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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(5): 1575-1579, oct. 2023. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521041

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Subjects with maxillary skeletal classes II and III not only express alterations in the hard and soft maxillofacial tissues, but also in the morphology and dimensions of the upper airway. A small space in the upper airway has been associated with sleep disorders, such as snoring and mainly obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Consequently, interest has increased due to the influence of orthognathic surgery in the airway space. Although there are studies in the literature that have compared upper airway spaces, most have evaluated the changes using two-dimensional images, mainly lateral skull X-rays. The present study aimed to determine the airway volume in subjects with skeletal classes II and III who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. 80 CBCT exams from 40 subjects obtained before and 6 months after surgery were used. There were 20 class II and 20 class III subjects. For the volumetric analysis, a 3D rendering of the upper airway was made in previously established segments, and then the airway volume was calculated using the 3D Slicer® software version 4.11 (Slicer, USA). The statistical analysis by t-test of related samples revealed statistically significant volumetric increases in the nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, and total volume in class II patients. However, in class III patients, there were significant increases in the nasopharynx and total volume, while the volume was maintained in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx.


Sujetos con clases esqueletales II y III maxilares, no solamente expresan alteraciones en los tejidos duros y blandos maxilofaciales, sino también en la morfología y dimensiones de la vía aérea superior. Un espacio reducido a nivel de la vía aérea superior se asocia a trastornos del sueño como ronquidos y principalmente el síndrome de apnea/hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS); debido a esto, ha aumentado el interés por la influencia de la cirugía ortognática en el espacio de la vía aérea. Si bien existen en la literatura estudios que han comparado los espacios de la vía aérea superior, la mayoría de los estudios han evaluado los cambios utilizando imágenes bidimensionales, principalmente radiografías laterales de cráneo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el volumen de la vía aérea en sujetos con clases esqueletales II y III sometidos a cirugía ortognática bimaxilar. Se utilizaron 80 exámenes CBCT pertenecientes a 40 sujetos obtenidos previo a la cirugía y 6 meses después de realizada. Veinte sujetos clase II y 20 clase III. Para el análisis volumétrico se realizó un renderizado 3D de la vía área superior en segmentos previamente establecidos y posteriormente se calculó el volumen de dicha vía aérea con la utilización del software 3D Slicer ®versión 4.11 (Slicer, USA). El análisis estadístico realizado por t-test de muestras relacionadas, arrojó en pacientes clase II aumentos volumétricos estadísticamente significativos en nasofaringe, laringofaringe y volumen total. Mientras que en pacientes clase III, se observó aumentos significativos en Nasofaringe y volumen total y mantención de volumen en orofaringe y laringofaringe.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharynx/diagnostic imaging , Orthognathic Surgical Procedures , Pharynx/anatomy & histology , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/surgery , Malocclusion, Angle Class III/surgery
2.
Rev. cir. traumatol. buco-maxilo-fac ; 22(2): 6-11, abr.-jun. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1398969

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente as mudanças ocorridas nas vias aéreas superiores (VAS) pós cirurgia ortognática bimaxilar. Metodologia: A amostra compreendeu 14 pacientes, que foram divididos em dois grupos, conforme o tipo de movimentação realizada na cirurgia: grupo 1 (n = 6), avanço bimaxilar; grupo 2 (n = 8) cirurgia de avanço de maxila e recuo de mandíbula. Foram realizadas tomografias computadorizadas no pré-operatório (T0) e pós-operatório de 1 ano (T1). Através do software Dolphin Imaging procedeu-se a análise das VAS em três parâmetros: área total (AT), volume total (VT) e área axial mínima (AAM), que foram comparadas entre T0 e T1 em um mesmo grupos pelo Teste de Wilcoxon e entre grupos pelos Teste de Mann-Whitney (p < 0.05). Resultados: Ambos os grupos apresentaram aumento significativo de AT, VT e AAM entre T0 e T1. Contudo, essas variações foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo 1 quando comparadas ao grupo 2. Conclusão: As cirurgias bimaxilares promoveram o aumento da AT, VT e AAM das VAS e essas mudanças foram significativamente superiores nos pacientes submetidos ao avanço bimaxilar... (AU)


Objective: The objective of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the changes that occurred in the upper airways (UAS) after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Methodology: The sample comprised 14 patients, who were divided into two groups, according to the type of movement performed in the surgery: group 1 (n = 6), bimaxillary advancement; group 2 (n = 8) maxillary advancement and mandibular setback surgery. Computed tomography scans were performed preoperatively (T0) and 1 year postoperatively (T1). Through the Dolphin Imaging software, the analysis of the UAS was carried out in three parameters: total area (TA), total volume (TV) and minimum axial area (MAA), which were compared between T0 and T1 in the same groups by the Wilcoxon Test and between groups by the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Both groups showed a significant increase in TA, TV and MAA between T0 and T1. However, these variations were statistically higher in group 1 when compared to group 2. Conclusion: Bimaxillary surgeries promoted an increase in the TA, TV and MAA of the UAS and these changes were significantly higher in patients undergoing bimaxillary advancement... (AU)


Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar retrospectivamente los cambios ocurridos en las vías aéreas superiores (VAS) después de la cirugía ortognática bimaxilar. Metodología: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 14 pacientes, quienes fueron divididos en dos grupos, según el tipo de movimiento realizado en la cirugía: grupo 1 (n = 6), avance bimaxilar; grupo 2 (n = 8) cirugía de avance maxilar y retroceso mandibular. Las tomografías computarizadas se realizaron antes de la operación (T0) y 1 año después de la operación (T1). A través del software Dolphin Imaging se realizó el análisis de la VAS en tres parámetros: área total (AT), volumen total (VT) y área axial mínima (AAM), los cuales fueron comparados entre T0 y T1 en los mismos grupos por el Prueba de Wilcoxon y entre grupos por la prueba de Mann Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados: Ambos grupos mostraron un aumento significativo de AT, VT y AAM entre T0 y T1. Sin embargo, estas variaciones fueron estadísticamente mayores en el grupo 1 en comparación con el grupo 2. Conclusión: Las cirugías bimaxilares promovieron un aumento de la AT, VT y AAM de las VAS y estos cambios fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes sometidos a avance bimaxilar... (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Orthognathic Surgery , Dentofacial Deformities , Mandible/surgery , Maxilla/surgery , Airway Management
3.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 117(2): 87-93, abr. 2019. ilus, tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1001159

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El fracaso de la extubación (FE) está asociado a mayor riesgo de neumonía, estadía hospitalaria y mortalidad. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia del FE e identificar factores asociados en nuestra población. Materiales y métodos. Diseño observacional y retrospectivo. Ingresaron todos los pacientes mayores de 1 mes hasta 18 años que, en el período 2012-2016, requirieron asistencia respiratoria mecánica más de 12 h, y al menos tuvieron una extubación programada durante su internación. Se registraron los aspectos relacionados con la ventilación y las causas de fracaso. Resultados. Se extubaron 731 pacientes y la prevalencia de FE fue del 19,3 %. Las causas de fracaso fueron la obstrucción alta de la vía aérea (51,4 %), fatiga muscular (20,1 %), depresión del centro respiratorio (14,6 %) e incapacidad de proteger la vía aérea (9,7 %). Los factores independientes para explicar el FE según el análisis multivariado fueron afección crónica compleja neurológica (odds ratio -#91;OR-#93;= 2,27; intervalo de confianza del 95 % -#91;IC-#93;= 1,21-4,26); infección respiratoria aguda baja en el paciente con una secuela previa (OR= 1,87; IC 95 %= 1,113,15); lesión neurológica aguda (OR= 1,92; IC 95 %= 1,03-3,57); extubación no planeada (OR= 2,52; IC 95 %= 1,02-6,21) y la presencia de estridor (OR= 5,84; IC 95%= 3,66-9,31). Conclusión. La principal causa de FE fue la obstrucción alta de la vía aérea. La secuela neurológica y la afección neurológica aguda, la extubación no planeada y la presencia de estridor posextubación fueron identificadas como factores de riesgo asociados al FE.


Introduction. Extubation failure (EF) is associated with a higher risk for pneumonia, hospital stay, and mortality. Objective. To determine the prevalence of EF and identify the associated factors in our population.Materials and methods. Observational and retrospective design. All patients aged 1 month old to 18 years old who required mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours and underwent at least one scheduled extubation during their stay in the 2012-2016 period were included. The aspects related to ventilation and the causes of failure were recorded. Results. Seven hundred and thirty-one patients were extubated and the prevalence of EF was 19.3 %. The causes of failure included upper airway obstruction (51.4 %), muscle fatigue (20.1 %), respiratory center depression (14.6 %), and inability to protect the airways (9.7%). As per the multivariate analysis, the independent factors that accounted for EF were neurological complex chronic condition (odds ratio [OR] = 2.27; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-4.26); acute lower respiratory tract infection in a patient with prior sequelae (OR = 1.87, 95 % CI = 1.11- 3.15); acute neurological injury (OR = 1.92, 95 % CI=1.03-3.57); unplanned extubation (OR =2.52, 95 % CI = 1.02-6.21), and presence of stridor (OR = 5.84, 95 % CI = 3.66-9.31). Conclusion. The main cause of EF was upper airway obstruction. Neurological sequelae, acute neurological injury, unplanned extubation, and the presence of postextubation stridor were identified as risk factors associated with EF


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Ventilator Weaning , Airway Obstruction , Airway Extubation
4.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 84(1): 89-94, Jan.-Feb. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889337

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea occurs by recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in total (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) reduction of the airflow and has intimate relation with changes in the upper airway. Cone Beam CT allows the analysis of the upper airway and its volume by three-dimensional reconstruction. Objective To evaluate a possible correlation between the volume of the upper airway and the severity of the obstructive sleep apnea. Methods A retrospective study was performed reviewing polysomnographic data and Cone Beam CT records of 29 patients (13 males and 16 females). The correlation between the volume of the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the total superior pharynx with the AHI was assessed by Pearson's rank correlation coefficient. Results The obstructive sleep apnea severity division was: ten patients had severe, 7 had moderate, 6 had mild and 6 of them were healthy. The correlation between the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the total superior pharynx volumes and the Apnea-Hypopnea-Index was respectively: −0.415 (p = 0.025), 0.186 (p = 0.334) and −0329 (p = 0.089). The Spearman's rank controlled by the Body Mass Index, the age and the gender was: −0.206 (p = 0.304), −0.155 (p = 0.439) and 0.242 (p = 0.284). Conclusion There is no correlation between the volume of the airway and the obstructive sleep apnea, assessed by Apnea-Hypopnea-Index and controlled by the Body Mass Index, the age and the gender. The volume of the upper airways as an isolated parameter did not correlate to the severity of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and should be evaluated together with other factors.


Resumo Introdução A Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono ocorre por colapso recorrente das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono, resultando em redução total (apneia) ou parcial (hipopneia) do fluxo aéreo, tendo relação estreita com alterações nas vias aéreas superiores. A TC de feixe cônico permite a análise da via aérea superior e seu volume através da reconstrução tridimensional. Objetivo Avaliar uma possível correlação entre o volume da via aérea superior e a gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Método Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, com revisão de dados polissonográficos e registros de TC de feixe cônico de 29 pacientes (13 do sexo masculino e 16 do sexo feminino). A correlação entre o volume total da nasofaringe, a orofaringe e a faringe superior com o IAH (Índice de Apneia-Hipopneia) foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados A divisão por gravidade da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono foi: dez pacientes apresentaram apneia na forma severa, 7 apresentaram apneia moderada, 6 tinham a forma leve e 6 estavam saudáveis. A correlação entre a nasofaringe, a orofaringe e os volumes da faringe superior e o Índice de Apneia-Hipopneia foram respectivamente: -0,415 (p = 0,025), 0,186 (p = 0,334) e -0329 (p = 0,089). A classificação de Spearman controlada pelo Índice de Massa Corporal, idade e sexo foi: -0,206 (p = 0,304), -0,155 (p = 0,439) e 0,242 (p = 0,284). Conclusão Não há correlação entre o volume da via aérea e a apneia obstrutiva do sono, avaliada pelo índice de apneia-hipopneia e controlada pelo índice de massa corporal, idade e sexo. O volume das vias aéreas superiores como parâmetro isolado não se correlacionou com a gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, e deve ser avaliado em conjunto com outros fatores.

5.
Rev. otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 77(4): 435-440, dic. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-902800

ABSTRACT

El absceso retrofaríngeo corresponde a una complicación infrecuente de las infecciones de tracto respiratorio superior, asociada a una potencial pero significativa morbimortalidad. Posee mayor incidencia en la edad pediátrica, siendo la media de presentación los 3 años. En la literatura se le atribuyen diferentes factores de riesgo, destacando como factores endógenos enfermedades crónicas como diabetes mellitus y otros estados de inmunodeficiencia, y como factor exógeno las infecciones de vía aérea superior, dentarias y el traumatismo por cuerpo extraño. Si bien es difícil aislar un solo agente etiológico, se describe con mayor frecuencia la participación de Streptococcus pyogenes. El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico, con confirmación imagenológica con tomografía computarizada como gold standard. El tratamiento es controversial, existiendo defensores de un tratamiento quirúrgico precoz versus un manejo expectante con antibióticos endovenosos. Se presenta a continuación el caso de una lactante menor de 1 año 4 meses hospitalizada en el Servicio de Pediatría en Hospital San Camilo en San Felipe por un cuadro febril agudo, catalogado inicialmente como meningitis, resultando en un absceso retrofaríngeo con extensión hacia mediastino superior, el cual fue resuelto de manera exitosa con tratamiento quirúrgico precoz asociado a antibióticos endovenosos de amplio espectro.


Retropharyngeal abscess corresponds to an uncommon complication of upper respiratory tract infections, associated with a potential but significant morbidity and mortality. It has a greater incidence in the pediatric age, being the average of presentation the 3 years. Different risk factors are attributed to the disease in the literature, standing out endogenous chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and other immunodeficiency states, and exogenous factors such as upper airway infections, dental infections and foreign body trauma. Although it is difficult to isolate a single etiologic agent, the involvement of Streptococcus pyogenes is more frequently described. The diagnosis is eminently clinical, with confirmed imaging with Tomography computed as gold standard. Treatment is controversial, with advocates of early surgical treatment versus expectant management with intravenous antibiotics. Is presented below the case of a toddler girl of 1 year and 4 months hospitalized in the Pediatrics service at San Camilo's Hospital in San Felipe by an acute febrile condition, initially classified as meningitis, resulting in a retropharyngeal abscess with extension towards the upper mediastinum, which was successfully solved with early surgical treatment associated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Streptococcal Infections/therapy , Streptococcal Infections/diagnostic imaging , Retropharyngeal Abscess/therapy , Retropharyngeal Abscess/diagnostic imaging , Streptococcus pyogenes , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Drainage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
6.
Rev. pediatr. electrón ; 13(1): 47-60, abr. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-836293

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: revisión de las principales causas de obstrucción de la vía aérea superior relacionadas a malformaciones del territorio craneofacial. Método: Revisión de la literatura, según nivel obstructivo; de origen nasofaríngeo, orofaríngeo, glóticas o subglóticas y según la condición desindrómica o no. Resultados: Se consideran las principales características clínicas de las distintas patologías, especialmente las relacionadas con el compromiso de la vía aérea superior y el procedimiento terapéutico en cada una de ellas.Se destaca dentro del manejo quirúrgico descrito la utilidad de la distracción osteogénica, sus indicaciones, la descripción de la técnica y sus resultados. Conclusiones: La obstrucción de la vía aérea respiratoria, resulta de una condición morfológica y/o funcional presente en distintas malformaciones craneofaciales, tanto en el contexto de Síndromes como en forma aislada. Su adecuado diagnóstico y posterior manejo resulta fundamental en la sobrevida de los pacientes que presentan esta compleja condición.


Objectives: review article of the main causes obstruction of the upper airway related to craniofacial malformations. Method: Literature review, according the obstructive level; nasopharyngeal origin, oropharyngeal, glottal or subglottic and depending on the condition of syndromic or not. Results: Considered the main clinical features of various diseases, especially those related to the engagement of the upper airway and therapeutic procedure in each. The usefulness of distraction osteogenesis indications, the description of the technique and its results emerged within the described surgical management. Conclusions: Obstruction of the respiratory airway, resulting from a morphological condition and / or functional present in different craniofacial malformations, both in the context of Syndromes and isolation. Proper diagnosis and subsequent management is essential to the survival of patients with this complex condition.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Craniofacial Abnormalities/complications , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Airway Obstruction/therapy , Osteogenesis, Distraction , Pierre Robin Syndrome
7.
Med. infant ; 22(3): 214-218, Sept.2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-906617

ABSTRACT

El síndrome de obstrucción congénita de la vía aérea superior (CHAOS), es una condición infrecuente que causa asfixia o muerte perinatal inmediata, de no mediar una estrategia terapéutica que permita permeabilizar la vía aérea del paciente durante el nacimiento. El diagnóstico prenatal, es fundamental para delinear estrategias de tratamiento perinatal con el fin de minimizar la morbimortalidad de niños con anomalías congénitas. El tratamiento ex-útero intraparto (EXIT) es el procedimiento de elección. Clásicamente se realiza mediante una cesárea programada, manteniendo el soporte fetal a través de la circulación útero-placentaria. Se requiere un equipo altamente calificado y un trabajo coordinado para concretar el procedimiento en estas condiciones. Objetivo: El objetivo es reportar un caso de Síndrome de CHAOS, en el que se realizó un procedimiento EXIT en un niño nacido por parto vaginal, con la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario de profesionales de dos Instituciones Públicas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en el marco de un Programa Conjunto de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento Fetal (AU)


Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare entity causing perinatal asphyxia or immediate death if no therapeutic strategy is undertaken to correct airway patency at birth. Prenatal diagnosis is essential to plan perinatal strategies to decrease morbidity and mortality in children with congenital anomalies. The exutero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is the procedure of choice. Classically, a programmed cesarean section is performed while the fetus is maintained on uteroplacental circulation. A highly trained team is required in the coordinated effort to perform the procedure. Aim: The aim of this study was to report on a case of CHAOS managed with an EXIT procedure in a child born through vaginal delivery performed by a multidisciplinary team of professionals belonging to two public institutions of the city of Buenos Aires in the framework of the Joint Program of Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Airway Obstruction/congenital , Airway Obstruction/diagnostic imaging , Airway Obstruction/surgery , Perinatal Care , Vagina , Fetal Diseases/surgery , Laryngeal Diseases/congenital , Ultrasonography, Prenatal
8.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-726170

ABSTRACT

La Roncopatía Primaria constituye un trastorno respiratorio del sueño caracterizado por la ausencia de apneas, desaturaciones y microdespertares. Afecta a más del 50% de la población adulta, traduciendo una obstrucción parcial de la vía aérea superior. Hasta hace poco, fue considerada por el mundo médico como una manifestación benigna sin un trasfondo patológico significativo, sin embargo, hoy sabemos que constituye una entidad patológica en sí misma y determina importantes repercusiones nocivas a nivel de funciones neurocognitivas, metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Si bien la polisomnografía persiste considerándose el gold standard en su estudio, nuevas líneas tales como análisis acústicos del ronquido presentan una relevancia creciente. En un futuro próximo, el estudio etiológico y de los mecanismos histopatológicos y bioquímicos que determinan las repercusiones clínicas de la roncopatía, aportará nuevas herramientas que contribuirán al desarrollo de una hoy necesaria nueva concepción de los trastornos obstructivos del sueño.


The primary snoring is a respiratory disorder of the sleep characterized by the absence of apnea, desaturation and arousals. It affects more than 50% of the adult population, exposing a partial obstruction of the upper airway. Until recently, it was considered by the medical world as a benign manifestation without significant pathological background, however, we now know that it is a disease entity in itself and determines important deleterious impact at neurocognitive, metabolic and cardiovascular levels. Although polysomnography still remains being the gold standard in its study, new lines such as acoustic analysis of snoring have an increasing relevance. In the near future, the study of the etiological, histopathological and biochemical mechanisms that determine the clinical implications of snoring, will provide new tools that will contribute to the development of a new conception of obstructive sleeping disorders.


Subject(s)
Humans , Snoring/diagnosis , Snoring/physiopathology , Snoring/therapy , Snoring/epidemiology
9.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 28(2): 104-108, jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-639745

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Speaking valve (SV) is an unidirectional flow device installed over the tracheostomy tube allowing phonation. Tolerance to this device depends on the permeability of the upper airway (UA), which may be indirectly assessed by measuring UA maintained expiratory pressure (PEMant). Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the maintained expiratory pressure as a clinical indicator of tolerance to the SV. Method: Twenty three tracheostomized patients (median age 22 months-old) were evaluated with an aneroid manometer during 15 minutes, recording PEMant, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), heart rate, respiratory rate, accessory muscle use and wheezing as signs of respiratory distress Results: PEMant values less than 10 cmH2O are associated with tolerance of the SV and values over 20 cmH2O are associated with intolerance. Conclusion: Values under 10 cmH2O of PEMant can be used as an indicator of tolerance to VF.


Introducción: La válvula de fonación (VF), es un dispositivo de flujo unidireccional instalado sobre la cánula de traqueostomía posibilitando la fonación. La tolerancia a este dispositivo depende de la permeabilidad de la vía aérea superior (VAS), pudiendo ser valorada indirectamente a través de la medición de la presión espiratoria mantenida (PEMant) en vía aérea. Objetivo: Estudiar esta técnica como indicador clínico de tolerancia a la VF. Método: Se evaluaron 23 pacientes traqueostomizados (mediana de edad 22 meses) con un manómetro aneroide durante 15 minutos, registrando PEMant, saturación arterial de oxígeno (SaO2), frecuencia cardiaca, frecuencia respiratoria, uso de musculatura accesoria y sibilancias para valorar la dificultad respiratoria. Resultados: Valores de PEMant menores a 10 cmH2O se asocian con tolerancia a la VFy valores sobre 20 cmH2O a intolerancia a ésta. Conclusión: Valores bajo 10cmH2O de PEMant pueden ser indicadores de tolerancia al uso de VF.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Logotherapy/instrumentation , Tracheostomy/adverse effects , Speech Disorders/physiopathology , Speech Disorders/rehabilitation , Bronchoscopy , Exhalation/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Longitudinal Studies , Manometry , Monitoring, Physiologic , Oxygen/blood , Postoperative Care , Pressure , Speech Disorders/etiology
10.
Rev. colomb. obstet. ginecol ; 63(2): 155-162, abr.-jun. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648254

ABSTRACT

Introducción y objetivo: la técnica Tratamiento exútero intraparto (EXIT) permite el aseguramiento de la vía aérea fetal mientras se mantiene el soporte uteroplacentario íntegro. El objetivo de reportar este caso es describir el procedimiento y hacer una revisión de la literatura mundial respecto a consideraciones anestésicas y complicaciones asociadas. Materiales y métodos: presentamos el caso de una neonato femenina de 39 semanas de gestación que nace mediante la técnica Tratamiento exútero intraparto (EXIT) debido a una potencial obstrucción de la vía aérea detectada en una ecografía de tercer trimestre. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática usando las palabras clave: Tratamiento exútero intraparto (EXIT), masas cervicales congénitas y CHAOS en las bases de datos Medline via Pub Med, Ovid, y la base latinoamericana SciELO. Resultados: se encontraron un total de 183 artículos, de los cuales 76 estaban relacionados directamente con el tema, de estos se seleccionaron 8 reportes de caso, 2 series de casos y 14 revisiones del tema. Conclusiones: la estrategia EXIT prueba ser una herramienta útil en el adecuado manejo de los neo-natos con obstrucciones congénitas de la vía aérea.


Introduction and objective: The EXIT procedure (ex-utero intrapartum treatment) is aimed at securing the fetal high airway whilst maintaining integral uteroplacentary circulation. The purpose of reporting this case was to describe the procedure and review the worldwide literature regarding anesthetic considerations and associated complications. Materials and methods: The case of a 39-week gestation female neonate is presented; she was born at the Clínica del Country (a private highlevel healthcare general hospital located in Bogota, Colombia) by the ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) technique due to a potential obstruction of the airway detected during third-trimester echography. A systematic search was made of Medline databases via PubMed, Ovid, and the SciELO Latin-American database using the following key words: EXIT, ex-utero intrapartum treatment, congenital cervical mass, CHAOS. Results: 183 articles were found, of which 76 were directly related to the topic; 8 case reports, 2 case series and 14 reviews of the topic were selected. Conclusion: The EXIT strategy has proved to be a useful tool in the suitable management of neonates suffering congenital obstruction of the airway.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Pregnancy , Airway Obstruction , Infant, Newborn
11.
Acta otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello ; 40(1): 42-47, ene.-mar. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-682774

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Determinar parámetros biométricos para evaluación y diagnóstico de pacientes con síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño, por medio de cefalometría tridimensional y reconstrucción multiplanar escanográfica. Diseño: Estudio observacional tipo cross-sectional Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 25 pacientes diagnosticados con síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño, a los cuales se les realizó tomografía computarizada simple de cara con reconstrucción multiplanar y tridimensional, y se evaluó volumen de vía aérea, longitud, promedio del área en corte transversal, área retropalatal, área reglosal, espacio retrogloso lateral y anteroposterior. Resultados: se incluyeron 25 pacientes y se realizaron medidas de volumen, longitud, promedio del área en corte transversal, área retropalatal, área retroglosal y espacios regloso lateral y anteroposterior; se hicieron análisis estadísticos mediante el programa SPSS 17.0, que reportaron medidas de tendencia central, como promedio, media, moda, rango, desviación estándar, y concordancia inter e intraobservador, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y potencia del 95%. Conclusiones: la cefalometría tridimensional con reconstrucción multiplanar ha mostrado ser un excelente método de evaluación de vía aérea en pacientes con síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño. Se proponen clasificaciones propias dentro del estudio de estos pacientes. Sin embargo, ante la escasa literatura y difícil obtención de parámetros de referencia, es necesario promover el estudio y la investigación de este método diagnóstico en pacientes con este tipo de patología...


Objective: To determine biometric parameters for evaluation and diagnosis of patients with OSAHS by Three-Dimensional Cephalometry scanners and multiplanar reconstruction. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional type, with 25 patients diagnosed with OSAHS, in which face simple CT face simple, threedimensional multiplanar reconstruction was done, assessing airway volume, length, area average cross-sectional, retropalatal area, reglosal area, lateral and anteroposterior retrogloso space. Results: We included 25 patients and performed measurements of volume, length, average cross-sectional area, retropalatal area, area and spaces regloso retroglosal lateral and anteroposterior, performing statistical analysis using SPSS 19.0 reported measures of central tendency average, mean, mode, range and standard deviation, and inter-and intra-observer agreement. Conclusion: The threedimensional multiplanar reconstruction Cephalometry has proved as an excellent method for assessing airway in patients with OSAHS, obtaining own classifications within the study of these patients. However, given the limited literature and difficult achievement of benchmarks is necessary to promote the study and investigation of this diagnostic method in patients with OSAHS...


Subject(s)
Humans , Apnea , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive , Cephalometry , Respiratory System , Sleep Apnea Syndromes , Tomography
12.
Neumol. pediátr ; 7(2): 67-71, 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-708233

ABSTRACT

Difficult airway is a life-threatening situation which compromises the permeability of the upper airway and thus adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Multiple factors, acute and chronic such as: infectious, neoplastic and trauma have been associated with critical airway. Morbidity and mortality related to a difficult airway management remains as a significant problem in children, so is essential for the pediatric health team to be trained to recognize and anticipate situations that in clinical practice might determine a critical airway. The aim of this review is to provide concepts and guidance to assess patients with potentially difficult airway.


Una vía aérea difícil condiciona una situación con riesgo vital, ya que pone en peligro la permeabilidad de la vía aérea superior y con esto la capacidad de mantener una adecuada ventilación y oxigenación. Múltiples factores, tanto agudos como crónicos, entre ellos factores anatómicos propios del niño/a, complicaciones infecciosas, neoplásicas y/o traumáticas se han asociado con una vía aérea crítica. La morbilidad y mortalidad asociada al manejo inadecuado de esta condición continua siendo un problema significativo en la edad pediátrica; siendo fundamental que el equipo de salud se encuentre entrenado en reconocer y anticipar situaciones que en la práctica clínica podrían asociarse con una vía aérea difícil o crítica. El objetivo de la presente revisión es otorgar conceptos y una orientación en el enfrentamiento de los pacientes con una vía aérea potencialmente difícil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Airway Management/methods , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Airway Obstruction/therapy , Craniofacial Abnormalities/complications , Respiratory Insufficiency/classification , Respiratory Insufficiency/pathology , Airway Obstruction/classification , Airway Obstruction/pathology
13.
Dental press j. orthod. (Impr.) ; 16(1): 81-89, jan.-fev. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-580318

ABSTRACT

A finalidade deste artigo é avaliar o efeito da expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) na via aérea superior. Por intermédio de um caso clínico, será relatado como indivíduos com atresia da maxila e com comprometimento da função naso-respiratória podem beneficiar-se com a ERM. Para entender melhor as alterações morfológicas decorrentes do paciente com problemas respiratórios, deve-se conhecer a anatomia e a fisiologia do sistema respiratório. Entretanto, não se pode esquecer que o tratamento deste paciente é multidisciplinar, envolvendo o ortodontista, otorrinolaringologista e a fonoaudióloga.


The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the upper airway. A clinical case is presented to describe how patients with atresic maxilla and reduced naso-respiratory function can have benefits from rapid maxillary expansion. In order to better understand the morphological alterations present in patients with respiratory disorders, it is necessary to understand the respiratory system's anatomy and physiology. However, it is relevant to mention that this patient undergoes a multidisciplinary treatment, involving the orthodontist, the otorhinolaryngologist and the phonoaudiologist.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Jaw , Nasopharynx , Airway Obstruction/diagnosis , Respiratory System/anatomy & histology , Palatal Expansion Technique , Orthodontics
14.
Ortho Sci., Orthod. sci. pract ; 4(16): 799-805, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-642591

ABSTRACT

A Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) é caracterizada pelos eventos recorrentes que obstruem total ou parcialmente a via aérea superior (VAS) durante o sono, associados aos sinais e aos sintomas.¹ Apesar do padrão ouro do diagnóstico ser o exame de polissonografia (PSG), a história clínica e o exame físico principalmente da via aérea superior são importantes na complementação do diagnóstico. A avaliação da VAS pela Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) é um importante exame na investigação tridimensional dos fatores etiológicos anatômicos da SAOS. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o tratamento da SAOS moderada com aparelho intra-oral de avanço mandibular, com ênfase nas alterações anatômicas transitórias da VAS visualizadas por meio da TCFC. O paciente foi tratado com o aparelho BRD (Brazilian Dental Appliance) e teve redução do índice de apneia e hipapneia (IAH) de 17,5 para 0,2 e aumento da saturação da oxiemoglobina (de 84 para 92%) e melhora dos sintomas clínicos. O volume total da VAS aumentou 54,21% e a área mais constrita aumentou 133,37%. Os resultados demostraram que o AIO de avanço mandibular foi eficaz para o tratamento da SAOS moderada e que a utilização da TCFC foi importante para avaliar as modificações anatômicas transitórias causadas pelo uso de AIO, não negligenciando as alterações transversais da VAS, o que não pode ser observado nas radiografias cefalométricas em norma lateral.


Syndrome of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent events blocking all or part of the upper airway (UA) during sleep, associated with signs and symptoms.2 Although the gold standard of diagnosis is the polysomnography (PSG) clinical history and physical examination, especially of the upper airway are important to complement the diagnosis. The evaluation of VAS for Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is an important examination in the investigation of three-dimensional anatomical etiological factors of OSA.3,4,18 The objective of this study was to report the treatment of mild OSA with intra-oral appliances for mandibular advancement with emphasis on anatomical transient VAS viewed by CBCT. The patient was treated with the device BRD (Brazilian Dental Appliance) and had reduced hipapneia and apnea index (AHI) of 17.5 to 0.2 and increased oxyhemoglobin saturation (92% of 84 pair) and improvement of symptoms clinicians. The total volume increased 54.21% of the VAS and the more constricted increased 133.37%. The results showed that the AIO mandibular advancement was effective for the treatment of moderate OSA and that the use of CBCT was important to evaluate the anatomical changes caused by temporary use of AIO, without neglecting the changes of upper airway cross, which cannot be observed in lateral cephalometric radiographs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
15.
Dental press j. orthod. (Impr.) ; 15(6): 71-79, nov.-dez. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-578683

ABSTRACT

A finalidade deste artigo é avaliar o efeito da expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) no padrão respiratório. Por intermédio de um caso clínico, será relatado como indivíduos com atresia da maxila e problemas respiratórios podem se beneficiar com a expansão rápida da maxila. Outro aspecto que deve-se salientar é como profissionais da área da saúde, principalmente ortodontistas e otorrinolaringologistas, têm à sua disposição exames complementares para o diagnóstico do paciente com "Respiração Bucal".


The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the respiratory pattern. A clinical case is presented to describe how patients with atresic maxilla and respiratory problems can benefit from rapid maxillary expansion. The article highlights that the health professional, mainly the Orthodontist and the Otorhinolaryngologist, may use complementary exams to diagnose a mouth breather patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Nasal Cavity/abnormalities , Nasal Cavity/pathology , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/therapy , Palatal Expansion Technique , Mouth Breathing/diagnosis , Rhinomanometry , Orthodontics , Respiratory System Abnormalities
16.
CES odontol ; 23(2): 59-59, jul.-dic. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-612569

ABSTRACT

El bruxismo puede tener consecuencias en la dentición, musculatura, ATM y la postura cefálica y corporal de quien lo sufre. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar las dimensionesde la vía aérea superior entre pacientes adultos jóvenes bruxómanos y no bruxómanos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive , Bruxism
17.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 108(4): e92-e95, ago. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-558984

ABSTRACT

En años recientes, el tratamiento extrauterino intraparto, que consiste en la intubación fetal extrauterina previa al nacimiento, ha adquirido relevancia en la reducción de la morbimortalidad de neonatos afectados por el síndrome de obstrucción congénita de la vía aérea superior. Caso clínico. Presentamos una madre con un feto de 22 semanas de gestación y diagnóstico de estenosis de la vía aérea, que anticipaba déficit ventilatorio fetal extraparto y derivó en la aplicación del tratamiento extrauterino intraparto para garantizar el intercambio gaseoso fetal en el momento del nacimiento. Conclusiones. La práctica oportuna del procedimiento extrauterino intraparto logró en este caso, mediante el control de los factores maternos y fetales que pudieran afectar la circulación feto-placentaria, el nacimiento de un niño cuya evolución inmediata y a largo plazo fue exitosa con desarrollo deuna vida normal.


In recent years, the ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), that involves extrauterine fetal intubation prior to delivery, has become relevant for the reduction in morbidity and mortality of neonates affected by congenital high airway obstructionsyndrome (CHAOS). Clinical case. We report the case of the mother of an unborn child at pregnancy week 22, who was diagnosed a congenitalpulmonary malformation that precluded intrapartum fetal circulatory deficit and resulted in the conduction of an EXITtechnique, with the aim of ensuring fetal blood gas exchange at the time of delivery. Conclusions. A timely practice of the EXIT technique resulted, by monitoring both maternal and fetal factors that might affect fetoplacental circulation, in the birth of a child whoseimmediate and long-term outcomes were successful allowing the child live a normal life.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Constriction, Pathologic/therapy , Airway Obstruction/congenital , Airway Obstruction/therapy , Fetal Therapies
18.
Pulmäo RJ ; 19(3/4): 68-72, 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-607335

ABSTRACT

Apnéia obstrutiva do sono é uma condição altamente prevalente com conseqüências cardiovasculares e neurocognitivas. Ela está associada a conseqüências clínicas como: risco aumentado de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença coronariana, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, doença cerebrovascular, intolerância à glicose, hipertensão arterial pulmonar e dificuldade de concentração. Esse distúrbio está associado a um importante custo econômico à sociedade. A apnéia obstrutiva ocorre quando a via aérea superior colapsa durante o sono, bloqueando o fluxo aéreo e a oxigenação, a despeito de esforço respiratório. A obesidade, sexo masculino, anormalidades anatômicas da via aérea superior e aumento de idade são fatores de risco para desenvolvimento da apnéia do sono. Os mecanismos de oclusão da via aérea são heterogêneos e fatores como anormalidades anatômicas, função do músculo dilatador da via aérea superior, limiar de microdespertar e anormalidades no controle da ventilação podem influenciar na obstrução da via aérea durante o sono. Evidências sugerem que diversas variáveis podem interagir contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da apnéia do sono. As contribuições relativas destes fatores variam entre os indivíduos com apnéia do sono e isso pode ter implicações em quais tratamentos podem ser eficazes a nível individual.


Obstructive sleep apnea is a highly prevalent condition with neurocognitive and cardiovascular consequences. It may be associated with clinical consequences such as increased risk of systemic hypertension, coronary vascular disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, glucose intolerance, pulmonary hypertension, and impaired concentration. This disorder is associated with substantial economic costs to society. Obstructive apneas occur when the upper airway collapses during sleep, blocking airflow and oxygenation despite continued respiratory effort. Obesity, male gender, upper airway anatomical abnormalities, and increasing age are all risk factors for the development of obstructive sleep apnea. The mechanisms of airway occlusion are heterogeneous and factors such as anatomical abnormalities, upper airway dilator muscle function, arousal threshold, and abnormalities in the control of breathing may all influence for airway obstruction during sleep. Considerable evidence suggests that several variables may interactively contribute to the development of sleep apnea. The relative contributions of these factors vary between individuals with sleep apnea, and this may have implications as to which treatments are efficacious for an individual.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/physiopathology , Obesity , Body Mass Index , Prospective Studies , Sleep Deprivation
19.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 66(2): 173-181, jun. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-534262

ABSTRACT

El edema pulmonar a presión negativa (NPPE) es una entidad poco conocida que suele ser subdiagnosticada. Puede presentarse como una compicación anestésica, ya que se produce por una obstrucción aguda de la vía aérea superior cuya principal causa es el laringoespasmo. El mecanismo fisiopatológico predominante es el desarrollo de una marcada presión negativa intrapleural durante una inspiración contra glotis cerrada, la cual desencadena una presión excesiva en la microvasculatura pulmonar. Los factores de riesgo y las causas de la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior son numerosos, y el diagnóstico puede ser díficil en un período inicial, pero su reconocimiento es de suma importancia para minimizar la morbimortalidad. En este artículo se presenta un caso de NPPE por laringoespasmo post-extubación y se realiza una revisión de los casos reportados en la bibliografía.


The negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a little known pathological occurrence that is usually under-diagnosed. It can appear as an anesthetic complication, since it is produced by an acute obstruction of the upper respiratory system whose main cause is laryngospasm. The predominant physiopathological mechanism is the development of a marked intrapleural negative pressuer during inspiration against a closed glottis, that causes excessive pressure in the pulmonary microvasculaturity. There are numerous risk factors and causes for the obstruction of the upper respiratory system an, initially, diagnosis may be difficult but it is extremely important to identify it so as to minimize morbidity and mortality. This article reports a case of NPPE due to post-extuvation laryngospasm and reviews cases reported in the bibliography.


O edema pulmonar a pressão negativa (NPPE) é uma entidade pouco conhecida e às vezes subdiagnosticada. Pode-se apresentar como uma complicação anestésica, pois éproduzido por obstrção aguda da via aérea superior cuja principal cause é o laringoespasmo. O mecanismo fisiopatológico predominante é o desemvolvimento de uma marcada pressão negativa intrapleural durante uma inspiração contra glote fechada, que gera uma pressão excessiva na microvasculatura pulmonar. São numerosos os fatores de risco e as causas da obstrução da vía aérea superior. Seu diagnóstico pode ser dificil inicalmente, mas é essencial para reduzir ao mínimo a morbimortalidade. Em este artigo se apresenta um caso de NPPE por laringoespasmo pós-extubação e se faz uma revisão dos casos reportados na bibliografía.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Anesthesia, General/adverse effects , Pulmonary Edema/etiology , Airway Obstruction/complications , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Laryngismus/complications , Laryngismus/etiology , Risk Factors
20.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 75(supl.1): 45-50, oct. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-627436

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La estenosis congénita de tráquea (ECT) es un diagnóstico poco frecuente pero de una gran importancia clínica por el manejo de estos pacientes. Objetivos: Discutir la variabilidad de la presentación clínica y la investigación en ECT, basado en el relato de cuatro casos seguidos en el Servicio de Neumología pediátrica del Hospital de Niños de San Antonio de Porto Alegre. Resultados: Cuatro casos de ECT, siendo dos asociados a anillo vascular; uno con asma de difícil control y otro con disfunción respiratoria en el primer año de vida. Conclusión: La malformación traqueal debe ser recordada en pacientes con síntomas respiratorios poco frecuentes y persistentes. El abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico debe ser individualizado y el pronóstico dependerá de la forma de presentación anatómica y asociación con otras malformaciones.


Introduction: Congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is an uncommon but a very important diagnosis because it has an impact in patient's evolution. Objectives: To present the different clinical evolution of 4 patienis with CTS, followed at the Hospital de Niños de San Antonio de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Resulsts: Four cases were studied, 2 with vascular ring, one with asthma and one with respiratory distress during the first year of life. Conclusion: This tracheal malformation is one alternative diagnosis in infants with respiratory disorders. The diagnosis and therapy will depend on the clinical manifestations of the patient.

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