Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of the right buccal mucosa verrucous carcinoma: a case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the photodynamic treatment method and therapeutic effect of oral verrucous carcinoma and to provide a reference for the clinic.@*Methods@#This study follows the requirements of medical ethics. This paper summarized the photodynamic treatment of an oral verrucous carcinoma with a diameter of approximately 2.5 cm in the right buccal mucosa and retrospectively analyzed the characteristics and treatment of oral verrucous carcinoma and the photodynamic treatment of potential malignant lesions of the oral mucosa through a review of the literature.@*Results@#After four rounds of photodynamic therapy, the size of the right buccal lesion was significantly reduced. After 6 months of follow-up, the white verrucous hyperplasia of the right buccal mucosa had completely subsided, and there was no obvious scar formation. Three years after treatment, there was no recurrence of the lesion in the right buccal mucosa and no obvious scar formation in the treated area. The degree of mouth opening was 3 fingers, and there was no lymph node enlargement in the bilateral submandibular, submental or neck. The literature review shows that oral verrucous carcinoma is a rare subtype of squamous cell carcinoma with the characteristics and biological behaviors of slow growth, low malignancy, and rare metastasis. Surgery is the preferred treatment, but there are some limitations. Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive, repeatable treatment with mild adverse reactions. In recent years, photodynamic therapy has been gradually applied for the treatment of potential malignant disorders of the oral mucosa and early oral squamous cell carcinoma and has achieved positive results, but it has not been reported for the treatment of oral verrucous cancer@*Conclusion@#Photodynamic therapy is a new option for nonsurgical resection of oral verrucous carcinoma.

Definitive Radiotherapy versus Surgery for the Treatment of Verrucous Carcinoma of the Larynx: A National Cancer Database Study

Abstract Introduction Traditionally, larger lesions of laryngeal verrucous carcinoma are treated with surgical excision, with definitive radiotherapy generally reserved for smaller lesions. However, data utilizing modern databases is limited. Objective The authors sought to assess, utilizing the National Cancer Database, whether overall survival for patients with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma was equivalent when treated with definitive radiotherapy versus definitive surgery. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing the National Cancer Database. All cases of laryngeal verrucous carcinoma within the National Cancer Database between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed. Patients with T1-T3 (American Joint Commission on Cancer 7th Edition) laryngeal verrucous carcinoma were included and stratified by treatment modality. Demographics, treatment, and survival data were analyzed. Results A total of 392 patients were included. Two hundred and fifty patients underwent surgery and 142 received radiotherapy. The two groups differed in age, transition of care, clinical T stage, and clinical stages. There was no significant difference in survival between T1-T3 lesions treated with surgery or radiotherapy (p =0.32). Age, comorbidities, insurance status, and clinical T stage impacted overall hazard on multivariate analysis (p <0.01). For patients treated with radiotherapy, age, insurance status, and clinical T stage were predictive of increased hazard. Conclusion Overall survival is equivalent for patients with clinical T1 and clinical T2 laryngeal verrucous carcinoma treated with primary radiotherapy versus primary surgery. Thus, radiotherapy should be considered as a non-inferior treatment modality for certain patients with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma.

Carcinoma verrucoso, una variante inusual de tumor laríngeo / Verrucous carcinoma, an unusual variant of laryngeal tumor

Introducción: El carcinoma verrucoso es una variante poco común de carcinoma escamoso bien diferenciado, que carece de rasgos citológicos de malignidad, tiene un crecimiento lento, es infiltrativo, pero no metastatiza. Objetivo: Identificar los aspectos clínico-histopatológicos y terapéuticos de una variante inusual de tumor laríngeo. Presentación del caso: Se reporta un nuevo caso de carcinoma verrucoso, paciente masculino de 78 años que se presentó en la consulta de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Docente general "Enrique Cabrera" con disfonía. Se realizó laringoscopia indirecta y se detectó lesión exofítica sugestiva de neoplasia. Se tomaron tres biopsias, solo la última, fue de utilidad para diagnosticar un carcinoma verrucoso. Se trató con radiaciones y cirugía. El paciente presenta un intervalo libre de enfermedad después de ocho años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Para el diagnóstico del carcinoma verrucoso es necesario biopsias profundas y la acuciosidad del patólogo para llegar al diagnóstico. Se hace énfasis en la importancia del trabajo en el contexto del grupo multidisciplinario(AU)

Introduction: Verrucous carcinoma is an uncommon variant of a well differentiated squamous carcinoma that lacks cytological features of malignancy and is often slow-growing, infiltrative, but not metastatic. Objective: To identify the clinical, histopathologic and therapeutic aspects of an unusual variant of laryngeal tumor. Case presentation: A 78-year-old male patient who attended the otorhinolaryngology consultation at "Enrique Cabrera" General Teaching Hospital with dysphonia is reported as a new case of Verrucous carcinoma. Indirect laryngoscopy was performed and an exophytic lesion suggestive of neoplasia was detected. Three biopsies were taken, but only the last one was useful to diagnose a Verrucous carcinoma. It was treated with radiation and surgery. The patient has a disease-free survival after eight years of follow-up. Conclusions: Deep biopsies performed by a skillful pathologist are necessary to reach the diagnosis of Verrucous carcinoma. Emphasis is placed on the importance of working in the context of a multidisciplinary team(AU)

Oral Verrucous Hyperplasia with Dysplasia – A Case Report

Introduction: Verrucous Papillary Lesions (VPLs) clinically present themselves as an exophytic growth seen commonly as grey- white in color. A dominant part of the favorable VPLs have viral etiology and incorporate commonly occurring squamous papil- loma alongside verruca vulgaris, central epithelial hyperplasia, and condyloma. Current comprehension of possibly malignant VPLs is astounding and is basically ascribed to the utilization of confounding and unacceptable terminology. Verrucous Hyper- plasia (VH) of the oral mucosa is a relatively intricate entity possessing paradoxical features making it difficult to diagnose when compared to other verruco-papillary lesions such as Verrucous Carcinoma (VC). Case Presentation: This case report depicts the presentation of Oral verrucous hyperplasia along with dysplasia seen in buccal mucosa of a 46-year-old patient. Management and Prognosis: Surgical excision was performed and ensured that margins were included in the excision to avoid any recurrence of the lesion. Conclusion: The most dependable approach to isolate these substances on routine hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue areas is to perceive the exophytic growth patterns of oral verrucous hyperplasia from the combined exophytic and endophytic growth patterns related with verrucous carcinoma. Furthermore, investigations on this are required using Immunohistochemical meth- ods.

Lesiones tumorales en región oral: carcinoma verrucoso y carcinoma oral de células escamosas. Reporte de un caso / Tumor lesions in the oral region: verrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. A case report

El carcinoma oral de células escamosas representa un problema en la salud pública a nivel mundial. Siendo la neoplasia maligna más frecuente en la cavidad oral y uno de los diez cánceres más comunes en todo el mundo. El carcinoma verrucoso es una variante del carcinoma oral de células escamosas que presenta un alto grado de invasión local y baja posibilidad de extenderse. Además, representa del 2 al 12% de todos los carcinomas orales, con una tasa de supervivencia de 5 años. El presente artículo reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 79 años, después de realizados los exámenes extra e intraoral, así como los complementarios, se observa un aumento de volumen en la porción anterior de la mandíbula, crateriforme irregular, doloroso a la palpación. Se diagnosticó carcinoma verrucoso involucrando a los órganos dentarios 3.3-4.3 y la mucosa circundante. El tratamiento consistió en la remoción quirúrgica completa, sin alteración o daño a las zonas circundantes, con seguimiento postoperatorio. El conocimiento de este tipo de patología puede orientar al odontólogo a la sospecha de diferentes lesiones cancerígenas, lo que permitirá prevenir complicaciones y así brindar la mejor opción de tratamiento a los pacientes afectados.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents a worldwide public health problem. Being the most common malignant neoplasm in the oral cavity and one of the ten most common cancers worldwide. Verrucous carcinoma is a variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma that has a high degree of local invasion and low possibility of spreading. In addition, it represents 2 to 12% of all oral carcinomas, with a 5-year survival rate. This article reports the case of a 79-year-old male patient, after performing the extra and intraoral exams, as well as the complementary ones, an increase in volume is observed in the anterior portion of the mandible, irregular crateriform, painful on palpation. Verrucous carcinoma was diagnosed involving teeth 3.3-4.3 and the surrounding mucosa in the oral cavity. The treatment consisted of complete surgical removal, without alteration or damage to the surrounding areas, with postoperative follow-up. Knowledge of this type of pathology can guide the dentist to the suspicion of different cancerous lesions, which will prevent complications and thus provide the best treatment option for affected patients.

Carcinoma de células escamosas de la lengua / Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

Las neoplasias de la lengua son los tumores más comunes de la cavidad bucal y la mayoría pertenecen a carcinomas de células escamosas. Presentamos dos casos de carcinomas de la lengua, correspondientes a un carcinoma escamoso moderadamente diferenciado y un carcinoma verrugoso, en mujeres de mediana edad con factores de riesgo oncogénicos. Estos tumores pueden tener diversos grados de diferenciación, los cuales determinan su pronóstico y tratamiento.

Tongue neoplasms are the most common in the oral cavity, and the majority correspond to squamous cell carcinomas. We present two cases of tongue carcinomas, corresponding to moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma, in middle-aged women with oncogenic risk factors.These tumors can have various degrees of differentiation, which determine their prognosis and treatment.

Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatous transformation of the penis

Malignant tumors of the penis are rare, most of them being squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). We report the case of a 75-year-old man with a large penile mass submitted to partial penectomy. The specimen showed an exophytic mass involving the glans, coronal sulcus, and prepuce. Microscopic examination showed a carcinoma with two distinct areas: a mixed SCC and a sarcomatoid carcinoma. The SCC component had areas of verrucous carcinoma and areas of classical invasive SCC. The tumor cells expressed p63 with the absence of p16 expression. Vimentin and p53 were positive in the sarcomatous component. The morphology and immunohistochemistry were compatible with mixed SCC (verrucous hybrid-sarcomatoid carcinoma). Additionally, the tumor cells also expressed 3 different clones of PDL1 (22C3, SP263, and SP142). Two months later, the patient presented local recurrence with multiple lymph nodes and lung metastases, dying 7 weeks later. Mixed tumors represent diagnostic challenges. The correct identification of adverse prognostic factors can be the first step to implement the treatment with a higher probability of success.

Presentación inusual de epitelioma curriculatum en escolar de 12 años / Unusual presentation of curriculatum epitelioma in a 12 years old schoolchild

Introducción: El carcinoma verrugoso es una variante inusual bien diferenciada del carcinoma epidermoide que tiende a aparecer en adultos de mediana edad o mayores. Se considera una neoplasia maligna de grado bajo con cuatro subtipos principales. Objetivo: Referir la infrecuente presentación del carcinoma verrugoso en un adolescente. Presentación de caso: Escolar masculino de 12 años de edad, de raza mestiza, que acude a Consulta Especializada de Dermatología en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Celia Sánchez Manduley con lesión vegetante localizada en planta de pie derecho; se realizan complementarios, biopsia excisional más injerto y se concluye el caso como epitelioma curriculatum. Conclusiones: A nivel clínico, los carcinomas verrugosos se presentan en forma de tumores exofíticos con una superficie papilomatosa o verrugosa. Se asocian con frecuencia a la infección por el virus del papiloma humano, y puede ser difícil distinguir entre un carcinoma verrugoso y una verruga. Es importante el reconocimiento temprano para guiar un diagnóstico preciso y tratamiento oportuno(AU)

Introduction: Verrucous carcinoma is a well differentiated unusual variant of squamous cell carcinoma that tends to occur in middle-aged or older adults. It is considered a low-grade malignant tumour with four main subtypes. Objective: To explain the uncommon presentation of the verrucous carcinoma in a teenager and the importance of early recognition to guide an accurate diagnosis and a timely treatment. Case presentation: 12 years old, school age male, mixed race who attends to specialized consultation of Dermatology in Celia Sánchez Manduley Surgical Clinical Hospital presenting a vegetating lesion located in the right foot´s sole; there were made complementary blood tests, an excisional biopsy plus graft and the case was finally diagnoses as curriculatum epithelioma. Conclusions: At the clinical level, the verrucous carcinomas are presented in the form of exophytic tumors with a papillomatous or verrucous surface. They are often associated with the human papilloma virus infection, and it may be difficult to distinguish between a verrucous carcinoma and a wart(AU)

Epitelioma cuniculatum asociado al virus papiloma humano. Presentación de caso / Epithelioma cuniculatum associated with human papillomavirus. Case presentation

Introducción: El epitelioma cuniculatum es una variante infrecuente del carcinoma epidermoide, es el subtipo cutáneo del carcinoma verrugoso, que afecta al pie y que puede estar relacionado con el virus papiloma humano (VPH). El hecho de que la lesión inicial sea a menudo confundida con una verruga plantar dilata su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Objetivo: reportar un caso poco frecuente de un paciente con carcinoma cuniculatum del pie derecho, relacionado con VPH, de larga evolución, que se extendió formando una masa vegetante, afectando los tres últimos dedos. Presentación del caso: se presentó un paciente masculino blanco (fototipo III) de 69 años de edad, que en tres ocasiones se le habían resecado verrugas plantares en el pie derecho, presentó una evolución tórpida con aparición de lesión ulcerosa de 2 centímetros de diámetro, con biopsia positiva a carcinoma epidermoide asociado a VPH, al cual se le realizó desarticulación con bordes de seguridad de la lesión. Conclusiones: Se presentó un raro caso de carcinoma epidermoide del pie, relacionado con una verruga plantar asociada a VPH, la cual inicialmente fue extirpada quirúrgicamente de forma inadecuada(AU)

Introduction: Epitelioma cuniculatum is an unusual variant of epidermoid carcinoma. It is the subtype of cutaneous verrucous carcinoma that affects the foot and can be associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). The lesion is frequently confused with plantar warts, delaying its diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To present an uncommon case of a patient with long history of epitelioma cuniculatum of the right foot associated with HPV, which spread out forming a vegetative mass affecting the last three toes. Case presentation: A sixty-nine-year-old white male patient (phototype III) that in three different moments had undergone excision of plantar warts in the right foot presented a torpid evolution with the appearance of ulcerative lesion of two centimeters in diameter. The biopsy was positive to epidermoid carcinoma associated with HPV; so, resection including safety margins around the tumor was performed. Conclusion: An unusual case of epidermoid carcinoma of the foot related to a plantar wart associated with HPV, which was initially removed by inadequate surgery, is presented(AU)

Leucoplasia verrucosa proliferativa: a proposito de un caso / Proliferative verrucose leucoplasia: a purpose of a case

RESUMEN Las lesiones blancas de la mucosa oral son patologías relativamente frecuentes, siendo la leucoplasia oral (LO) motivo de consulta habitual en Estomatología. Existen muchas variantes de LO y la leucoplasia verrucosa proliferativa (LVP) es una de las menos frecuentes. La LVP es una enfermedad de pronóstico desfavorable, con características clínico-patológicas distintivas, de lento y progresivo crecimiento, de difícil diagnóstico temprano. La etiología permanece incierta aunque se han implicado hábitos tóxicos como el tabaquismo y agentes infecciosos como Papiloma Virus Humano, Candidaalbicans, Virus de Epstein Barr, entre otros. Suele afectar la encía y mucosa alveolar pero el compromiso puede ser de cualquier sitio de la boca. Inicialmente se observa como una placa blanquecina que se tornahiperqueratósicay genera placas irregulares con áreas rojas y zonas verrucosas, que podrían sufrir transformación maligna. Este artículo realiza una revisión bibliográfica de LVP a partir de un caso clínico.

ABSTRACT The white lesions of the oral mucosa are relatively frequent pathologies, being the oral leukoplakia (OL) reason for frequent consultation in Stomatology. There are many variants of OL and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is one of the least frequent. PVL is a disease with unfavorable prognosis, with distinctive clinical-pathological characteristics, of slow and progressive growth and difficult to diagnose early. The etiology remains uncertain although toxic habits have been implicated, like smoking and infectious agents such as Human Papilloma Virus, Candida albicans, Epstein Barr Virus, among others. It usually affects the gum and alveolar mucosa but any partof the mouth can be affected. Initially it is observed as a whitish plaque that becomes hyperkeratotic, generating irregular plaques with red and warty areas, which could undergo malignant transformation. This article performs a bibliographic review of PVL from a clinical case.

Carcinoma verrucoso en lengua de paciente geriátrica. Informe de caso clínico / Verrucous carcinoma in the tongue of a geriatric patient. Clinic case report

Resumen Se informa el caso de un paciente femenino de 80 años de edad, la cual presenta un crecimiento exofítico en el borde lateral izquierdo de la lengua con dolor a la masticación y deglución de alimentos y bebidas; es referida por el odontólogo del Hospital Primario del municipio de Villanueva, departamento de Chinandega, Nicaragua, al área de Diagnóstico en Patología Bucal de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León). A la exploración clínica se observa lesión exofítica en la zona posterior del borde lateral izquierdo de la lengua de aspecto papilomatoso, y ocupa además el reborde alveolar del mismo lado. El diagnóstico definitivo histopatológico fue carcinoma verrucoso.

Abstract We report the case of an 80-year-old female patient, who presents an exophytic growth on the left lateral border of the tongue with pain when chewing and swallowing food and drinks; who is referred by the Dentist of the Primary Hospital of the municipality of Villanueva, department of Chinandega, Nicaragua to the area of Oral Pathology Diagnostics of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Dental School León (UNAN-León). An exophytic lesion was observed in the posterior area of the left lateral border of the papillomatous aspect of the tongue, occupying in addition the alveolar ridge on the same side. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was Verrucous carcinoma.

Tumor de Ackerman perianal / Ackerman's perianal tumor

Introducción: El carcinoma verrucoso o tumor de Ackerman es una rara entidad relacionada con la infección por el virus del papiloma humano, comportándose como una variante menos agresiva del carcinoma epidermoide. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino de 45 años portador de una gran lesión perianal con compromiso del canal anal y el aparato esfinteriano. Discusión: Existen varias alternativas para el tratamiento del tumor de Ackerman. Sin embargo en casos como este, y sobre todo ante la ausencia de respuesta al tratamiento de quimioradioterapia, se requiere de una resección amplia y radical. Pese a ello, la recidiva es frecuente. Conclusiones: En el caso analizado se destaca la forma particularmente agresiva de esta patología, con extensa invasión local y pobre respuesta al tratamiento oncoespecífico inicial.

Introduction: Verrucous carcinoma or Ackerman's tumor is a rare entity related to human papillomavirus infection, behaving as a less aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical case: We present the case of a 45-year-old male patient with a large perianal lesion with involvement of the anal canal and sphincter. Discussion: Ackerman tumor treatment admits different therapeutic modalities; however, in cases such as this, and especially in the absence of response to chemo-radiotherapy treatment, a broad and radical resection is required. Despite this, recurrence is frequent. Conclusions: The particularly aggressive form of this pathology, with extensive local invasion and poor response to the initial oncoespecific treatment, stands out in the analyzed case

Downregulation of Notch4 - a prognostic marker in distinguishing oral verrucous carcinoma from oral squamous cell carcinoma / Regulação descendente de Notch4 - um marcador prognóstico na distinção entre carcinoma verrucoso oral e carcinoma de células escamosas oral

Abstract Introduction: Oral verrucous carcinoma is a special form of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma which possesses specific clinical, morphologic and cytokinetic features that differ from other types of oral cancers and hence diagnosis requires immense experience in histopathology. Hence it is certainly important to distinguish such a lesion from other oral tumors as treatment strategies vary widely between them. Objective: In search of a critical diagnostic marker in distinguishing oral verrucous carcinoma from oral squamous cell carcinoma, Notch4 receptor, one of the key regulatory molecules of the Notch signaling family has been aberrantly activated in the progression of several types of tumors. However its function in oral verrucous carcinoma remains unexplored. Thus the present study aims in determining the differential expression pattern of Notch4 in oral verrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Ten patients reported positive for oral cancer (5 patients with oral verrucous carcinoma and 5 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma). Five normal tissue samples were also obtained and evaluated for clinicopathological parameters and immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real time polymerase chain reaction for Notch4 expression. Results: Our results reveal that the expression of Notch4 was considerably high in oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions compared to normal tissue, whereas in oral verrucous carcinoma, irrespective of the clinicopathological features, complete regulação descendente of Notch4 was observed. Conclusions: These preliminary findings strongly support the fact that Notch4 is downregulated in oral verrucous carcinoma and could be considered as a suitable prognostic marker in distinguishing oral verrucous carcinoma from oral squamous cell carcinoma. This distinguishing marker can help in improving therapeutic options in patients diagnosed with oral verrucous carcinoma.

Resumo Introdução: O carcinoma verrucoso de cavidade oral é uma forma especial de carcinoma de células escamosas bem diferenciada que tem características clínicas, morfológicas e citocinéticas específicas que diferem de outros tipos de cânceres orais. Por essa razão, o diagnóstico requer grande experiência em histopatologia. Portanto, é certamente importante distingui-lo de outros tumores orais, pois as respectivas estratégias de tratamento variam muito. Objetivo: Em busca de um marcador de diagnóstico crítico na distinção entre o carcinoma verrucoso e o carcinoma de células escamosas de cavidade oral, o receptor Notch4, uma das principais moléculas reguladoras da família de sinalizadores Notch, foi ativado de maneira anormal na progressão de vários tipos de tumores. No entanto, sua função no carcinoma verrucoso permanece inexplorada. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar o padrão de expressão diferencial de Notch4 no carcinoma verrucoso e de células escamosas de cavidade oral. Método: Dez pacientes tiveram resultado positivo para câncer oral (cinco pacientes com carcinoma verrucoso e cinco pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas) e cinco amostras normais foram também obtidas. Além da avaliação dos parâmetros clínico-patológicos, foram feitos análise imuno-histoquímica, Western Blot e reação de polimerase em cadeia em tempo real para a expressão de Notch4. Resultados: Nossos resultados revelam que a expressão de Notch4 foi consideravelmente alta em carcinomas de células escamosas em comparação com os tecidos normais, enquanto que no carcinoma verrucoso, independentemente das características clínico-patológicas, observou-se regulação descendente completa de Notch4. Conclusão: Esses achados preliminares apoiam fortemente o fato de que Notch4 estava regulado para baixo no carcinoma verrucoso oral e poderia ser considerado um marcador prognóstico adequado para distinguir entre carcinoma verrucoso e carcinoma de células escamosas de cavidade oral. Esse marcador distintivo pode ajudar a melhorar as opções terapêuticas em pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma verrucoso oral.

Oral verrucous xanthoma in adolescents: a case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @# To explore the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of verruciform xanthoma (VX) in adolescents to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*Methods @#The clinical data of a case of a palatal mass in a juvenile were analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed.@*Results@#The palatal mass was proven to be VX by histopathological examination. Surgical resection was performed, and the prognosis was good. A review of the literature shows that VX is a rare benign mucosal skin lesion of an unknown etiology, with an incidence of approximately 0.025%-0.094%; VX is mostly found in middle-aged people, with no significant difference by sex. The clinical manifestations are similar to those of a variety of diseases, such as squamous papilloma, verruca vulgaris, fibroma, warty carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are not easy to distinguish and require histopathological diagnosis. The treatment of choice is surgical excision, with a low recurrence rate.@*Conclusion@#In the clinical experience of solitary mucosal masses in juveniles, it is necessary to send biopsy for pathological examination and avoid overtreatment.

BCL-X expression in oral cancer: Comparison between oral squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma

Verrucous carcinoma (VC) should be considered a distinct clinicopathologic entity different from the more common oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because of its unique biological behavior. Best way to understand the behavior of these carcinomas is to study them by means of molecular methods, especially in tumor progression tests and Bcl-X is an important antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and is one of the newest and most useful markers to determine the aggressiveness of many carcinomas. The relationship between this Bcl-X protein and carcinomatous behavior toward it is not studied extensively, which we attempted to evaluate using immunohistochemical analysis in selected carcinomas of the head and neck region. Method: We studied Bcl-X protein expression in sections of thirty OSCC and ten VC samples and correlated this with tumor differentiation. Results: There was a significant difference in cytoplasmic staining of Bcl-X expression with statistical analysis (P < 0.005) for VC and OSCC when compared as a group. No significance was seen among the different histological grades of OSCC and when compared with VC individually. Conclusion: The significant result between OSCC and VC suggests that their biologic course is comparable and can be helpful in differentiating them with each other for establishment of a better treatment protocol.

Verrucous carcinoma arising from a previous cystic lesion: a case report / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Verrucous carcinoma (VC) accounts for 1–10% of cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the oral cavity, and 75% of VC occur in the oral cavity. Only 3% of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinomas (PIOSCC), which means SCC occurring primarily in the bone, are VC. Verrucous carcinoma arising from odontogenic cysts (OC) is very rare, with only seven cases reported to date. CASE PRESENTATION: This study reported a case of a patient who underwent partial maxillectomy and neck dissection for VC that occurred in the right anterior maxilla. The patient was admitted to the emergency department at our institution 8 years ago and showed cystic lesions in the anterior maxilla on facial computed tomography (CT) images. Treatment through other departments including assessment of laceration in the mental region and only suture was performed. This report highlights a very rare case of VC in the right anterior maxilla arising from a previous cystic lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Since PIOSCC can arise from OC, appropriate treatment of intraosseous cysts and regular radiologic evaluation are necesssary. Surgical exicision of the primary lesion without neck dissection can lead to good prognosis for patients with primary intraosseous verrucous carcinoma.

Verrucous carcinoma at ileostomy site / Carcinoma verrucoso em local de ileostomia

ABSTRACT We describe of a case, a 50 year old male who was operated for carcinoma of the descending colon and diverting loop ileostomy, developed a fungating lesion in mucocutaneous junction of ileostomy after one year which on histology revealed to be a Verrucous carcinoma.

RESUMO Descrevemos um caso, homem, 50 anos, que foi operado para carcinoma de cólon descendente e ileostomia em alça para desvio. Transcorrido um ano, o paciente desenvolveu uma lesão vegetante na junção mucocutânea da ileostomia; a histologia revelou ser um carcinoma verrucoso.

LRIG1 expression and its possible suppressor role in oral verrucous carcinoma / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To explore leuncine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) expression in oral verrucous carcinoma(OVC) and its possible mechanism of tumor suppression.Methods:Paraffin specimens of OVC (n =15) and oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC,n =30) and corresponding adjacent normal tissues,and 15 normal mucosa tissues(NM) as control from injured patients were collected.The expression levels of LRIG1 and Bcl-2 were examined using immunohistochemical SP method.The correlation between the expression levels of LRIG1 and Bcl-2 was determined using two tailed Pearson's correlation.Results:LRIG1 was significantly lower in OVC tissue than that in NM tissue,but higher than in OSCC tissue.The expression levels of Bcl-2 in OVC were significantly higher than that in NM,but lower than in OSCC.The expression level of LRIG1 was negatively correlated with expression level of Bcl-2 in NM,OVC and OSCC tissue.Conclusion:LRIG1 may inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 and the development of OVC.

Tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Buschke-Lowenstein tumour: Case presentation and review of the literature

Presentar el caso de una paciente con tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein, y hacer una revisión de la literatura respecto a su diagnóstico y tratamiento.Materiales y métodos: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 19 años de edad, con condiloma gigante de rápida evolución en la vulva, o tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein, a quien se le realiza vulvectomía parcial en un hospital de tercer nivel de referencia, ubicado en Bogotá, Colombia. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura registrada en las bases de datos Medline vía Pubmed, EBSCO, ProQuest y SciELO, del 2000 al 2015; se incluyeron artículos de revisión y reportes de casos. Se consultaron los artículos publicados en inglés y español con los siguientes términos MeSH: "condiloma gigante", "Buschke-Lowenstein".Resultados: se identificaron 26 títulos, de los cuales se incluyeron 20 estudios. De ellos, 18 correspondieron a reportes de caso, uno a una serie de casos y uno a un artículo de revisión. Su origen se encuentra frecuentemente ligado a la infección por VPH serotipos 6 y 11, y posee un bajo riesgo de malignidad. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica y la exploración física, aunque el diagnóstico histopatológico es el patrón de oro. El tratamiento quirúrgico ha sido el más utilizado y se basa en la resección completa de la lesión. No hay información consistente sobre el tiempo libre de enfermedad.Conclusión: el tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein constituye una entidad poco frecuente, cuyo abordaje diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica. El tratamiento se basa en la resección completa de la lesión y, en algunas ocasiones, esta se acompaña de terapia adyuvante con el ánimo de disminuir las tasas de recurrencia. Se requieren más estudios que aborden el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad...

To present the case of a patient with a Buschke-Lowenstein tumour, and to conduct a review of the literature on its diagnosis and treatment.Materials and Methods: Case presentation of a 19 year-old female patient with a rapidly progressing vulvar giant condyloma or Buschke-Lowenstein tumour who underwent partial vulvectomy in a level III referral Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. A review of the literature was conducted in the Medline databases via PubMed, EBSCO and ProQuest, and in SciELO, of articles published between 2000 and 2015, including review articles and case reports. The search covered articles published in English and Spanish using the MeSH terms giant condyloma and Buschke-Lowenstein.Results: Overall, 26 titles were identified, of which 20 studies were included. Of these, 18 were case reports, 1 was a case series and 1 was a review article. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical history and physical examination, although the histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard. Complete surgical resection of the lesion has been the treatment most widely used. There is no consistent information regarding disease-free time period.Conclusion: The Buschke-Lowenstein tumour is an infrequent condition and the diagnostic approach requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. Treatment is based on complete resection of the lesion and is accompanied on occasions by the administration of adjuvant therapy in order to reduce the rate of recurrence. Further studies are needed on the diagnosis and treatment of this condition...

A Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the External Auditory Canal Previously Treated for Verrucous Carcinoma

Carcinoma in the external auditory canal (EAC) is a rare malignancy with an annual incidence of one per one million people, accounting for less than 0.2% of all head and neck cancers. The most common histopathological type of EAC cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. Verrucous carcinoma is a well-differentiated, low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma. It is a locally destructive, invasive, and slow growing tumor that rarely metastasizes. Verrucous carcinoma occurs predominantly in the oral cavity and larynx, and its occurrence in the EAC is extremely rare. In this report, we present a histologically confirmed case of verrucous carcinoma in the EAC and temporal bone, which for several years had been classified as epithelial hyperplasia. Two-and-a-half years after diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma, a recurrent mass was found and the lesion was then confirmed to be squamous cell carcinoma.