Biomonitoring of air quality in the Bodoquena microregion, Mato Grosso Do Sul: mutagenic and morphoanatomical alterations in Tradescantia pallida (rose) D.R. Hunt var. purpurea

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess air quality in relation to vehicular traffic flow in cities located at different elevations in the Bodoquena microregion, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. To do so, a micronucleus test was carried out using the TRAD-MCN bioassay on young Tradescantia buds collected from February to November 2018 in seven cities of the microregion with different traffic flow intensities. Meteorological parameters were evaluated, and vehicular traffic was counted to determine traffic flow in each city. With data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and processing in Esri ArcGIS® software version 10.5.1, the regions was mapped based on an Elevation Model. Morphoanatomical analyses were performed according to standard methodology. Measurements were taken of thickness, length and width of tissues and structures, including the upper and lower cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, hypodermis and mesophyll. The greatest traffic flow was found in the cities of Bodoquena, Guia Lopes da Laguna, Jardim, and Porto Murtinho, with the period from 5:00 to 6:00 p.m. showing the highest traffic flow. The greatest frequency of mutagenic alterations was found in the city of Guia Lopes da Laguna, although the results did not differ significantly from Bonito, Caracol, and Jardim. Throughout the biomonitoring, the summer and autumn seasons showed the greatest micronuclei frequencies in all evaluated cities. Variations in the tissue/structure thickness was observed across cities and seasons, but with a decrease in thickness during autumn. In general, the tissues/structures were smaller for the cities of Nioaque and Porto Murtinho, while the anatomical and morphological characteristics of leaf length and thickness showed no differences among cities. We found limited correlation between micronuclei frequency and traffic flow, supporting the hypothesis that although mutagenic alterations are observed in T. pallida, in this microregion the changes are numerically lower when compared to other regions of the state. In light of the genotoxic and morphoanatomical factors assessed herein, the Bodoquena microregion appears to be well preserved in terms of air quality, presenting low micronuclei frequency and a limited reduction in tissues and leaf structures, regardless of the season.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do ar com base no fluxo veicular das cidades localizadas em diferentes altitudes na microrregião da Bodoquena, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para tal, foi realizado o teste de micronúcleo, por meio do bioensaio TRAD-MCN em botões jovens de Tradescantia coletadas no período entre fevereiro a novembro de 2018 em sete cidades da microrregião da Bodoquena, com diferentes intensidades de fluxo veicular. Foram avaliados os parâmetros meteorológicos, os veículos foram contados para determinar o tráfego de veículos em cada cidade e altitude. A partir da topografia Shuttle Radar (SRTM) e processamento no software Esri ArcGIS® versão 10.5.1 foi possível mapear a área com base no Modelo de Elevação. As análises morfoanatômicos foram realizadas conforme metodologia padrão. As mensurações de espessura, comprimento, largura dos tecidos e estruturas como a cutícula superior, cutícula inferior, face superior e face inferior da epiderme, hipoderme e mesófilo foram avaliadas. O maior fluxo veicular foi encontrado nas cidades de Bodoquena, Guia Lopes da Laguna, Jardim e Porto Murtinho. O horário das 17:00 às 18:00h foi o que apresentou maiores fluxo de veículos. A maior frequência de alterações mutagênicas foi encontrada na cidade de Guia Lopes, não diferindo de Bonito, Caracol e Jardim. Ao longo do biomonitoramento observou-se que as estações de verão e outono foram as que apresentaram maiores frequências de micronúcleo independente da cidade avaliada. Observou-se que a correlação entre a frequência de micronúcleos e o fluxo veicular foi baixa, apoiando a tese de que essa microrregião, embora apresente alterações mutagênicas em T. pallida, as alterações numericamente são pequenas quando comparadas a outras regiões do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Observou-se uma variação na espessura dos tecidos/estruturas que é variável entre as diferentes cidades e estações do ano. De forma geral os tecidos/estrutura apresentaram redução na espessura para as cidades de Nioaque e Porto Murtinho quanto aos aspectos anatômicos e morfológicos, sendo que, para o comprimento e espessura foliar não foi observado diferenças entre as cidades. Em relação as estações do ano, observou-se que no outono a espessura dos tecidos/estruturas são menores. Diante dos fatores genotóxicos e morfoanatômicos aqui avaliados, a microrregião da Bodoquena parece estar bem preservada em termos de qualidade do ar, apresentando baixa frequência de micronúcleos e redução limitada de tecidos e estruturas foliares, independentemente da estação do ano.

Alertas sanitarias de productos médicos subestándares, falsificados y no registrados al inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19 en las Américas / Health alerts for substandard, falsified, and unregistered medical products at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Americas / Alertas de saúde para produtos médicos abaixo do padrão, falsificados e não registrados no início da pandemia de COVID-19 nas Américas

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar y analizar los incidentes de productos médicos subestándares, falsificados, no registrados y robados al inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Búsqueda detallada en los sitios web de las autoridades reguladoras de las Américas. Identificación de los incidentes de medicamentos y dispositivos médicos (incluidos los de diagnóstico in vitro) subestándares falsificados, no registrados y robados. Se determinaron los tipos de productos, las etapas de la cadena de suministro en las que se detectaron y las medidas tomadas por las autoridades. Resultados. Se identificaron 1 273 incidentes en 15 países (1 087 productos subestándares, 44 falsificados, 123 no registrados y 19 robados). La mayor cantidad de incidentes corresponden a dispositivos médicos, desinfectantes y antisépticos. El punto en la cadena de suministro con mayor frecuencia de informes fue la adquisición a través de internet. Las medidas tomadas por las autoridades reguladoras corresponden en su mayoría a: alerta, prohibición de uso, prohibición de publicidad y fabricación, retiro del mercado y seguimiento de eventos adversos. Conclusiones. Se evidenció un número destacable de incidentes de productos médicos subestándares, falsificados, no registrados y robados al inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19. La escasez de insumos, la flexibilización en los requisitos regulatorios y el aumento de la demanda son factores que pueden favorecer el incremento del número de incidentes. Las autoridades reguladoras nacionales de referencia presentaron mayores frecuencias de detección de incidentes y de aplicación de medidas sanitarias. Se observó que se debe abordar el canal de venta por internet con alguna estrategia reguladora para garantizar la distribución segura de productos médicos.

ABSTRACT Objective. Identify and analyze incidents of substandard, falsified, unregistered, and stolen medical products at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Detailed search of the websites of regulatory authorities in the Americas. Identification of incidents of substandard, falsified, unregistered, and stolen medicines and medical devices (including in vitro diagnostics). The types of products were determined, as were the stages in the supply chain where they were detected, and the actions taken by authorities. Results. A total of 1 273 incidents were identified in 15 countries (1 087 substandard, 44 falsified, 123 unregistered, and 19 stolen products). The largest number of incidents involved medical devices, disinfectants, and antiseptics. The most frequently reported point in the supply chain was online purchasing. The principal measures taken by the regulatory authorities were: alerts, prohibition of use, prohibition of advertising and manufacture, recall, and monitoring of adverse events. Conclusions. A substantial number of incidents involving substandard, falsified, unregistered, and stolen medical products at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were identified. Shortages of supplies, easing of regulatory requirements, and increased demand are factors that may have led to an increase in the number of incidents. The national regulatory authorities of reference reported more frequent detection of incidents and more frequent application of health measures. A regulatory strategy is needed in order to address online sales and ensure the safe distribution of medical products.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar e analisar incidentes de produtos médicos abaixo do padrão, falsificados, não registrados e roubados no início da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foi realizada uma busca detalhada nos sites das autoridades reguladoras das Américas. Foram identificados incidentes envolvendo medicamentos e dispositivos médicos (incluindo para diagnóstico in vitro) abaixo do padrão, falsificados, não registrados e roubados. Foram determinados os tipos de produtos, os estágios da cadeia de abastecimento em que foram detectados e as medidas tomadas pelas autoridades. Resultados. Foram identificados 1 273 incidentes em 15 países (1 087 produtos abaixo do padrão, 44 falsificados, 123 não registrados e 19 roubados). O maior número de incidentes estava relacionado a dispositivos médicos, desinfetantes e antissépticos. O ponto na cadeia de abastecimento com a maior frequência de relatos foi a de aquisição pela internet. As medidas tomadas pelas autoridades reguladoras foram principalmente alertas, proibições de uso, proibições de publicidade e fabricação, recolhimento de produtos do mercado e monitoramento de eventos adversos. Conclusões. Houve um número significativo de incidentes envolvendo produtos médicos abaixo do padrão falsificados, não registrados e roubados no início da pandemia de COVID-19. A escassez de insumos, a flexibilização das exigências regulatórias e o aumento da demanda são fatores que podem levar a um maior número de incidentes. As autoridades reguladoras nacionais de referência informaram um aumento na frequência de detecção de incidentes e implementação de medidas sanitárias. O canal de vendas pela internet precisa ser abordado com alguma estratégia regulatória para garantir a distribuição segura de produtos médicos.

Risk of permanent medical impairment after road traffic crashes: A systematic review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To systematically review the risk of permanent disability related to road traffic injuries (RTIs) and to determine the implications for future research regarding permanent impairment following road traffic crashes.@*METHODS@#We conducted this systematic review according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis statement. An extended search of the literature was carried out in 4 major electronic databases for scientific research papers published from January 1980 to February 2020. Two teams include 2 reviewers each, screened independently the titles/abstracts, and after that, reviewed the full text of the included studies. The quality of the studies was assessed using the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. A third reviewer was assessed any discrepancy and all data of included studies were extracted. Finally, the data were systematically analyzed, and the related data were interpreted.@*RESULTS@#Five out of 16 studies were evaluated as high-quality according to the STROBE checklist. Fifteen studies ranked the initial injuries according to the abbreviated injury scale 2005. Five studies reported the total risk of permanent medical impairment following RTIs which varied from 2% to 23% for car occupants and 2.8% to 46% for cyclists. Seven studies reported the risk of permanent medical impairment of the different body regions. Eleven studies stated the most common body region to develop permanent impairment, of which 6 studies demonstrated that injuries of the cervical spine and neck were at the highest risk of becoming permanent injured.@*CONCLUSION@#The finding of this review revealed the necessity of providing a globally validated method to evaluate permanent medical impairment following RTIs across the world. This would facilitate decision-making about traffic injuries and efficient management to reduce the financial and psychological burdens for individuals and communities.

Wounding characteristics and treatment principles of ground anti-armored vehicle ammunition against armored crew / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

The wound mechanism, injury characteristics and treatment principles of anti-armored vehicle ammunition against armored crew in the past 20 years are summarized in this paper. Shock vibration, metal jet, depleted uranium aerosol and post armor breaking effect are the main factors for wounding armored crew. Their prominent characteristics are severe injury, high incidence of bone fracture, high rate of depleted uranium injury, and high incidence of multiple/combined injuries. During the treatment, attention must be paid on that the space of armored vehicle is limited, and the casualties should be moved outside of the cabin for comprehensive treatment. Especially, the management of depleted uranium injury and burn/inhalation injury are more important than other injuries for the armored wounds.

Epidemiology of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in truck drivers

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiology of tobacco use and nicotine dependence in a sample of truck drivers in Brazil. METHODS Between 2015 and 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 624 truck drivers who operate on the BR-050 highway in Brazil. Participants were interviewed about sociodemographic data, occupational characteristics, mental health, behavioral data, and tobacco use. Then, the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was used to verify nicotine dependence in smoking truck drivers. Logistic regression and linear regression were also used to verify factors associated with tobacco use in the previous 30 days and nicotine dependence scores, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of tobacco use among truck drivers was 21.1% (n = 132;95%CI: 18.1-24.5). Of the total number of smokers who responded to the FTND (n = 118; 89.4%), most had high/very high nicotinic dependence (68.6%; 95%CI: 59.8-76.3). Tobacco use was associated with absence of religion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.60; 95%CI: 1.35-5.01), employment relationship of the contract (AOR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.26-3.13); > 12 hours daily working time (AOR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.09-2.98) and alcohol use in the previous 30 days (AOR = 2.92; 95%CI: 1.86-4.57). Irregular physical activity was associated with higher scores of nicotine dependence (β = 1.87; 95%CI: 0.55-3.19). CONCLUSION The results showed a high prevalence of tobacco use and high/very high nicotine dependence among the truck drivers.

Factors associated with psychoactive substance use among professional truck drivers / Factores relacionados al uso de psicotrópicos entre motoristas profesionales de camión / Fatores associados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers. Methods: cross-sectional study that investigated the use of at least one psychoactive substance and its association with sociodemographic, occupational, and health characteristics in 354 professional truck drivers. Researchers collected data through face-to-face interviews using forms. Multiple regression analyzes estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: lower family income (PR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.08-3.83), symptoms of insomnia (PR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.46-3.26), and long working hours (PR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.30-2.92) independently associated with the use of at least one psychoactive substance. Conclusions: a set of sociodemographic, occupational, and health variables acts at distinct levels and is independently associated with the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar factores relacionados al uso de psicotrópicos entre motoristas profesionales de camión. Métodos: estudio transversal que investigó el uso de por lo menos un psicotrópico y su relación con características sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y de salud en 354 motoristas profesionales de camión. La recolecta se basó en entrevistas frente a frente con uso de formularios. Análisis de regresión múltiple estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) y respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Resultados: menor renta familiar (RP: 2,03; IC95%: 1,08-3,83), síntomas de insomnio (RP: 2,18; IC95%: 1,46-3,26) y jornada de trabajo larga (RP:1 ,95; IC95%: 1,30-2,92) se relacionaron de manera independiente al uso de por lo menos un psicotrópico. Conclusiones: un conjunto de variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales y de salud actúa en diferentes niveles y se relaciona de manera independiente al uso de psicotrópicos entre motoristas profesionales de camión.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar fatores associados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão. Métodos: estudo transversal que investigou o uso de pelo menos uma substância psicoativa e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde em 354 motoristas profissionais de caminhão. A coleta se baseou em entrevistas face a face com uso de formulários. Análises de regressão múltipla estimaram razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: menor renda familiar (RP: 2,03; IC95%: 1,08-3,83), sintomas de insônia (RP: 2,18; IC95%: 1,46-3,26) e jornada de trabalho longa (RP: 1,95; IC95%: 1,30-2,92) se associaram de forma independente ao uso de pelo menos uma substância psicoativa. Conclusões: um conjunto de variáveis sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde atua em diferentes níveis e se associa de forma independente ao uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão.

Impact on the Distribution Grid Due to the Introduction of Electric Vehicles on Fernando de Noronha Island (Brazil)

Abstract Increasing global temperatures over the past years have become a worry. To mitigate this, countries have set out to decrease their greenhouse gas emissions soon. A major contributor to these emissions has been the transport sector. Electric mobility has appeared as an opportunity to decarbonize this sector. With this in mind, Fernando de Noronha Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has determined to ban all fossil fuel vehicles by 2030. Understanding the impact electric vehicles can have on the island's distribution grid is fundamental to achieving this goal. To determine these impacts, electrical vehicle chargers were added to the model of the island's power system in GridLad-D. Apart from these chargers, the impact of adding an extra carport charger fitted with solar panels was also determined. In total, six different charging scenarios were simulated, with each varying the period in which vehicle charging was allowed to take place. The impacts were determined for the day, afternoon, and night charging, with and without the presence of a carport. The parameters measured include system power demand, voltage, and total losses. From the results, it was possible to determine the charging strategy that causes the least and most impact on the system's distribution grid.

Impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nas emissões veiculares no Brasil no período de janeiro a maio de 2020 / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vehicle emissions in Brazil from January to May 2020

RESUMO No presente trabalho foi realizada a estimativa das emissões dos gases de efeito estufa (CO2eq), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxido de nitrogênio (NOx), material particulado (MP), aldeído (RCHO) e hidrocarboneto não metano (NMHC) dos veículos licenciados nos cinco primeiro meses do ano de 2020 no Brasil. Os resultados foram comparados com as emissões veiculares da frota licenciada no mesmo período do ano de 2019 a fim de verificar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nos referidos licenciamentos, nas emissões e, consequentemente, na qualidade do ar do país. Os resultados apontaram redução de 14% nas emissões dos gases de efeito estufa, com diminuição observada para todos os veículos, exceto para os caminhões semipesados, que tiveram incremento nas emissões de gases de efeito estufa de 12,8%. Os demais poluentes também reduziram, em 12,5% para o CO, em 29,6% para o NOx, em 24,1% para o MP, em 21,5% para o RCHO e em 16,3% para o NMHC. Por fim, quanto ao total de poluentes acumulados, entre todos os veículos analisados, os únicos que tiveram aumento nas emissões em relação a 2019, de 2,1%, foram as motocicletas com tecnologia flexfuel, que são abastecidas preferencialmente com etanol hidratado. Com isso, pôde-se concluir que a pandemia da COVID-19, por meio das medidas de restrição e isolamento social adotadas no país para frear a transmissão da doença, impactou positivamente a qualidade do ar no Brasil no período analisado.

ABSTRACT The estimated emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2eq), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), aldehyde (RCHO) and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) from vehicles licensed in the first five months of 2020 in Brazil were calculated in the present study, and the results compared with vehicular emissions from the licensed fleet in the same period of the year 2019, in order to verify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these permits, emissions and, consequently, air quality in the country. The results showed a 14% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, with a decrease observed for all vehicles, except for semi heavy trucks, which had a 12.8% increase in GHG emissions. The other pollutants also decreased, being 12.5% for CO, 29.6% for NOx, 24.1% for PM, 21.5% for RCHO, and 16.3% for NMHC. Finally, in relation to the total accumulated pollutants, among all vehicles analyzed, the only ones that had a 2.1% increase in emissions in relation to 2019 were the motorcycles with flexfuel technology, which are preferably fueled with hydrated ethanol. Thus, it was concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic, through the measures of restriction and social isolation adopted in the country to curb the transmission of the disease, had a positive impact on air quality in Brazil during the analyzed period.

Cognitive Abilities, Debt, Roads and their Impact on Deaths in Traffic in Brazil / Habilidades Cognitivas, Endividamento, Rodovias e seus Impactos nos Óbitos no Trânsito

Abstract Deaths in traffic represent a global and multicausal problem. We verified, through a linear regression model, that cognitive abilities (CA) and population indebtedness (PI) predict, together, 56% of the variation of death rates in the traffic (DT) of the twenty-seven states of Brazil. CA's are related to a greater control of the attention and, possibly, to a greater compliance with norms for preventing traffic accidents, has a greater impact than PI on DT, since PI associates to only one deficit of people's attention resources. The decrease of PI and the improvement of CA can decrease DT.

Resumo Os óbitos no trânsito representam um problema global e multicausal. Verificamos, por meio de um modelo de regressão linear, que as habilidades cognitivas (HC) e o endividamento populacional (ENDP), predizem, juntos, 56% da variação das taxas de óbitos no trânsito (TOT) das 27 unidades federativas (UF) do Brasil. As HC, por estarem relacionadas a um maior controle da atenção e, possivelmente, a um maior cumprimento de normas de prevenção contra acidentes de trânsito, possuem um impacto maior que o ENDP sobre as TOT, já que o ENDP associa somente a um deficit dos recursos de atenção das pessoas. A diminuição do ENDP e a melhoria das HC podem reduzir as TOT.

Overview and Future Challenges on the Connection of Electric Vehicles into Modern Distribution Power Systems

Abstract Distribution systems worldwide have suffered profound alterations to their passive historic characteristic in the last decade due to the ever-increasing installation of distributed generators. Nowadays, it is consensual among researchers and utilities that soon most of the investments in distribution networks will be towards the materialization of smart-grids, which implies even more drastic impacts on the grid operation. In this new context, distributed generators, energy storage systems, electric vehicles and other types of resources will operate in coordination with technologies such as internet of things and big data, in an even more active distribution grid under a decentralized electricity market. Thus, it is fundamental to develop the means to control such an interactive power grid, including technologies, products, and ideas. Although several articles have been published addressing this topic, each country's distribution grids have their peculiarities, and so should the proposals for smart-grid implementation on each of them. In this sense, it is crucial investigating what has already been proposed and implemented in the Brazilian smart-grid context to forecast and formulate the next steps on this topic. Smart-grid comprises several fields, in this paper we focus on the electric vehicle branch, providing a review of the subject under the Brazilian context. Additionally, the paper addresses the development of technologies, electricity market regulation, and strategic business models under the current scenario and a near-future perspective.

Optimal Dispatch and Technical and Economic Feasibility Analysis of Residential Microgrids Considering Demand Side Management

Abstract The electrical system is becoming more robust with the insertion of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the need for energy autonomy by consumers, given that the current scenario is a growth in demand for electric energy. This paper aims to apply a computational model capable of determining the optimal hourly allocation of controllable loads in residence, as well as studying the optimal dispatch of residential microgrids considering management on the demand side. In addition, this paper presents an economic feasibility analysis of residential microgrids considering distributed generation from wind and solar sources, distributed storage, electric vehicles, and residential controllable loads. Thus, it was possible to conclude that in residence, the insertion of distributed energy generation and storage elements can present a significant reduction in electric energy costs, which can be even greater if these elements are associated with optimized controllable load management.

Integration of a Pilot PV Parking Lot and an Electric Vehicle in a University Campus Located in Curitiba: a Study Case

Abstract Considering the increasing adoption of Hybrid Plug-in and Electric Cars, there are concerns about recharging process of these vehicles considering the capacity of grid to provide sufficient energy to that purpose. In the past years, the growth of distributed energy generation from renewable and clean energy sources, especially photovoltaics, represents a possible and feasible solution to supply the energy used on recharging electric vehicles and reduction of greenhouse emission gases as CO2. This article is a study case that analyzes the energy production of a solar carport, located at Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR) at Neoville Campus, comparing with energy consumption of a commercial electric car for a city use purpose. Based on solar energy generation, data from the web monitoring platform, real positioning characteristics of the solar carport installation, irradiation data collected from the National Institute of Meteorology basis and with a solarimetric station located at the same place as the solar carport is installed, the solar energy production is rated using three different metrics: yield, performance ratio and capacity factor. These metrics are calculated with RADIASOL2 software, a free and precise tool, developed by Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) to execute computational simulation of photovoltaic systems using mathematical models. The results showed a slightly low energy production performance than expected, but more than enough energy to recharge an electric vehicle for a day use, demonstrating that a solar carport system could be a good solution to meet the energy demand for this application.

Incidence of Injuries in Motorcyclists Practitioners of Trails / Incidência de lesões em motociclistas praticantes de trilhas

Abstract Objective To investigate the incidence, mechanisms, types of injury, most affected anatomical regions, and factors leading to injuries in trail bikers. Methods This was an observational, retrospective study analyzing 47 trail bikers. Data were collected through application of a referenced morbidity survey (RMS), which included information on injuries and their mechanisms. Results The lesions with the highest incidence were abrasion and bruise. The most affected anatomical regions were the shoulders and knees. The most common injury mechanism was skidding or loss of traction. Conclusion Trail bikers are exposed to risk factors and, consequently, to falls; it is important to develop more protective equipment, especially for the shoulders and knees.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a incidência, os mecanismos, os tipos de lesão, as regiões anatômicas mais acometidas, e os fatores que podem levar a lesões nos motociclistas praticantes de trilhas. Métodos Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional do tipo retrospectivo, na qual foi realizada análise com 47 motociclistas praticantes de trilhas. Os dados foram coletados através da aplicação de um inquérito de morbidade referida (IMR), que incluiu informações sobre lesões e seus mecanismos. Resultados Ao analisar a amostra, verificou-se que os tipos de lesões com maior incidência foram abrasão e contusão. As regiões anatômicas mais acometidas foram o ombro e o joelho, e o mecanismo de lesão mais comum foi a derrapagem ou perda da tração. Conclusão Os trilheiros estão expostos a fatores de risco e, consequentemente, às quedas, sendo importante desenvolver mais equipamentos de proteção, em especial para o ombro e para o joelho.

Mortality due to traffic accidents, before and after the reduction of the average speed of motor vehicles in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2010 to 2016 / Mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito, antes e após redução da velocidade média de veículos automotores na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2016

INTRODUCTION: Traffic accidents represent a relevant global public health problem and are associated with behavioral factors, vehicle maintenance, urban space precariousness and traffic surveillance. They are important causes of morbidity and mortality due to the increasing number of vehicles and changes in lifestyle and risk behaviors in the general population OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality numbers due to land transport accidents reported in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, before and after the decline of average speed of motor vehicles METHODS: A study of temporal series was carried out using official database provided by the Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Data was collected according to the type of occurrence and place of residence in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Other sources of data were Death Certificates. Population data was collected by the foundation SEADE for the other years used, and data from 2010 was collected by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Brasil (IBGE), the Brazilian institute of geography and statistics. More death data has been collected using the tenth review of the WHO International Classification of Diseases (V00- V89) for overall population and were stratified in age groups (<10 years, 10-19 years, 20-49 years, 50 years and more), city (São Paulo) and the year timetable (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016). The data was calculated based on plain death rate and standardized, for gender and age group. The measures of mortality were used for the construction of temporal series by the regression model of Prais-Winsten. All the analysis were made through the statistics program Stata 14.0 RESULTS: Reportedly, 7288 deaths occurred due to land accidents in São Paulo, the state's capital, between 2010 and 2016. The higher proportion of deaths happened between men with age between 20-49 years, brownish skin color, marital status single, between 4 e 7 years of study. 72.55% of deaths happened within of hospitals and/or other health establishments. The deaths ranged 1.200 in 2010 and went down to 779 in 2016. The standard mortality for transport accidents between 2010 and 2016 fluctuated from 10.04 to 6.29 for every 100 thousand inhabitants CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in deaths related to traffic accidents in individuals over 20 years of age. After the reduction of the average speed of motor vehicles in the city of São Paulo, the decline in mortality due to traffic accidents was more pronounced among individuals aged 50 years or older, with significant differences for men and women

INTRODUÇÃO: Os acidentes de trânsito representam um relevante problema global de saúde pública e estão associados a fatores comportamentais, segurança dos veículos e precariedade do espaço urbano. Configuram-se como importantes causas de morbidade e mortalidade devido ao número crescente de veículos, mudanças no estilo de vida e comportamentos de risco na população geral OBJETIVO: Analisar a mortalidade por acidentes de Trânsito, notificados no município de São Paulo, Brasil, antes e após redução da velocidade média de veículos automotores MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo de séries temporais com microdados oficiais do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Os dados foram coletados por local de ocorrência e de residência para o município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. A fonte de dados foi a Declaração de Óbito. Dados da população foram obtidos por intermédio de estimativas realizadas pela fundação SEADE para os anos intercensitários e para 2010, coletados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Brasil (IBGE). Dados dos óbitos por acidentes de Trânsito foram coletados usando a décima revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (V00- V89) pelo total da população e foram estratificadas em grupos de idades (<10 anos, 10-19 anos, 20-49 anos, 50 anos e mais), município (São Paulo) e anos do calendário (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 e 2016). Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e padronizadas, por sexo e faixa etária. Foram utilizadas as medidas de mortalidade para construção de séries temporais através do modelo de regressão de Prais-Winsten. Todas as análises foram efetuadas no programa estatístico Stata 14.0 RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 7,288 óbitos por acidentes de Trânsito ocorridos na cidade de São Paulo de residentes da capital do estado, durante o período 2010 a 2016. A maior proporção de óbitos ocorreu entre indivíduos do sexo masculino, com idade entre 20-49 anos, cor da pele branca, estado civil solteiro, entre 4 e 7 anos de estudo. 72.55% dos óbitos ocorreram dentro de hospitais e/ou outros estabelecimentos de saúde. Os óbitos variaram de 1,200 em 2010 para 779 em 2016. A mortalidade padronizada por acidentes de Trânsito entre 2010 e 2016 variou de 10.04 para 6.29 por 100 mil habitantes CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se diminuição dos óbitos relacionados aos acidentes de trânsito em indivíduos acima de 20 anos. Após redução da velocidade média de veículos automotores na cidade de São Paulo, o declínio da mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito foi mais acentuado entre indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais, com diferenças para homens e mulheres

Analysis of Sleep Questionnaires of Commercial Vehicle Operators in Korea / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in commercial vehicle operators (CMVOs). This study aimed to evaluate the poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and the prevalence of self-reported OSA in CMVOs. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who visited a single institution with sleep problems from 2011 January to 2016 December. Among the patients, a total of 38 CMVOs was analyzed. Clinical information, questionnaires about sleep quality (Pittsburg sleep questionnaire, PSQI), excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness scale, ESS) and risk factors for OSA (STOP-Bang) were analyzed. The frequency of motor vehicle accidents and near accidents was assessed, and polysomnography (PSG) was used for OSA diagnosis purposes. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 45.3±11.8 years. The average score of PSQI, ESS, and STOP-Bang were 6.75±4.22, 10.79±7.12, and 4.62±3.34, respectively. A significant association between near accidents and high-risk group of OSA was observed [odds ratio (OR)=2.73, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08–4.48]. Subjects with poor sleep quality showed significantly increased risk of near accidents (OR=2.34, 95% CI=1.01–3.56). Receiver operating characteristic curves of STOP-Bang questionnaire using apnea-hypopnea index (cut-off value=5) indicates that suspected OSA group predicted by STOP-Bang score was significantly correlated with OSA severity (area under curve=0.72, sensitivity 77.1%, specificity 59.4%). CONCLUSION: Administration of STOP-Bang questionnaire before a PSG can identify high-risk subjects, supporting its further use in OSA screening of CMVOs.

Characteristics and functions of exosomes from different cell sources / 国际药学研究杂志

Exosomes, cystic vesicles secreted by living cells, carry lipids, proteins and genetic materials, and transmits biological informations in the body. The unique tissue or cell-specific proteins and genetic materials in the exo- somes generally reflect the cell origin and the physiological state of cells, so the exosomes from different cell sources appear to have different characteristics and functions. In view of the endogenous character, biocompatibility and functional versatility, the exosomes are expected to be a new means for the drug delivery systems, immunotherapies, and precision treatment. This review summarizes the exosomes secreted by different cells, focusing on the research achievement in their characteristics and functionalization studies in recent years.

Converting a Conventional Vehicle into an Electric Vehicle (EV)

Abstract The electric vehicle (EV) is not a recent invention. Between the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, most motor vehicles were electric, due to their superior reliability and cleanliness, compared to that of vehicles driven by internal combustion engines (ICE). However, with the development of ICEs and the reduction of their price, electric cars were forgotten. Only almost a century later, they returned in the market due to a significant increase in fossil fuels prices, as well as to a growing environmental concern. EVs present a number of advantages over ICE vehicles: they are simpler and require less use and replacement of parts, resulting in lower maintenance costs; moreover, they do not release pollutants into the environment. However, their production cost is still much higher than that of ICE vehicles. In order to verify the possibility of converting a conventional vehicle into an electric one at a reasonable cost, achieving a good performance and a good kWh/km ratio, an ICE-powered Mercedes-Benz Class A 190 was converted into an EV. The results of several tests indicate that the conversion is feasible, as the car reached an average travelling cost of 0.16 R$/km, assuming a price for the energy of 0.63 R$/kWh. Moreover, this cost could be as low as zero if solar radiation is utilized to generate electricity through photovoltaic panels, which is an even more environmentally sustainable solution..

Caracterização dos acidentes de transporte terrestre ocorridos em rodo-vias federais / Characterization of land transport accidents occurring in federal roads

Introdução: O crescimento desordenado da frota de veículos sem o planejamento para adaptação do trânsito eleva o número de acidentes, que, por conseguinte, aumenta o número de óbitos, tornando-se, portanto, um problema de saúde pública, que necessita de medidas emergenciais para seu enfrentamento. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das vítimas e as condições dos acidentes ocorridos nas rodovias federais circunscritas a VIII Região de Saúde do estado de Pernambuco, no período de janeiro de 2010 a junho 2015. Material e Métodos:Estudo descritivo-quantitativo a partir de dados da Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas às vítimas e às condições do acidente. As variáveis numéricas foram analisadas por meio das medidas de tendência central, dispersão e intervalo de confiança para a média. Distribuição de frequência foi calculada para as variáveis categóricas com intervalo de confiança de 95%, calculado assumindo a distribuição binomial. Resultados: No período de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2015 foram registradas 3.164 ocorrências. O sexo masculino foi o mais acometido por acidentes de trânsito (79,7%), a média de idade das vítimas foi de 34 anos (desvio padrão 13,4), os principais veículos envolvidos eram da categoria B e os tipos de acidentes mais frequentes foram colisões. Em relação às características temporais o primeiro semestre do ano agregou o maior número de acidentes; de sexta-feira a domingo houve maior prevalência de acidentes, bem como no entardecer, a partir das 18 horas. Conclusão: As vitimas de acidentes de trânsito, que ocorreram nas rodovias federais da VIII Região de Saúde do estado de Pernambuco, no período de janeiro de 2010 a junho 2015, foram principalmente homens adultos e os veículos envolvidos eram da categoria B.

Introduction:The disorderly growth of the vehicle fleet without planning for traffic adaptation increases the number of accidents. Consequently, it increases the number of deaths, becoming a public health problem that requires emergency measures to deal with it.Objective: Describe the profile of the victims of traffic accidents and the conditions in which the accidents occurred on federal highways within the VIII Health Region of the State of Pernambuco from January 2010 to June 2015.Material and Methods:We carried out a quantitative descriptive study based on data from the Federal Highway Po-lice database. We analyzed the variables related to the victims and the conditions in which the accident happened. Numeri-cal variables were analyzed by measures of central tendency, dispersion and confidence interval for the average. Frequency distribution was calculated for categorical variables with 95% confidence interval, which was calculated assuming binomial distribution. Results:From January 2010 to June 2015, 3,164 occurrences were recorded. Males were the most affected by traffic accidents (79.7%). The mean age of victims of traffic accidents was 34 years (standard deviation 13,4); the vehicles most involved in traffic accidents belong to B category (auto-mobile, pickup truck, van, utility vehicles), and collisions were the type of accident most frequently registered. Regarding the temporal characteristics, the highest number of accidents oc-curred in the first half-year; From Friday to Sunday, there was a greater prevalence of traffic accidents, as well as in the eve-ning, after 6 p.m. Conclusion:. The traffic accident victims, who occurred on the federal highways of the VIII Region of Health of the state of Pernambuco, from January 2010 to June 2015, were mainly due to accidents with different characteris-tics in their profile reaching adult men and vehicles concerned were category B.

Analysis of the Impacts of the Electrification of the Vehicle Fleet in the Electric Power System in Curitiba

ABSTRACT The Market share of electrical vehicles has been rising in the past few years and tends to rise even more. According to the International Energy Agency, an increase of 50% in the number of electrical vehicles is expected. Whilst that increase is beneficial from a greenhouse gases emissions drop point of view, that rise could, on the other hand, represent a major increase in the electrical power consumption. Besides, other problems such as harmonics and overloads could emerge from the massive connection of electrical vehicles to the electrical grid. Therefore, it is necessary to perform studies and simulations in order to estimate those problems and to mitigate the problems related to the inevitable expansion of the electric vehicle fleet in the near future. The present work intends to run simulations so as to identify the main effects of the electrification of the vehicular fleet in the city of Curitiba, as well as understand how the provision of ancillary services through the electrical vehicles can help in the process.

Advances in Mexico in the middle of the decade of action for road safety 2011-2020 / Avances en México a la mitad del decenio de acción para la seguridad vial 2011-2020

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the progress towards the accomplishment of the expected goal in the middle of the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 in Mexico and its states. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of road traffic deaths in Mexico between 1999 and 2015. We projected the trend for the period 2011-2020 using a time series analysis (autoregressive integrated moving average models). We used the value of the Aikaike Information Criterion to determine the best model for the national level and its 32 states. RESULTS Mexico is progressing, approaching the proposed goal, which translates into 10,856 potentially prevented deaths in the five-year period from 2011 to 2015. This was due to a decrease in the number of deaths of motor vehicle occupants, as the deaths of pedestrians and motorcyclists were higher than expected. At least one third of the states had values below their goal; although the mortality rate remains unacceptably high in five of them. We identified four states with more deaths than those originally projected and other states with an increasing trend; thus, both cases need to strengthen their prevention actions. CONCLUSIONS The analysis can allow us to see the progress of the country in the middle of the Decade of Action, as well as identify the challenges in the prevention of traffic injuries in vulnerable users. It contributes with elements that provide a basis for a need to rethink both the national goal and the goal of the different states.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar el avance de la meta esperada a mitad del Decenio de Acción para la Seguridad Vial 2011-2020 en México y sus entidades federativas. MÉTODOS Análisis secundario de las muertes por accidentes de tránsito en México para el 1999-2015. Se proyectó la tendencia para el periodo 2011-2020 utilizando análisis de series de tiempo (modelos autorregresivos integrados de medias móviles). Se utilizó el valor del Criterio de Información de Aikaike para determinar el mejor modelo para el nivel nacional y sus 32 entidades federativas. RESULTADOS México va avanzando cercano a la meta propuesta, lo que se ha traducido en 10,856 defunciones potencialmente prevenidas en el quinquenio 2011 a 2015. Esto ha sido a expensas de una disminución en el número de muertes de ocupantes de vehículos de motor; ya que las muertes en peatones y motociclistas han ido por arriba de lo que se esperaba. Al menos una tercera parte de las entidades federativas tuvo el número de defunciones por debajo de su meta; aunque en cinco de ellas la tasa de mortalidad continúa inaceptablemente alta. Se identificaron cuatro entidades con más muertes que las proyectadas originalmente y otras con tendencia al incremento donde se requiere, para ambos casos, fortalecer las acciones de prevención. CONCLUSIONES El análisis realizado permite observar los avances del país a mitad del Decenio de Acción, así como identificar los retos en materia de prevención de lesiones causadas por el tránsito en usuarios vulnerables. Aporta elementos para soportar la necesidad de replantear tanto la meta nacional como la de las distintas entidades federativas.