest heatwave days in number happened in the year of 2010 which is 56.According to health impacts of heat risk days, we had 0-47 Cautions, 0-17 Extreme Cautions and 2Dangers in the each of 1999 and 2005 and 1 in 2007 whilst no Extreme Danger has not been recordedyet.Conclusions:1. The number of heat risk days in the area of Ulaanbaatar tends to increase2. The number of Caution and Extreme caution days of Ulaanbaatar is observed to increase. Increaseof “Danger” tagged days, happening of “Extreme” tagged days and heat intense will depend onclimate change.
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The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index.The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm.There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.
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The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index. The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm. There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.
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BACKGROUND: Mongolia is changing lifestyle, unhealthy habits, increase of air pollution, increasing life expectancy have led to an up rise of chronic respiratory diseases. Over 10 years ago, the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Mongolia were in the lower range reported from previous studies. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the survey is to know the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis among adult population of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia and their risk factors. METHODS: Total of approximately 1,200 adults aged 20 years and over were planned to be randomly selected. The questionnaire was developed on the basis of WHO Protocol for Assessment of Prevalence of Major Respiratory Diseases and modified by local risk factors assessment and by other international survey approach including Global Initiative for Asthma and European Community Respiratory Health Survey. RESULTS: Prevalence of current wheezer in all age group was 15.7% (95% CI: 14.7-16.8). Age and sex segregated distribution of current wheezer were defined among male and female and prevalence was 14.5% (95% CI: 13.3-16.2) in male and female 16.6% (95% CI: 15.2-18.3) respectively. Prevalence of diagnosed asthma among adults was 4.7% (95% CI: 4.3-5.6) in all age group, 3% (95% CI: 2.4-3.7) in male and 6.8% (95% CI: 5.8-7.9) in female. Prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis was 14.6% in all age group. 28.4% out of subjects with allergic rhinitis has current asthma, while 11.6% of subjects without allergic rhinitis has asthma (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of asthma increased for one decade in Ulaanbaatar. Prevalence of diagnosed asthma is approximately 5% and current wheezer is approximately 15% in adults of population, which is close to other Asia and European countries. Allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for asthma.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Air Pollution , Asia , Asthma , European Union , Health Surveys , Life Expectancy , Life Style , Mongolia , Prevalence , Rhinitis, Allergic , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
background: Our country’s aging for men of 30-39, 40-49 ages it was accelerated aging process and very accelerated aging process. Aging for men of 50-59, 60- 69 ages it was normal aging and slowed aging process. Aging for women 30-39, 40-49 ages it was normal end slowed aging process. Aging for women 50-59, 60-69 ages it was slowed and significantly slowed aging process. Otherwise, aging for young groups was accelerated and very accelerated aging process, aging for old groups was normal, slowed and significantly slowed aging process. The aging process of men was more quickly than women in our country [1].Aim of the stady: To define biological aging, aging indexes and adaptation potential in population of 18- 25 years old of Ulaanbaatar city.Materials and methods: In total 537 person of 18- 25 years from Ulaanbaatar city were chosen for the research study which was conducted in 2012. Biological age levels were assessed on the basis of following standards. True biological age was determined with clinical-physiologycal indexes and biological age with chronological age. Adaptation potential have been studied with the help of special indexes and analysis were made with the use of regression method. Quantative data of the study has been processed with the use of statistical data processing software SPSS- 19.Results and discussions: Body mass index of 18-25 aged men of Ulaanbaatar city was 22.2146, cachexia 7.82%, normal weight 79.32%, more weight 10.24%, obesity 2.6%, Aging for men of 18-25 ages it was significantly slowed aging process of men was observed 0.37%, slowed aging process 0.55%, normal aging 0.93%, accelerated aging process 12.47%, and very accelerated aging process was 85.66%. The portion of men with normal adaptation potential was 55.67%, adaptation functional tension was 43.76%, unsatisfactory adaptation was 0.55%.Conciusions:1. The portion of cachexia 7.82%, more weight 10.24%, obesity 2.6% of 18-25 aged men of Ulaanbaatar city.2. Health status was abnormal 98.13% of 18-25 aged men of Ulaanbaatar city.3. The portion of 18-25 aged men of Ulaanbaatar city adaptation functional tension 43.76%, unsatisfactory adaptation was 0.55%.References:1. 1 .Tuul M., Lhagva L., Sukhbaatar Ts., AmgalanbaatarD. “Aging biology of Mongolians” III book. “Admon” puplisher. Ulaanbaatar. 2009.2. Open society forum. “Policy of young” abstract. UB. 2010.3. Leonid Kalichman, Ida Malkin, Gregory Livshigts, Oleg Pavlovsky, Valery Bathvich. Variation of Skeletal Biomarkers of biological Aging in a Chuvashian Population: A Longitudinal Stady. American journal of human biology 19:74-81. 2007.4. Apanacenco G.L, Popava L.A, “Medical Valeology”. Kiev. 2000.
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Background:One of the soil pollution assessment criterions is bacterial contamination. Soil bacterial contamination has negative impact on water, air, food stuff, human health as well as soil biological activity and soil purification process. The soil of populated area is contaminated by animal and human solid and liquid wastes, dead plants and industrial and household drainage water. Soil becomes a source harboring and transmitting pathogens due to the fact that pathogens are transmitted to the soil by the wastes of patients, human and animal corpses (dead bodies) died of infectious diseases, plants and water. Since it is difficult to detect pathogens from outside environment, the level of soil bacterial contamination is determined by the way of detecting medically important group of bacteria such as E.coli, Cl.perfringens, Proteus and thermophilic bacteria. Aim:Our survey objective is to determine level of soil contamination of Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, Darkhan city’s by using microbiological method. Results and Discussion:1.Microbiological characteristics of soil bacterial quantitative assessment of the cities surveyed in Ulaanbaatar, all soil samples, Darkhan city, 72.2% and Erdenet, 54.5% belong to higher contamination levels. In 2009, Ulaanbaatar the result of E.coli titer 0.004, anaerobic titer 0,001 and thermophilic bacterial number 28,8 x10 c/g revealed.2.Compared to the average Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan city colon E.coli average titer of 1.25 times and anaerobic-titer 2 times and thermophilic bacteria was less than 1.6 times the number of a city for these parameters 1.5 times and 2 times and 1.5 timesis low.
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Abstract:The world population rising very fast and it has resulted in increasing the area of polluted soil, water and air. In order to cater to the demands of the people, the rapid expansion of industries, vehicles, etc. is necessary. But all of these developments make our world, especially urban area,heavily polluted. And many kind of contaminant substances showing bad effects to human health. Our research work aimed to evaluate Ulaanbaatar city soil contamination using sanitary microbiological and genetoxicological studies.The soils samples used in this study were collected from Ulaanbaatar city areas, from 5 points soil from the residential area of Ulaanbaatar; soil from city food market; soil from the area along the city highway; sludge of the city water treatment facilities; soil from the downtown. Genotoxicological effect of soil contaminant substances or ability to cause a mutation to living organisms was determined by Eims test and DNA damaging experiment on test strain Salmonella thyphimurium TA-100 (his G46, rfa B, bio pKm 101) and Escherichia coli (wp, uvr, pol). The result revealed that Ulaanbaatar city soil samples have inhibition effect to test strain growth rate.From our research work, we are making the following conclutions:1.Water and organic solvent solution of Ulaanbaatar soils have a high microbial growth inhibition rate. In particular, soil from the residential area has shown higher rate.2.Mutagenic activity of natural soil samples of Ulaanbaatar area was studied in bacterial test-systems. Soil samples revealed no mutagenic effect.
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The research on the smoking habits among 8th-to-12th grade students of schools was conducted using a random sampling method among the 13-18 years old school students.Materials and MethodsThe research was performed using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative part of the research was performed by conducting surveys among randomly selected secondary school students according to prepared and approved questionnaires. The qualitative study was performed by organizing focus groups based on prepared discussion guidelines. Sampling: the survey participants were students in grades 8-12 from both public and private schools in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. A total of 1190 students from the 12 secondary schools of 6 districts were selected through random sampling.Resultsto the question of whether the participants have tried to smoke once or twice, 36,1% (407) responded positively. Among these respondents, 49.6% (272) are male and 23.2 (135) are female. This confirms the statistical data that male students are more exposed to the habit of smoking than female students (x2=57.8, p<0.01). The percentage of the currently smoking students is 11.2% (77) of whom 17.9% are male and 4.8% are female. Of the current smokers, 6.8% smoke every day (x2=48.3, p<0.01). The average age of taking up smoking was 14.0[±1.8] of which males students began using tobacco at 13.9[±1.8] years and females at 14.3[±1.6]. Among the smoking students, 10[±2.1]% were from public schools and 17.3[±2.8]% were from private schools (x2=8.1, p<0.01).
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Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate tooth loss prevalence, denture types and prosthetic dental treatment needs among people of ages 35-44 of Bayangol District of Ulaanbaatar City. Materials and Methods 9351 subjects were examined and questionnaires were presented to partially and/ or totally edentulous subjects among patients of this research. The questionnaire consisted of questions; age, gender, education level, place of residence, problems with dentures, necessity for new denture. Results. Most of the people were partially edentulous (93.0%) and 6.0% was full dentate, 1.0% was complete edentulous. In this research, only 6% of the people are full dentate but 94.3% have missing teeth and it indicates that the most of the people are demanding partial denture treatment. Acrilic denture was consumed in (3159) 95.0% of total dental coverage, but only 116 people had fixed denture. Acrylic denture was consumed much more than removable partial denture and bridge, and it may be due to expensive price of bridge and implant. The number of female patients with complete dentures was more than the number of males, with opposing trend for partial dentures. Tooth loss is a major indicator of oral health among adults, which may be increased by the lack of access to care, certain chronic diseases and/or insurance status. Conclusions. Almost 940 people in each 1000 people of ages 35-44 or 9 of every 10 subjects of among patients of Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar City have edentulism /р>0.001/. It has been estimated that 34.5% about adults of those with edentulism had prosthetic treatment and majority (95%) of them use acrylic denture. We can see that 94.3% of subjects among the patients of ages 35-44 in our research have had missing teeth and 60% of them had no any treatment and are demanding prosthetic treatment.
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Introduction: There are still MS has been diagnosed in Mongolia during last 40 years, there is a lack of information regarding to geographical distribution and ethnic differences in origins of MS. That is why our main purpose is to do study the prevalence rate of MS in populations of UB city. Goal: To determine the prevalence rate of MS in adult populations of Ulaanbaatar (UB) City.Materials and Methods: To study the morbidity of MS in Mongolia using statistical data; to determine the prevalence rate of MS using hospital-based design and following the “door-to-door” methods. Results: MS morbidity analysis of five-year statistical data (2003-2007) showed an average of 178 per 100000; morbidity level in both rural and urban settings was 7.0 per 100000; among them 43% were patients in the 30-40-year-old age group. According to our study the prevalence rate of MS in UB City for a adult population of 100,000 above the age of 16 was 10.3; Rate of prevalence in females is 4 times more than in males (15.8 vs 4.2); the highest prevalence rate in females was in the 40-49 year-old age group (31.3); in males was in the 50-59 year-old age group (14.9). It is shown by disease dominating middle-aged women and older men relatively (p<0.05). In our clinical study of 67 MS patients, the mean age was 41.79±8.76. The age at onset ranged from 18-50 years (31.5± 9.2-for females; 37.3± 9.7-for males). Conclusion: The average morbidity rate of MS in Mongolia by statistical analysis from 2003-2007 data was 7.0 per 100,000 people; with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1. The prevalence rate of MS in adult populations of Ulaanbaatar for 100,000 people was 10.3; with a “chi”-square for females that was 4 times higher compared to males.
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<b>Objectives:</b> The patterns of purchasing prescription antimicrobials with or without a prescription from retail pharmacies in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, were examined in relation to purchasers’ socioeconomic status and price of the product.<br><b>Methods:</b> A survey was conducted at 250 randomly selected pharmacies in Ulaanbaatar. A total of 619 customers were interviewed, and the medicines they bought at the stores were examined by medical doctors. The use of prescriptions and advice in purchasing medicines and sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects were determined.<br><b>Results:</b> Interviews were conducted with 297 customers who purchased prescription antimicrobials in front of the store in which they made their purchase. Among these 297 customers, only 19.5% (<i>n</i>=58) purchased medicine with a formal prescription, and 37.4% (<i>n</i>=111) purchased medicines on their own initiative and without the guidance of medical professionals. Purchase without a prescription was not associated with the subjects’ gender, age, educational status or area of residence. Lower-priced antimicrobials were purchased without prescriptions more frequently than those with a higher price (<i>P</i><0.05).<br><b>Conclusion:</b> The purchase of antimicrobials without prescriptions is common across all sociodemographic strata in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Considering the increases in number of retail pharmacies and in sales of antimicrobials associated with economic development, measures to enforce regulations and to promote education among the general public and pharmacy professionals are required.
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INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a highly endemic in Mongolia. Consequently, complications of HBV including livercirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, are crucial public health problems in the country. Since 1991, hepatitisB vaccination has been an integrated part of Mongolia’s Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI). Since the HBVvaccination program has been implemented in Mongolia, there are few studies of HBV prevalence among children, itis essential to assess the effectiveness of HBV vaccination through the prevalence of hepatitis B virus carriage (i.e.,HBsAg) among children in Ulaanbaatar.GoalTo assess prevalence of HBV carriage and vaccination coverage among 4-6 year-old children in UlaanbaatarMATERIAL AND METHODS:∎ A representative, population based cross-sectional study was implemented in Ulaanbaatar.∎ A retrospective descriptive study design was used to estimate the HB vaccination coverage among 4-6 year-oldchildren in Ulaanbaatar.∎ A total of 2200 children, ages 4 to 6 years, were sampled using a stratified conducted, with stratified, multistage,random cluster design from 40 sub districts of 5 districts in Ulaanbaatar.∎ The children, aged 4 to 6 years, (n=1988) were tested for serological marker of HBV HBsAg.∎ All data (dose, species, and date) of the HepB vaccination were collected from the immunization record of thechildren.∎ Closed and open ended questionnaires were asked by parents to assess some social and demographicfactors.RESULT:Of the 2200 children sampled 183 children were not present at their home address and 29 children refused to participatein the study. Thus, 1988 children participated from Ulaanbaatar city (353 of from Khan-Uul district, 440 from Bayanzurkhdistrict, 400 from Bayangol district, 344 from Sukhbaatar district, 451 from Songinokhairhan district) (Response proportion90.3 percent). The mean age of children was 4.97±0.8 years with a range of 4-6 years; 1023(51%) were boys. Rapidtest results are available for all 1988 children; 0.3 percent (n=6) of whom were HBsAg carriers. HBsAg prevalence of4,5 and 6 year-old children were 0.15 percent, 0.43 percent and 0.32 percent, respectively. No association betweengender and HBsAg was identified. The administration of HB vaccine birth dose, HepB2 and HepB3 were 98.2 percent,94 percent, and 91 percent, respectively. Among children with immunization cards, 1089 (81.5 percent) children werecompletely vaccinated, 237 (17.7 percent) incompletely vaccinated and 11(0.8 percent) not vaccinated with hepatitisB vaccine. Prevalence of HBsAg carriage among children with immunization record was 0.18 percent and withoutimmunization records was 0.46 percent.CONCLUSION:Prevalence (0.31 percent) of HBV carriage among the young generation meaningfully declined compared with those ofprevious studies in Ulaanbaatar as a result of Expanded Program of Immunization. There was no significant associationbetween age or sex and HBsAg carriers.
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This survey had conducted for determining respiratory system disease and mortality trend of Ulaanbaatar city population and for developing evidence based recommendations. In accordance with the methodology we had done meta-analysis and statistical analysis on data 2004-2008. For the data analysis we used SPSS and parametric and non-parametric tests were used for determining disease changes and differences of seasonal, age and gender. In recent 5 years, in Ulaanbaatar, respiratory system disease cases are continuously leading 5 leading causes of disease. In 2008, respiratory system disease cases were 865.0 per 10000 populations and it is compare to 2004 increased by 10-30 percent. Children and women are more tend to attend to hospitals due to diseases cases. The survey also revealed that incidence of pneumonia (116.7-145.8 per 10000 populations) was the most visited case from other ICD10 causes of diseases.The mean age of mortality of respiratory system disease was 36.6±31.8 and the oldest age was 101 and the youngest was under 1 year old during 2004-2008 in Ulaanbaatar. During spring season, acute respiratory system disease, chronic bronchitis pneumonia and others respiratory system disease cases were more admitted from the respiratory system disease. Whereas, during autumn season, emphysema, during winter season bronchitis were the leading causes of respiratory system disease admission (x2=33.779, p=0.013).CONCLUSION: The statistics, 2004-2008 in Ulaanbaatar, were showing respiratory system disease trend constantly and continuously increasing. Age, gender and seasonal characteristics were signifi cantly correlated with the respiratory system disease. During these 5 years, 932 deaths were recorded and mean age of dying was 36.6±31.8.