Juvenile Allergic Urethritis with Urethro-vasal Reflex Masquerading Cauda Equina Syndrome

We report a case of severe Juvenile Allergic Urethritis secondary to double concentrate orange squash of a famous brand in a 3-year-old boy who presented with urethral and perineal pain resulting in an abnormal gait and urinary symptoms suggestive of Cauda Equina Syndrome. Ultrasound of the Urinary Tract was normal as was the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Spine. Withdrawal of the allergen produced complete recovery. Symptoms recurred on food challenge. There are several learning points and take-home messages in this case such as (1) Allergic Urethritis can have a dramatic presentation, mimicking serious conditions such as Cauda Equina Syndrome. (2) Food challenge provided the definitive diagnosis: this is the first report of double concentrate orange squash induced urethritis. (3) Complete avoidance has resulted in an enduring cure. (4) Appropriate timely referral by general Practitioner and cohesive and well-coordinated multidisciplinary team management at the University Teaching Hospital is required to successfully manage such rare and challenging case

Staphylococcus epidermidis productor de biofilm como causa de uretritis en el sexo masculino

Introducción: La emergencia de Staphylococcus epidermidis como patógeno oportunista está relacionada a su capacidad de formación de biofilm. Objetivo: Identificar Staphylococcus epidermidis productor de biofilm como causa de uretritis en el sexo masculino, en el laboratorio de Microbiología del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Guantánamo durante el año 2019. Método: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal en el laboratorio antes mencionado, con un universo de estudio conformado por 48 pacientes ambulatorios del sexo masculino con diagnóstico clínico de uretritis realizado por al médico de familia y que acudieron al laboratorio de Microbiología de dicho centro con indicación de exudado uretral con cultivo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: producción de las enzimas coagulasa, catalasa y oxidasa, crecimiento en agar manitol salado, sensibilidad de la novobiocina, producción de biofilm y resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Los resultados de las muestras fueron vaciados en una base de datos y fueron procesados con el programa SPSS versión 11.5. Resultados: Se identificó Staphylococcus epidermidis productor de biofilm como causa de uretritis en los 48 pacientes del sexo masculino estudiados. Este microorganismo mostró resistencia nula o disminuida frente a ciprofloxacina, norfloxacina, amikacina, gentamicina, amoxicilina con sulbactam, cotrimoxazol y tetraciclina. Conclusiones: Staphylococcus epidermidis emerge como patógeno oportunista frecuente en pacientes del sexo masculino con diagnóstico clínico de uretritis, con significativa resistencia a los antibióticos betalactámicos no combinados con inhibidores de la betalactamasa.

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis as an opportunistic pathogen and its ability to form biofilm has become an emergency situation. Objective: To identify biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of urethritis in males. Study performed throughout 2019 in the Microbiología Lab of the Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Lab in Guantánamo. Method: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the aforementioned lab, envolving a total of 48 male outpatients with a clinical diagnosis of urethritis certified by the family physician, attended in the Microbiology laboratory with their respective urethral discharge culture indication. The variables studied were as follow: coagulase, catalase and oxidase enzyme production test, growth of mannitol salt agar, novobiocin sensitivity, biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance. The sampling results were introduced in a database and processed with the software SPSS version 11.5. Results: Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified as the cause of urethritis in the 48 male patients involved in the study. This microorganism showed cero or low resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin-sulbactam combination, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. Conclusions: Staphylococcus epidermidis emerges as a common opportunistic pathogen in male patients with a clinical diagnosis of urethritis, with significant resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics not combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Introdução: O surgimento do Staphylococcus epidermidis como patógeno oportunista está relacionado à sua capacidade de formação de biofilme. Objetivo: Identificar Staphylococcus epidermidis, produtor de biofilme como causador de uretrite em homens, no laboratório de Microbiologia do Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Guantánamo durante o ano de 2019. Método: Investigação observacional, descritiva e transversal. realizado no referido laboratório, tendo como universo de estudo 48 doentes ambulatórios do sexo masculino com diagnóstico clínico de uretrite feito pelo médico de família e que compareceram ao laboratório de Microbiologia do referido centro com indicação de exsudato uretral com cultura. As variáveis estudadas foram: produção das enzimas coagulase, catalase e oxidase, crescimento em ágar manitol salgado, sensibilidade à novobiocina, produção de biofilme e resistência a antimicrobianos. Os resultados das amostras foram digitados em um banco de dados e processados no programa SPSS versão 11.5. Resultados: O Staphylococcus epidermidis produtor de biofilme foi identificado como a causa da uretrite nos 48 pacientes masculinos estudados. Este microrganismo não apresentou ou apresentou resistência reduzida contra ciprofloxacino, norfloxacino, amicacina, gentamicina, amoxicilina com sulbactam, cotrimoxazol e tetraciclina. Conclusões: Staphylococcus epidermidis surge como um patógeno oportunista frequente em pacientes do sexo masculino com diagnóstico clínico de uretrite, com resistência significativa a antibióticos beta-lactâmicos não combinados com inibidores de beta-lactamase.

Characterization of sexually transmitted infections, their pharmacological treatment, and recurrence in a Colombian population / Caracterización de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, su tratamiento farmacológico y la recurrencia en una población colombiana

Abstract | Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections are a public health problem worldwide. Their inadequate antimicrobial management has been associated with a higher risk of recurrence. Objective: To characterize the main sexually transmitted infections, the adherence to clinical practice guidelines, and the factors associated with recurrence in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational study to identify the main sexually transmitted infections, the sociodemographic variables, and the pharmacological management in a patient cohort from a population database of 6.5 million people affiliated with the Colombian health system. We made a multivariate analysis to identify the variables associated with recurrence. Results: We detected 3,158 patients with a mean age of 41.8 ± 14.5 years, of whom 63.1% were men. We found 4.030 episodes of sexually transmitted infections, predominantly urethral syndrome (27.5%). Only 13.6% of patients with urethral syndrome, ulcerative syndrome, or genital warts were managed in compliance with clinical practice guidelines and 20.6% were dispensed condoms; 16.7% of patients had recurrences and being male (OR=1.32; 95%CI 1.08-1.63), <30 years old (OR=1.72; 95%CI 1.40-2.13), being treated in municipalities other than capital cities (OR=1.43; 95%CI 1.06-1.94), and having received inadequate treatment for the first episode (OR=1.93; 95%CI 1.52-2.39) were associated with recurrence. Conclusions: The majority of patients with sexually transmitted infections were not treated in compliance with clinical practice guidelines and those who did not have adequate management had a higher risk of recurrence.

Resumen | Introducción. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual constituyen actualmente un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Su inadecuado tratamiento antimicrobiano se ha relacionado con un mayor riesgo de recurrencias. Objetivo. Caracterizar las principales infecciones de transmisión sexual, el cumplimiento de las guías de práctica clínica de Colombia y los factores asociados con las recurrencias. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional para determinar las principales infecciones de transmisión sexual, las variables sociodemográficas y el tratamiento farmacológico en una cohorte de pacientes registrados en una base de datos poblacional de 6,5 millones de personas afiliadas al Sistema de Salud de Colombia. Se hizo un análisis multivariado para establecer las variables asociadas con las recurrencias. Resultados. Se detectaron 3.158 pacientes; su edad media era de 41,8 ±14,5 años y 63,1 % de ellos correspondía a hombres; se encontraron 4.030 episodios de infecciones de transmisión sexual con predominio del síndrome uretral (27,5 %). El 13,6 % de los pacientes con síndrome uretral, ulceroso o con verrugas genitales se manejó según las guías de práctica clínica. El 20,6 % tenía acceso a condones y el 16,7 % presentó recurrencias. Ser hombre (OR=1,32; IC95% 1,08-1,63), tener <30 años (OR=1,72; IC95% 1,40-2,13), ser tratado en municipios distintos a ciudades capitales (OR=1,43; IC95% 1,06-1,94) y haber recibido un tratamiento inadecuado en el primer episodio (OR=1,93; IC95% 1,52-2,39) fueron factores asociados con las recurrencias. Conclusiones. La mayoría de los pacientes con infecciones de transmisión sexual no fueron tratados según las guías de práctica clínica y quienes no tuvieron un manejo adecuado presentaban mayor riesgo de recurrencias.

El diagnóstico de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual por la técnica de biología molecular es la mejor estrategia para su diagnóstico oportuno y específico. Un caso clínico / The diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections by the molecular biology technique is the best strategy for its timely and specific diagnosis. A clinical case

Resumen Se presenta el caso de un paciente a quien se le diagnosticó una Infección de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) por la técnica de PCR múltiple y en quién se logró por esta técnica, detectar cuatro agentes diferentes simultáneamente: Neisseria gonorreae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum/parvum y Trichomonas vaginalis, situación esta, que no hubiera sido posible utilizando el procedimiento estándar.

Summary Here we report the case of a patient with a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STI) in whom four different agents were detected by a multiple PCR technique: Neisseria gonorreae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum / parvum and Trichomonas vaginalis. This detection of multiple agents would not have been possible using conventional procedures.

Main etiological agents identified in 170 men with urethritis attended at the Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil,

Abstract Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a global public health problem. Urethritis are among the most common STIs, and can cause several complications and facilitate the transmission of the HIV virus. Objectives: To investigate the main etiologic agents of urethritis in 170 men treated at Fundação Alfredo da Matta. Methods: To identify the agents, urethral exudate and urine were collected. Gram and culture tests were performed in Thayer-Martin medium for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and polymerase chain reaction for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and herpes simplex types 1 and 2. Results: N. gonorrhoeae were identified in 102 (60.0%) patients, C. trachomatis in 50 (29.4%), U. urealyticum in 29 (17.0%), M. genitalium in 11 (6.5 %), U. parvum in ten (5.9%), and M. hominis in seven (4.1%). Herpes simplex type 2 was diagnosed in 24 (21.6%) of the 111 patients who underwent PCR for this pathogen. In 69 cases there was co-infection; the most frequent were: N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in 21 (14.7%) patients; N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in 21 (12.4%) patients; N. gonorrhoeae and herpes simplex type 2 in 11 (6.5%), and N. gonorrhoeae and U. urealyticum in nine (5.3%). Study limitations: Not relevant. Conclusion: N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum, and herpes simplex type 2 were the pathogens most frequently identified in the present study. The main coinfection found was N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. T. vaginalis and herpes simplex type 1 were not identified in any of the patients.

Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2020: infections that cause urethral discharge

Abstract This article approaches infections that cause urethral discharge. This theme is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020. These guidelines were prepared based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with experts. Urethritis can cause severe and even irreversible health damage when not properly treated, or when the microorganism develops antimicrobial resistance. It is noteworthy that the high levels of antimicrobial resistance grown by pathogens that cause urethritis comprises a global emergency in public health. This article presents epidemiological and clinical aspects, recommendations on diagnostic and treatment, and strategies for surveillance, prevention, and control actions for infections that cause urethral discharge, to contribute to managers' and health professionals' care qualification.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: infecções que causam corrimento uretral / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: infections that cause urethral discharge / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: infecciones que causan secreción uretral

Este artigo aborda as infecções que causam corrimento uretral, tema que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. Tal documento foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões com especialistas. As uretrites, quando não tratadas de maneira correta, ou quando o microrganismo desenvolve resistência ao tratamento empregado, podem causar danos graves e até irreversíveis à saúde. Os níveis de resistência antimicrobiana que esses agentes têm desenvolvido são considerados uma emergência global em saúde pública. Neste artigo, são apresentados aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos, recomendações sobre diagnóstico e tratamento e estratégias para as ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle das infecções que causam corrimento uretral, com a finalidade de contribuir com gestores e profissionais de saúde para a qualificação da assistência.

This article approach infections that cause urethral discharge, theme which is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020. These guidelines were prepared based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with experts. When urethritis is not treated correctly, or when the microorganism develops antimicrobial resistance, it can cause serious and even irreversible health damage. It is noteworthy that the high levels of antimicrobial resistance developed by pathogens that causes urethritis comprises a global emergency in public health. This article presents epidemiological and clinical aspects, recommendations on diagnostic and treatment, and strategies for surveillance, prevention and control actions of infections that cause urethral discharge, with the purpose of contributing with managers and health professionals to care qualification.

El artículo trata de las infecciones que causan secreción uretral, tema que hace parte del Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. Dicho documento se elaboró con base en evidencias científicas y se validó en discusiones con expertos. Las uretritis, cuando no tratadas correctamente o cuando el microorganismo desarrolla resistencia al tratamiento, puede ocasionar daños graves a la salud. Los niveles de resistencia antimicrobiana que estos agentes desarrollan son considerados una emergencia de salud pública. En este artículo, se presentan aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos, recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento y estrategias para acciones de monitoreo epidemiológico, prevención y control de las infecciones que causan secreción uretral, a fin de contribuir con gestores y personal de salud para la cualificación de la asistencia.

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: infecções que causam corrimento uretral / Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: infections that cause urethral discharge / Protocolo Brasileño para Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual 2020: infecciones que causan secreción uretral

Resumo Este artigo aborda as infecções que causam corrimento uretral, tema que compõe o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. Tal documento foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões com especialistas. As uretrites, quando não tratadas de maneira correta, ou quando o microrganismo desenvolve resistência ao tratamento empregado, podem causar danos graves e até irreversíveis à saúde. Os níveis de resistência antimicrobiana que esses agentes têm desenvolvido são considerados uma emergência global em saúde pública. Neste artigo, são apresentados aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos, recomendações sobre diagnóstico e tratamento e estratégias para as ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle das infecções que causam corrimento uretral, com a finalidade de contribuir com gestores e profissionais de saúde para a qualificação da assistência.

Abstract This article approach infections that cause urethral discharge, theme which is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020. These guidelines were prepared based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with experts. When urethritis is not treated correctly, or when the microorganism develops antimicrobial resistance, it can cause serious and even irreversible health damage. It is noteworthy that the high levels of antimicrobial resistance developed by pathogens that causes urethritis comprises a global emergency in public health. This article presents epidemiological and clinical aspects, recommendations on diagnostic and treatment, and strategies for surveillance, prevention and control actions of infections that cause urethral discharge, with the purpose of contributing with managers and health professionals to care qualification.

Resumen El artículo trata de las infecciones que causan secreción uretral, tema que hace parte del Protocolo Clínico y Directrices Terapéuticas para Atención Integral a Personas con Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil en 2020. Dicho documento se elaboró con base en evidencias científicas y se validó en discusiones con expertos. Las uretritis, cuando no tratadas correctamente o cuando el microorganismo desarrolla resistencia al tratamiento, puede ocasionar daños graves a la salud. Los niveles de resistencia antimicrobiana que estos agentes desarrollan son considerados una emergencia de salud pública. En este artículo, se presentan aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos, recomendaciones para el diagnóstico y tratamiento y estrategias para acciones de monitoreo epidemiológico, prevención y control de las infecciones que causan secreción uretral, a fin de contribuir con gestores y personal de salud para la cualificación de la asistencia.

Infecciones en varones por gardnerella vaginalis- revisión bibliográfica

Introducción: Gardnerella vaginalis ha sido aislada de orina, semen, descarga uretral, hisopos endouretrales, rectales y del prepucio, en algunos casos asociada a manifestaciones clínicas; se han descrito uretritis y balanopostitis con diversos porcentajes. Los hallazgos en frotis rectal, semen y prepucio deben interpretarse cuidadosamente para otorgarles significado clínico. Ha quedado demostrado que el hombre la adquiere de sus parejas sexuales y en su forma cohesiva. Objetivo: Explorar el papel patógeno de G. vaginalis como causa de infección en los hombres. Método: La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó en: PubMed/ Medline, Scopus Cochrane Library, SciELO Lilacs, Redalyc; Google Scholar con proveedores como: EB-SCO y tesauros MeSH y DeCS. Resultados: Las diferentes publicaciones indicaron detección de G. vaginalis en muestras uretrales con reportes desde 1,5 %, 4,2 % hasta 14 % con manifestaciones clínicas de uretritis. Otros reportes indican 4,5 %, 5 %, 6,3 %, 7,2 % y 14,5 % sin uretritis. Dos estudios de infecciones del tracto urinario presentan porcentajes de 30,8 % y 67 % de G. vaginalis en hombres con síntomas urinarios. G vaginalis se reporta en frotis rectal, semen e hisopados del prepucio, pero sin clara atribución de etiología patógena. Conclusión: Es recomendable la búsqueda de G. vaginalis en hombres con uretritis no gonocócica, balanopostitis, e infecciones del tracto urinario por su probable significado patógeno, mientras que su papel en semen en pacientes con infertilidad y en el frotis rectal, requiere más estudios de investigación.

Introduction: Gardnerella vaginalis has been isolated from urine, semen, urethral discharge, and endourethral, rectal, and foreskin swabs, in some cases associated with clinical manifestations. Urethritis and balanoposthitis have been described in different percentages. Rectal swab, semen, and foreskin findings must be carefully interpreted for clinical significance. It has been demonstrated that man acquires it from her sexual partners in its cohesive form. Objective: To explore the role of G. vaginalis as a cause of infections in men. Method: Bibliography was searched through PubMed/ Medline, Scopus Cochrane Library, SciELO Lilacs, Redalyc; Google Scholar, and providers like EBSCO and thesauros MeSH y DeCS. Results: Several publications show the detection of G. vaginallis in urethral samples with reports of 1,5%, 4,2%, even 14% of urethritis. Some other reports show a 4,5%, 5%, 6,3%, 7,2% and 14,5% without urethritis. Two studies of urinary tract infections show a 30,8% and 67% of G. vaginalis in men with urinary symptoms. G. vaginalis is reported in rectal smears, semen, and foreskin swabs but without clear attribution of pathogenic etiology. Conclusion: The search for G. vaginalis in men with non-gonococcal urethritis, balanoposthitis, or urinary tract infections is recommended due to its probable pathogenic significance, while its role in patients with infertility and rectal smears requires further investigation, due to the presence in semen.

Chronic osteomyelitis in canine penile bone: case report / Osteomielite crônica em osso peniano canino: relato de caso

A 10-year-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted for recurrent signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary bladder ultrasonography revealed decreased thickness of its wall with floating hyperopic particles within its lumen. Ultrasonography revealed a structure invading the dorsal wall of the penile urethral lumen, located in a segment distal to the bladder. Radiographies showed bone resorption with proliferation at the caudal aspect of the penile bone, stricture of the final aspect of the penile urethra, and no radiopaque images compatible with a urethrolith. Computed tomography showed bone proliferation causing stricture of the urethral lumen at two different sites. Presumptive diagnosis of penile neoplasia was considered more likely and the dog underwent penectomy along with orchiectomy and scrotal urethrostomy. Enterobacter spp. was cultured from the urine sample and antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the bacterium was susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem. Histopathology revealed severe suppurative urethritis, bone resorption, and hyperostosis, suggestive of osteomyelitis of the penile bone. Neoplastic cells were not observed at any part of the examined tissue. The findings in the present case suggest that osteomyelitis of the penile bone should be included in differential diagnosis for partial and complete urethral obstruction in dogs with recurrent UTI.(AU)

Um cão mestiço, com 10 anos, foi admitido por sinais recorrentes de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). A ultrassonografia da bexiga urinária revelou diminuição da espessura de sua parede com partículas flutuantes dentro de seu lúmen. A ultrassonografia demonstrou estrutura invadindo a parede dorsal do lúmen da uretra peniana, localizada em segmento distal à bexiga. Radiografias evidenciaram reabsorção óssea com proliferação no aspecto caudal do osso peniano, estenose do aspecto final da uretra peniana e ausência de imagens radiopacas compatíveis com uretrólito. Pela tomografia computadorizada, observou-se proliferação óssea causando estreitamento da luz uretral em dois locais diferentes. Diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia peniana foi considerado mais provável e o cão foi submetido à penectomia, juntamente com orquiectomia e uretrostomia escrotal. Enterobacter spp. foi cultivada da amostra de urina e testes de sensibilidade revelaram susceptibilidade ao amicacina, imipenem e ao meropenem. A histopatologia revelou uretrite supurativa grave, reabsorção óssea e hiperostose compatível com osteomielite do osso peniano. Células neoplásicas não foram observadas em nenhuma parte do tecido examinado. Os achados do presente caso sugerem que a osteomielite do osso peniano deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de obstrução uretral parcial e completa em cães com ITU recorrente.(AU)

Analysis of UU,CT, NG and MG in Infertile Women and Comparison of Different Detection Methods / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the distribution of pathogens in the genital tract of infertile female,and comparing traditional methods with simultaneous amplification and testing (SAT) in the detection of UU,CT,NG and MG.Methods 467 female infertility patients were selected from the reproductive center of Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between June and September 2016 to analyze the distribution of UU,CT,MG and NG.The age was between 20 to 48 years old (mean 31.52±6.83 years old).352 cases of female patients with assisted reproductive technology were selected,aged from 21 to 46 years old (mean 30.67±6.67 years old).The swabs were tested by traditional methods or SAT.The sensitivity and specificity of the methods in detecting the pathogens were evaluated according to the experimental results.Results Among the 467 infertile women,the number of UU positive cases was the highest,the positive rate was 62.53％ (292/467),the positive rate of CT was 1.93％ (9/467) and the positive rate of NG was 0.21％ (1/467),and the positive rate of MG was 1.71％ (8/467).UU infection rate was higher in infertile women than normal control group 23.81％ (25/105) (x2 =52.01,P＜0.01).352 cases of female patients with assisted reproductive technology were selected for further analysis.For UU detection,the positive rate of swab samples detected by liquid culture was 48.9％,while the positive rate detected by SAT was 63.9％.Obviously the positive rate of SAT was higher than that of liquid culture.Swab culture and SAT results were analyzed by paired x2 test (x2 =41.93,P＜0.01).The positive rate of CT SAT was 1.71％,and the positive rate of CT-latex method was 0.28 ％.There was significant difference between CT latex method and SAT (Fisher exact probabilistic method statistical analysis,P＜0.005),which indicated that SAT method had a higher sensitivity.The positive rate (1.7 ％) and sensitivity (100％) of SAT were also higher than that of traditional method.Conclusion UU was the most common pathogen in female reproductive tract pathogens,followed by CT and MG.The SAT method has higher sensitivity than the conventional method in detecting of UU and CT.

The situation of sexual transmitted diseases among acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients and its influence on the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between couples / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the situation of sexual transmitted diseases (STD) prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS ) patients and to analyze its impact on HIV transmission between couples .Methods Under voluntary counseling and testing ,1871 clinically confirmed HIV/AIDS patients underwent common STD testing , with synchronous test of HIV infection on their couples .Continuous variables were compared using t-test , and categorical variables were compared using variance analysis .Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups .Results Among 1871 HIV/AIDS patients ,571 patients (30 .5％ ) were co-infected with STD .The HIV transmission rates between couples in STD co-infection group and non-STD co-infection group were 49 .2％ (281/571) and 23 .6％ (307/1300) ,respectively ,which was statistically different (χ2 =120 .6 ,P<0 .01) .Among the 571 HIV/STD co-infection patients ,HIV transmission rates between couples with genital herpes ,condyloma acuminatum ,gonorrhoea or nongonococcal urethritis and syphilis were 84 .2％ (80/95) ,72 .2％ (78/108) ,45 .0％ (27/60) and 31 .2％ (96/308) ,respectively .There was statistically significant among multiple groups comparisons (χ2 =110 .0 , P<0 .01) .Among the comparison between two groups , there were statistically significant differences between genital herpes group and condyloma acuminatum group (χ2 =4 .210 ,P=0 .040) ,between pointed condyloma group and gonorrhoea or nongonococcal urethritis group (χ2 =12 .196 , P< 0 .01) ,between gonorrhoea or nongonococcal urethritis group and syphilis group (χ2 = 4 .317 , P=0 .038) .Conclusions STD co-infection rate is high among HIV/AIDS patients .STD can facilitate the HIV transmission between couples ,and different STD has different impact on the transmission .

Prevalence of Co-infection with Gonorrhoea and Non-Gonococcal Urethritis in Males with Urethral Discharge Genitourinary Clinic, Hospital Kuala Lumpur: A 5-year study between 2011 – 2015

Introduction:Dual infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia sp has been reported in several studies worldwidein men presenting with urethral discharge. The rate of co-infection has been reported to be between 1.5 to 51%.This study aims to determine the demographic characteristics and sexual behaviour of men diagnosed to haveurethritis.Methods:This is a retrospective study on all men who presented with urethral discharge and diagnosed to havegonococcal (GU) and non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) for the year 2011 to 2015 in Genito-UrinaryMedicine Clinic (GUM), Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The case notes were retrieved and reviewed.Results:There were a total of 307 men who attended the GUM clinic with urethral discharge. The mean ageof patients was 26.4 years (range 16-57 years). Majority (64.5%) were in the age group between 20-29 years. Around 95% were Malaysians and of these about 80% were Malays. Thirty-seven patients(12%) completed their tertiary education. There were 24 patients (8%) documented to have substanceabuse. Majority (78%) were heterosexual. About 36% of patients had 2 or more partners (range 2-10)6 months before the symptoms developed. The most common cause of urethritis was gonococcalurethritis (66.4%), followed by NGU (24.4%). Among the NGU, nine were detected to have Chlamydiasp infection (12%). Co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia sp were detected in 28men (9.1%). Seven (2.3%) were HIV seropositive.Conclusion:Majority of males diagnosed with gonorrhoea were heterosexuals acquired mainly via casual partners.About 10% had co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia sp.

Detection and susceptibility test of suspected 4 414 cases of urogenital tract mycoplasma infection in Chongqing / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the positive rates and susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis(Mh) in urogenital mycoplasma infection under three years.Methods Culture,identification and susceptibility test were performed on 4 414 specimens collected from suspected patients with mycoplasma infection by using Antu mycoplasma kits.Results In the 4 414 patients,2 295 cases with mycoplasma infection were detected and the positive rate was 51.99％.The infection rates of Uu and Mh respectively were 40.69％ and 2.08％,and the both infection rate was 9.22％.Antibiotic sensitive rates of josamycin(JOX),doxycycline(DOX),clarithromycin(CLA),gatifloxacin(GAT) and erythromycin(ERY) were 96.03％,95.51 ％,78.69 ％％,77.21 ％ and 72.55 ％.Drug resistant rates of roxithromycin(RXT),thiamphenicol (THI),clindamycin (CLI) and clarithromycin(CLA) were 16.90％,22.27％,41.96％ and 17.60％.Conclusion Uu is the predominant mycoplasma in urogenital tract infection in the study.DOX,JOS,GAT and ERY can be chosen as the fist line drugs for the treatment of urogenital tract infection.RXT,THI,CLI and CLA with high drug resistant rates are not recommended to be used.

120 cases of non gonococcal urethritis mycoplasma and chlamydia infection and drug resistance status / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate non gonococcal urethritis mycoplasma and chlamydia infection and drug sensitivity status.Methods From June 2014 to December 2014,120 cases of non gonococcal urethritis patients in our hospital were given chlamydia trachomatis,ureaplasma,mycoplasma detection and mycoplasma culture and drug sensitivity test of mycoplasma.Mycoplasma and chlamydia test results were compared between male and female patients.Positive drug sensitivity test results of ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and mycoplasma hominis (Mh) were observed.Results Among the 120 patients with positive detection,the proportion of Uu was the highest,up to 41.67％ (50/120);the second was Mh,accounting for 31.67％ (38/120).The detection rate of Uu in women (57.14％)was significantly higher than that in males (28.13％),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =10.35,P ＜ 0.05).The susceptibility of mycoplasma to pristinamycin susceptible rate highest,Uu and type mycoplasma reached 100.00％;followed by doxycycline,the susceptibility of Uu reached 98.00％ and the susceptibility of Mh to 100.00％;sensitive rates of Uu and Mh to josamycin were 96.00％ and 90.48％.The sensitive rates of Uu and Mh to tetracycline were 92.00％ and 90.48％ respectively.Conclusion The mycoplasma infection was mainly caused by Uu.Clinical treatment of mycoplasma infection can be based on the drug sensitivity test results to reasonably choose antibiotics,and sensitive rates of pristinamycin,doxycycline were higher.

Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from male patients with urethritis in sexually transmitted disease clinic / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the serovar distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) isolated from male patients with urethritis in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic.Methods Urine specimens were collected from male patients with urethritis in STD clinic at Hospital of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2013 and December 2013.Fluorescence-based quantitative PCR was performed to detect Ct DNA in these specimens.DNA was extracted from Ct-positive urine specimens,and nested PCR was conducted to amplify the VS1-VS2 regions of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene,followed by gene sequencing.The resulting sequences were aligned to reference sequences by the DNAStar5.0 software to determine Ct serovars.Results A total of 432 urine specimens were collected,and 33.1％ (143/432) of them were positive for Ct.The VS1-VS2 regions of the ompA gene were amplified from 127 out of the 143 Ct-positive specimens,but not from the other 16 specimens.Nine serovars were identified by gene sequencing among the 127 specimens,including serovar E (29 strains,22.83％),F (28 strains,22.05％),D (19 strains,14.96％),G (16 strains,12.60％),J (16 strains,12.60％),K (8 strains,6.30％),H (5 strains,3.94％),I (3 strains,2.36％) and B (3 strains,2.36％),and Ct serovars E,F,D,J and G accounted for 85.02％ among all the strains.Synonymous mutations were identified in 14 out of the 127 strains when compared with reference strains.Conclusions E,F,D and G serovars were the main Ct serovars in male patients with urethritis in STD clinic.The proportion of Ct serovar E strain was decreased,but that of serovar J strain was increased compared with 20 years ago.

Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in male patients with urethritis by nested PCR / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To establish two nested PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urine samples from male patients with urethritis,and to evaluate their diagnostic value.Methods One thousand and eighty-eight male patients with urethritis were enrolled from sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in the Hospital of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between April 2011 and December 2013.Urethral swabs were collected followed by smear testing,wet mount microscopic examination of Trichomonas vaginalis,and cultivation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Urine specimens were also obtained from these patients followed by DNA extraction.Two nested PCR assays were developed and performed to amplify the repeat genomic sequence and β-tubulin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis.Results Trichomonas vaginalis was detected in none of these swab specimens by wet mount microscopy,but in 29 (2.67％) of the urine specimens by either of the two nested PCR assays.Moreover,the positive specimens detected by the two nested PCR assays were completely consistent.Conclusion Compared with wet mount microscopy,nested PCR has higher sensitivity and specificity in detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urine samples from male patients.

Analysis of mycoplasma infection and drug susceptibility in 6 573 patients with nongonococcal urethritis / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the infection status and drug suscepetibility of mycoplasma from 6 573 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis ,and to provide the scientific bases for the clinical application of antibiotics .Methods Mycoplasma detection kit was used to detect ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and mycoplasma hominis(Mh) and the drug susceptibility .All the patients were divided into two groups :Chinese group and foreigner group .Results Among 5 675 Chinese patients ,2 985 patients were infected by mycoplasma(52 .6% ) .The infection rate of Uu was 2 312(40 .7% ) .35 .2% patients were male ,and 61 .4% patients were female .In 898 foreign patients ,440 patients were infected by mycoplasma(49 .0% ) .The infection rate of Uu was 327(36 .4% ) .32 .2% pa-tients were male ,and 59 .5% patients were female .In Chinese patients infected by Uu ,the susceptibility rates to MIN ,DOX ,JOS and CLA were 96 .7% ,96 .2% ,93 .7% ,89 .7% ,respectively .In foreign patients ,the susceptibility rates to MIN ,DOX ,JOS ,and CLA were 98 .9% ,98 .4% ,95 .8% ,92 .1% .Conclusion The mycoplasma infection rate of Chinese patients is higher than foreign patients .In both groups ,Uu infection is the main type .Female patients are more than male patients .The drug sensitivity rate in for-eign group is higher than that in Chinese group .mycoplasma are sensitivity to MIN ,DOX ,JOS .

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo sindrómico de los pacientes con infecciones de transmisión sexual y otras infecciones del tracto genital - 2013 / Clinical practice guideline for syndromic management of patients with sexually transmitted infections and other genital tract infections - 2013

Objetivo: reducir la variabilidad de la práctica en el manejo de las infecciones del tracto genital y de las infecciones de transmisión sexual; apoyar a los profesionales de la salud que atienden pacientes con ITG/ITS, con la más reciente evidencia respecto a la efectividad y seguridad de las intervenciones para la prevención primaria, secundaria y terciaria, y generar indicadores de implementación de la guía y de su impacto en la salud pública.Materiales y métodos: se constituyó un equipo desarrollador en el que participaron diferentes profesionales de la salud y representantes de pacientes. Se formularon preguntas clínicas relevantes y se realizó una búsqueda en repositorios nacionales e internacionales de Guías. Se evaluaron las Guías disponibles en cuanto a su calidad y aplicabilidad. Dado que ninguna guía cumplió con los criterios de adaptación, se decidió el desarrollo de una Guía de Novo. Se realizó una búsqueda de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos y estudios observacionales en las bases de datos pubmed, ovid, embase, cochrane y lilacs. Se elaboraron las tablas de evidencia y las recomendaciones con la aproximación grade por metodología de consenso formal e informal.Resultados: se presenta la “Guía de práctica clínica” con las recomendaciones y la evidencia de soporte para la prevención, el diagnóstico, tratamiento en cuanto a efectividad y seguridad, y seguimiento de los síndromes de: cervicitis, uretritis, úlcera genital, flujo vaginal, inflamación escrotal y bubón inguinal. Conclusiones: como recomendación central de implementación se plantea el manejo del paciente por medio de la dosis única y tratamiento expedito del compañero cuando sea posible. La Guía deberá actualizarse en tres años.

Objective: To reduce practice variability in the management of genital tract infections and sexually transmitted infections, and provide healthcare practitioners that care for patients with GTIs/STDs with the most recent evidence on the effectiveness and safety of the interventions for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; and to create indicators to track the implementation of the guideline and its impact on public health. Materials and methods: A development team was set up with the participation of different healthcare professionals and patient representatives. Relevant clinical questions were asked and a search was conducted in the national and international guideline repositories. The existing guidelines were evaluated for quality and applicability. Considering that none of the guidelines met the criteria for adoption, it was decided to develop a de novo guideline. A search of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, clinical trials and observational studies was conducted in the pubmed, ovid, embase, cochrane and lilacs databases. Evidence tables and recommendations were prepared using the grade approach on the basis of the informal and formal consensus methodology. Results: The “Clinical Practice Guideline” is presented, including the recommendations and support evidence for prevention, diagnosis and treatment in terms of effectiveness and safety, and follow-up of cervicitis, urethritis, genital ulcer, vaginal discharge, scrotal inflammation and inguinal bubo. Conclusions: The core recommendation for implementation is patient management using a single dose and expedite treatment of the partner whenever possible. The Guideline must be updated in three years.

The Management of Patients Presenting with Genital Discharge

The approach to the management of genital discharge in men and women differ due to the varying presentations and aetiologies for each. In women, non-sexually transmitted causes are typically, physiological, bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis. In men, chlamydia and gonorrhoea are the most frequent causes of urethritis. A thorough history and examination should be conducted as they provide a guide to diagnosis and treatment. Investigations are particularly important in women to confirm or exclude sexually transmitted infections which are often asymptomatic. Where a sexually transmitted infection is suspected, patients should be counselled regarding abstaining until treatment completion, notification and treatment of sex partners to reduce onward transmission and re-infection, and safe sex practices.