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Resumen: Introducción: La mejor forma de evaluar la eficiencia miocárdica es mediante el análisis del acoplamiento ventrículo-arterial. Este complejo análisis puede realizarse de manera no invasiva mediante ecocardiografía Doppler. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, analítico con los pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital San Ángel Inn Universidad ingresados en estado de choque (definido como una frecuencia cardiaca > 120 latidos por minuto o un lactato venoso > 4 mmol/L o un lactato > 2 mmol/L más alguna de las siguientes: frecuencia cardiaca > presión sistólica, presión sistólica < 90 mmHg). Se registraron las siguientes variables: edad, género, diagnóstico de ingreso, tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica, tensión arterial media, frecuencia cardiaca y lactato sérico; un ecocardiografista experto realizó las mediciones ecocardiográficas necesarias para obtener el cálculo del acoplamiento ventrículo-arterial. Un residente de terapia intensiva de primer año obtuvo, tras un entrenamiento de cuatro horas, los siguientes valores mediante USCOM (monitor de gasto cardiaco por ultrasonido): SMII, FTC y PKR. Resultados: Se estudiaron n = 47 personas con diagnóstico de estado de choque, género masculino n = 23 (48.9%), edad n = 59 (41-73); de estos, hubo n = 22 individuos con choque séptico (53.7%), n = 11 con síndrome coronario (26.8%), n = 7 con cor pulmonale (17.1%), n =1 con tromboembolia pulmonar (2.4%). El acoplamiento ventrículo-arterial medido por ecocardiografía fue de 0.74 (0.63-1.1). El acoplamiento arterial medido por USCOM fue de 0.72 (0.63-0.9), con una correlación de r de 0.8, un porcentaje de error de 24% y una p < 0.002. El acoplamiento medido por ecocardiografía con un punto de corte de ≤ 0.7 predice mortalidad con una sensibilidad de 100% y una especificidad de 50%, con un área debajo de la curva de 0.75 (0.59-0.96), p = 0.46. El acoplamiento medido por USCOM con un punto de corte de 0.7 predice mortalidad con una sensibilidad de 80%, especificidad de 60% y un área debajo de la curva de 0.79 (0.64-0.95) p = 0.02. Conclusiones: Es posible que el acoplamiento ventrículo-arterial sea medido a la cabecera del enfermo por personal médico con un entrenamiento de cuatro horas de una manera comparable a como lo haría un ecocardiografista experto. Esto permite emplear estos complejos análisis hemodinámicos de una manera no invasiva en el día a día de la atención del enfermo grave.
Abstract: Introduction: The best way to assess myocardial efficiency is by analyzing arterial-ventricular coupling. This complex analysis can be performed noninvasively by Doppler echocardiography. Material and methods: A longitudinal, prospective, analytical study was performed with patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital San Ángel Inn Universidad admitted in shock (defined as a heart rate > 120 beats per minute or venous lactate > 4 mmol/L or lactate > 2 mmol/L plus one of the following: heart rate > systolic pressure, systolic pressure < 90 mmHg). The following variables were recorded: age, gender, admission diagnosis, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and serum lactate; an expert cardiologist performed the echocardiographic measurements required for calculating the ventricular-arterial coupling. A resident of intensive therapy obtained after a four-hour training the following values by the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor USCOM: SMII, FTC and PKR. Results: We studied n = 47 patients diagnosed with shock; male n = 23 (48.9%), age n = 59 (41-73); n = 22 patients had septic shock (53.7%), n = 11 coronary syndromes (26.8%), n = 7 cor pulmonale (17.1%), n = 1 pulmonary embolism (2.4%). The arterial- ventricular coupling was measured by echocardiography: 0.74 (0.63-1.1). The arterial-ventricular coupling by USCOM was 0.72 (0.63 to 0.9), with a correlation of r of 0.8, an error rate of 24% and a p < 0.002. The arterial-ventricular coupling by echocardiography with a cutoff of ≤ 0.7 predicts mortality with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 50%, with an area under the curve of 0.75 (from 0.59 to 0.96), p = 0.46. The arterial-ventricular coupling by USCOM with a cutoff of 0.7 predicts mortality with an 80% of sensitivity, specificity of 60%, with an area under the curve of 0.79 (0.64 to 0.95) p = 0.02. Conclusions: It is possible to have the arterial-ventricular coupling measured in critically ill patients at their bedside by medical personnel with a four-hour training in a manner comparable to that of an expert echocardiographer. This allows the use of these complex hemodynamic analysis in a non-invasive way in the day-to-day care of the seriously ill.
Resumo: Introdução: A melhor maneira de avaliar a eficiência do miocárdio é através da análise do acoplamento ventrículo arterial. Esta análise complexa pode ser realizada de forma não invasiva por ecocardiografia Doppler. Material e métodos: Estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, analítico com pacientes internados na Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos do Hospital San Angel Inn Universidad, admitidos em estado de choque, definido como uma frequência cardíaca > 120 batimentos por minuto ou lactato venoso > 4 mmol/L ou lactato > 2 mmol/L, mais algum dos seguintes procedimentos: frequência cardíaca > pressão sistólica, pressão sistólica < 90 mmHg. Registrou-se as seguintes variáveis, idade, sexo, diagnóstico de admissão, pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica, pressão arterial média, freqüência cardíaca e lactato sérico, um ecocardiografista realizou medidas ecocardiográficas necessárias para obter o cálculo do acoplamento ventrículo arterial. Um residente de terapia intensiva, do primeiro ano, posterior a 4 horas de capacitação obteve os seguintes valores com USCOM: SMII, FTC e PKR. Resultados: Foram estudadas n: 47 pacientes com diagnóstico de choque, gênero masculino n: 23 (48.9%), idade n: 59 (41-73), de estes n: 22 pacientes com choque séptico (53.7%), n: 11 com síndromes coronárias (26.8%), n: 7 com Cor pulmonale (17.1%), n: 1 com tromboembolismo pulmonar (2.4%). O acoplamento ventrículo arterial foi medido por ecocardiografia foi de 0.74 (0.63-1.1). O acoplamento arterial medido por USCOM foi de 0.72 (0.63 a 0.9) com uma correlação de r de 0.8, uma taxa de erro de 24% e uma p < 0.002. O acoplamento medido por ecocardiografia com um limite de exclusão de ≤0.7 prediz a mortalidade com uma sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 50%, com uma área sob a curva de 0.75 (0.59-0.96) p: 0.46. O acoplamento medido por USCOM com um corte de 0.7 prediz a mortalidade com uma de sensibilidade 80% e uma especificidade de 60%, com uma área sob a curva de 0.79 (0.64-0.95) p: 0.02. Conclusões: É possível medir o acoplamento ventrículo arterial à cabeceira do paciente pelo médico, com uma capacitação de quatro horas, de uma forma comparável à realizada por um ecocardiografista. Permitindo usar esta complexa análise hemodinâmica, de uma forma não invasiva, no dia a dia do atendimento do paciente grave.
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Objective To investigate the influence of left ventricular-arterial coupling(VAC) on clinical prognosis of elderly patients with septic shock.Methods A total of 56 elderly septic shoek patients were enrolled in this study,all of whom were admitted to Department of Intensive Care Unit in Zhejiang Hospital from August 2014 to October 2015.The patients were divided into two groups according to the status of left ventricular-arterial coupling when septic shock was diagnosed,which were left ventricular-arterial uncoupling group(UC group) and left ventricular-arterial coupling group(C group).Various parameters were recorded,including blood lactate level,central venous oxygen saturation(ScvO2),serum level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTN Ⅰ),dose of vasoactive drugs,the total fluid volume and urine volume per hour within 24 hours.The 28-day survival rate was a key index of prognosis.Multivariate logistic regression was taken to analyze risk factors related to death within 28 day.Results Compared with C group,UC group had lower values of left ventricular ejection fraction[(42.43 ±4.76)％ vs (53.17±3.01)％;P＜0.01] and cardiac index[(2.36±0.68) L· min-1 · m 2vs (2.93±0.45)L · min-1 · m-2;P ＜0.01].Yet serum levels of NT-proBNP[lg NT-proBNP 3.93 ±0.53 vs 3.40 ±0.63;P =0.004] and cTN Ⅰ [lg cTN Ⅰ-0.16 ± 0.68 vs-1.03 ± 0.69;P ＜ 0.001] in UC group were higher than those in C group.Moreover,the total fluid volume within 24 hours [(3 806.3 ± 831.4) ml vs (3 142.0±770.0) ml;P =0.016],blood lactate level[(5.61 ±2.68) mmol/L vs (3.93 ± 1.59)mmol/L;P =0.043] and dose of norepinephrine[(0.630 ±0.300) μg · kg-1 · min-1 vs (0.292 ±0.234)μg · kg-1 · min-1;P =0.001] in UC group were greater than those in C group,while ScvO2 [(60.75 ±2.91)％ vs (64.42 ±2.19)％;P＜0.001] and urine volume per hour[(0.518 ±0.358) ml vs (0.926 ±0.678) ml;P =0.007] were less than those in C group.Compared with C group,UC group had a lower 28-day survival rate [43.2％ (19/44) vs 9/12;P =0.049].Ea/Ees ratio was negatively correlated with LVEF,ScvO2 (r =-0.686,P ＜ 0.001;r =-0.411,P =0.002),positively correlated with NT-proBNP,cTN Ⅰ (r =0.294,P =0.028;r =0.363,P =0.006),yet no obvious correlation was noticed with blood lactate level (r =0.170,P =0.21).Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that VAC(OR =11.187,95％ CI 2.489-50.285;P =0.002),lactate level (OR =1.727,95 ％ CI 1.164-2.563;P =0.007) and lg cTN Ⅰ (OR =0.247,95 ％ CI 0.079-0.779;P =0.017) were independent risk factors affecting 28-day mortality.Conclutions In elderly patients with septic shock,left ventricular-arterial uncoupling indicates a lower 28-day survival rate,worse cardiac function and tissue perfusion.Ea/Ees ratio might sever as a predictive indicator of 28-day mortality.
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Objective To investigate the clinical value of quality intima-media thicknes (QIMT),quality arterial stiffness(QAS) and XStrain in assessing the ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) in patients with uremia.Methods Sixty-five patients with uremia and 30 normal subjects were enrolled in this study as the uremic group and control group respectively.Ultrasound examination for the cardiac and carotid artery was performed and some parameters were obtained,such as left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),E/e,Tei index,stiffness (β),compliance coefficinet (CC),pulse wave velocity (PWV),intima-media thicknes (IMT),strain,and so on.The sum of left ventricular systolic radial strain and carotid arterial diastolic radial strain was used as a new parameter (VACs) for assessing VAC.The correlation between VACs and VACv,a traditional method to evaluate VAC,was analyzed.The parameters obtained by ultrasonic techniques were compared between two groups.The intra-and inter-observer reliability of XStrain was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient.The multiple linear regression and ROC curve were used to analyze the independent factor of cardiovascular dysfunction.Results ①The pulse pressure,E/e,Tei index,as well as β,PWV and IMT were larger in uremic group than control group significantly (P ＜0.05).②The function of VAC was decreased in uremic group,and the VACv and VACs were lower than control group significantly (P ＜0.05).③There was strong positive relation between VACs and VACv (r =0.908,P =0.000).The reproducibility of XStrain technique was well.④VACs,β,VACv and PWV could be considered as independent factor of cardiovascular dysfunction and performance of VACs was the largest (standardized coefficient was-0.582).A cutoff value of VACs for assessing cardiovascular dysfunction was less than 23.60,which had both higher sensitivity and specificity (96.4％,81.1％).Conclusions The QIMT,QAS and XStrain can be used to assess cardiovascular structure,function and VAC accurately and globally,which can be consider as an effective method for detecting cardiovascular complication and improving prognosis of uremic patients.
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Objective To evaluate the cardiovascular stiffness and its coupling of patients with hypertension by ultrasound.Methods Fifty patients with essential hypertension and 30 age- and gendermatched subjects without hypertension,diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases as control group were enrolled in this study.The parameters of structure and function of left ventricle,blood flow were measured by echocardiography.The blood pressure and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) were also measured.The derived corresponding parameter:end-systolic pressure(ESP),effective arterial elastance (Ea),end-diastolic (Ed),end-systolic ventricular elastance (Ees) and Ea/ Ees were calculated respectively.Results Ees was correlated positively with ejection fraction (r =0.378,P =0.005),while Ea was correlated positively with CFPWV( r =0.289,P ＜0.001).Ed was correlated negatively with e/a ( r =- 0.333,P =0.027).Posterior wall of left ventricle was correlated positively with Ed and Ea( r =0.388,P =0.016; r =0.336,P =0.026).Ea and Ed in patients with hypertension were significantly higher than those in control group( P ＜0.05),but there was no significant difference of Ees and Ea/ Ees between two groups( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Arterial stiffness is associated with ventricular stiffness,and their matching relation can be applied to evaluate ventricular-arterial coupling.