ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Verticality misperception is relatively common among patients after stroke, and it may be evaluated in terms of (a) subjective visual vertical (SVV), (b) subjective haptic vertical (SHV) and (c) subjective postural vertical (SPV). To better understand these assessment methods, we conducted a systematic review of the methodological characteristics of different protocols for evaluating SVV, SHV and SPV among individuals after stroke. Objective: To standardize the methodological characteristics of protocols for evaluating verticality perception after stroke. Methods: We searched the following databases: PUBMED, regional BVS portal (MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, CUBMED, Psychology Index and LIS), CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and PEDro. Two review authors independently used the QUADAS method (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) and extracted data. Results: We included 21 studies in the review: most (80.9%) used SVV, eight (38.1%) used SPV and four (19.0%) used SHV. We observed high variability in assessments of verticality perception, due to patient positions, devices used, numbers of repetitions and angle of inclination for starting the tests. Conclusion: This systematic review was one of the first to explore all the methods of assessing verticality perception after stroke, and it provides crucial information on how to perform the tests, in order to guide future researchers/clinicians.
Resumo Antecedentes: A percepção errônea da verticalidade é relativamente comum em pacientes após Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e pode ser avaliada pelas: (a) vertical visual subjetiva (SVV), (b) vertical háptica subjetiva (SVH) e (c) vertical postural subjetiva (SPV). Para melhor compreender esses métodos de avaliação, realizamos uma revisão sistemática das características metodológicas de diferentes protocolos para avaliações de SVV, SHV e SVP em indivíduos após AVC. Objetivo: Padronizar as características metodológicas de protocolos de avaliação da verticalidade após AVC. Métodos: Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados PUBMED, Portal Regional da BVS (MEDLINE, LILACS, IBECS, CUBMED, Psychology Index, LIS), CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Biblioteca Cochrane e PEDro. Dois revisores avaliaram independentemente o QUADAS (Avaliação da Qualidade dos Estudos de Precisão de Diagnóstico) e extraíram os resultados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 21 estudos: a maioria (80,9%) utilizando a SVV, oito (38,1%) a SPV e quatro (19,0%) a SHV. Observou-se grande variabilidade na avaliação da verticalidade, devido às posições dos pacientes, dispositivos utilizados, número de repetições e ângulo de inclinação para iniciar os testes. Conclusão: Esta revisão sistemática é uma das primeiras a explorar todos os métodos de avaliação da verticalidade após o AVC e fornece informações cruciais sobre como realizar os testes para orientar os futuros pesquisadores e clínicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Visual Perception , Stroke , Posture , Space PerceptionABSTRACT
Moedas, chaves e copos são objetos simples que podem ser utilizadosem uma avaliação neurológica de rotina. Recentemente, um balde de plástico tornou-se parte desse arsenal como instrumento para testar a vertical visual subjetiva à beira do leito. O principal empenho deste manuscrito é ressaltar a utilidade do teste do balde no exame à beira do leito visando demonstrar desvios da percepção da verticalidade em doenças comuns na prática neurotológica tais como: acidente vascular cerebral, doença de Parkinson, parkinsonismo, lesão vestibular unilateral e enxaqueca.
Coins, keys or glasses are simple objects that can be used in a routineneurological evaluation. Recently, a plastic bucket became part of the arsenal as a tool for bedside test of the subjective visual vertical. The main effort of this manuscript is to emphasize the usefulness of the bedside bucket test seeking to show verticality perception deviations in common neurologic diseases such as: stroke, Parkinson disease, parkinsonism, unilateral vestibular lesion, and migraine.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vestibular Function Tests/methods , Visual Perception , Vestibular Diseases/diagnosis , Head Movements , Neurologic Examination/methods , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Stroke/diagnosisABSTRACT
Introducción: El examen funcional del VIII par, mediante la prueba calórica permite conocer la función del canal semicircular horizontal, dejando de lado la evaluación de otras estructuras como el complejo utrículo-sacular. Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de pruebas vestibulares de bajo costo y complejidad cefálico para suplir esta falencia. Material y método: En 34 pacientes con indicación de estudio funcional de VIII par se realizaron, además de las pruebas tradicionales, el test visual subjetivo vertical mediante prueba del balde, la prueba de impulso cefálico a ojo desnudo, y la aplicación del cuestionario de sintomatología "Dizziness Handicap Inventory". Resultados: Considerando el VIII par clásico como patrón de oro, se encuentra evidencia objetiva de patología en 50% de la muestra. Con la incorporación de los nuevos exámenes esta cifra aumenta a 85%. Se realizó análisis de discrepancia sobre pacientes con resultados normales en el estudio tradicional, pero anormal según los nuevos exámenes. El 100% de dicho grupo presenta una puntuación patológica en el cuestionario de síntomas. Más aún, los valores de desviación de verticalidad correlacionaron fuertemente con la puntuación de sintomatología (r =0,79; p =0,002). Conclusiones: El análisis de discrepancia sugiere que los nuevos exámenes son confiables en identificar patología en el estudio. Incluir en el estudio tradicional del VIII par pruebas de baja complejidad y corta duración (menos de 5 minutos en su conjunto) podría aumentar el rendimiento diagnóstico del estudio del equilibrio en hasta 35%.
Introduction: Traditionally, the assessment of vestibular function is based on the caloric test. This procedure assesses mainly the horizontal semicircular canal function, leaving other vestibular structures aside, such as the utricule-saccule complex. Aim: To assess the diagnostic performance low complexity tests to compensate for these issues. Material and methods: 34 patients with indication for vestibular assessment were recruited. In addition to traditional testing (caloric test and postural provocation maneuvers), the mentioned Subjective Visual Vertical and Head Impulse tests were applied alongside the Dizziness Handicap Inventory for vestibular symptoms. Results: Considering caloric testing and Dix-Hallpike maneuvers as gold standard, 50% of the sample presented an objective cause of their symptomatology. When including the new test, this value increases to 85%. A discrepancy analysis was conducted on the group with normal traditional tests and abnormal new tests. 100% of this group showed symptoms score above pathological levels. Furthermore, there was a strong relationship between deviation on the Visual Vertical test and symptomatology (r =0,79; p =0,002). Conclusion: The discrepancy analysis suggests that the new tests are reliable in determining pathology on this study. It these test are included to traditional testing, diagnostic performance may increase up to 35%.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Vestibular Function Tests , Vestibular Diseases/diagnosis , Caloric Tests , Single-Blind Method , Vestibular Diseases/physiopathology , Prospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Head Impulse TestABSTRACT
A abordagem da função do sistema vestibular e especialmente da função otolítica pode ser avaliada pela vertical visual subjetiva (VVS) que faz o julgamento da vertical gravitacional, cuja medida é sensível para detectar lesões no sistema vestibular periférico e central. Muitos estudos relataram desvios patológicos da VVS em pacientes com lesões nas vias vestibulares e o diagnóstico topográfico incluiu lesões periféricas, de tronco cerebral, tálamo e cortex. Este artigo faz uma revisão da VVS e de sua sensibilidade para avaliar a função otolítica.
The vestibular system function approach and especially otolith function can be evaluated by subjective visual vertical (SVV) that makes the judgment of gravitacional vertical whose measurement is sensitive to detect peripheral and central vestibular system lesions. Many studies have reported pathological SVV tilts in patients with vestibular pathways lesions and the topographic diagnosis included peripheral lesions, brainstem, thalamus and cortex lesions. This article makes a review of SVV and its sensitivity to evaluate the otolith function.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vestibular Diseases/physiopathology , Vestibular Function Tests , Visual PerceptionABSTRACT
Objective. To assess and compare the accuracy to perceive visual verticality, with and without trunk-head tilt in the frontal plane (30°), in patients with peripheral or central vestibular disease. Methods. Thirty eight patients accepted to participate, 23 with peripheral disease and 15 with central disease. We also evaluated 40 healthy subjects. Subjects were seated facing a screen with an anchored motorized bar (20 cm). They were asked to bring the line to vertical, using a joystick, 10 times while seated upright and 10 times while tilted 30° to each side. An average of the distance from true vertical was calculated to determine the tilt of the visual vertical on each posture. Results. Always, estimations made by healthy subjects were < 2° from true vertical. In patients, in upright posture the largest tilt of the visual vertical was observed in patients with peripheral disease and spontaneous nystagmus. However, in all patients the accuracy to estimate the true vertical decreased when they were evaluated with trunk-head tilt (p < 0.05). In this condition the sensitivity of the test increased from 34 to 85% and the efficacy from 68 to 93% (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Trunk-head tilt in the frontal plane decreases the accuracy of patients with vestibular disease to visually perceive verticality. This finding shows that head-trunk tilt can improve the sensibility and efficacy of this test to assess the vestibular function.
Objetivo. Identificar y comparar la precisión de la estimación visual de lo que está vertical, con y sin inclinación tronco-cefálica en el plano frontal (30°), en pacientes con enfermedad vestibular periférica o central. Métodos. Participaron 38 pacientes con enfermedad vestibular, periférica en 23 y central en 15, además de 40 sujetos sin enfermedad vestibular. Se les instruyó a colocar en posición vertical una barra motorizada de 20 cm, manipulada por control remoto, mientras se encontraban sentados a 30 cm de una pantalla, sin guías visuales. Después de 10 determinaciones con el tronco y la cabeza erguidos y 10 determinación con inclinación tronco-cefálica de 30° a cada lado, se calculó el promedio del error de las estimaciones efectuadas en cada postura. Resultados. En sujetos sin enfermedad vestibular el error de la estimación en cualquier posición fue siempre menor a 2°. En posición erguida, el mayor error en la estimación se observó en pacientes con enfermedad periférica con nistagmus espontáneo. En todos los pacientes el error aumentó significativamente con inclinación tronco-cefálica (ANOVA, p < 0.05), particularmente en aquellos con afección de sistema nervioso central. Al efectuarse la prueba con inclinación tronco-cefálica la sensibilidad de la prueba para identificar a pacientes con enfermedad vestibular aumentó de 34 a 85% y la eficiencia de 68 a 93% (p < 0.05). Conclusión. La inclinación tronco-cefálica en el plano frontal aumenta la desviación de la percepción de lo que está vertical en pacientes con lesión vestibular periférica o central, lo que mejora la utilidad de la prueba para evaluar la función vestibular.