Metabolic syndrome and Visceral Adiposity Index in non-functional adrenal adenomas

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to identify metabolic dysfunction in non-functioning adrenal adenomas (NFAAs) and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) predictability in the practical estimation of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in NFAAs. Subjects and methods: 134 NFAA patients and 68 control subjects matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were included in the study. After physical, biochemical, and endocrine evaluation, IDF and NCEP ATP III criteria were used to determine MetS. HOMA-IR and VAI were calculated for both study group subjects. Results: MetS was significantly higher in the NFAA patients. The incidence of MetS by IDF and NCEP criteria was 52.9%,48.5% in the NFAI and 32.3%,30.8% in the control group (p < 0.01, p = 0.02). The risk of MetS was increased in NFAA (75.6 vs. 24.4%, p = 0.017, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06-1.68). Glucose, HOMA IR, hypertension, and VAI were significantly increased in NFAA patients. The risk of MetS was independently associated with high VAI (79.2 vs. 20.8%, p = 0.001, OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.70-2.91). Conclusion: MetS, insulin resistance, and VAI are more prevalant in NFAA patients than in healthy individuals. VAI can be used with high specificity to estimate MetS in NFAA patients.

The Relationship between Bone Mineral Densitometry and Visceral Adiposity Index in Postmenopausal Women / A relação entre a densitometria mineral óssea e o índice de adiposidade visceral em mulheres na pós-menopausa

Abstract Objective It was aimed to compare visceral adiposity index (VAI) levels in patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Methods One hundred twenty postmenopausal women (40 with normal BMD, 40 with osteopenia, and 40 with osteoporosis) between the ages of 50 to 70 years were included in the study. For females, the VAI was calculated using the formula (waist circumference [WC]/[36.58 + (1.89 x body mass index (BMI))]) x (1.52/High-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol [mmol/L]) x (triglyceride [TG]/0.81 [mmol/L]). Results The time of menopause from the beginning was similar in all groups. Waist circumference was found to be higher in those with normal BMD than in the osteopenic and osteoporotic groups (p = 0.018 and p < 0.001, respectively), and it was also higher in the osteopenic group than in the osteoporotic group (p = 0.003). Height and body weight, BMI, blood pressure, insulin, glucose, HDL-cholesterol, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were similar in all groups. Triglyceride levels were found to be higher in the normal BMD group, compared with the osteoporotic group (p = 0.005). The level of VAI was detected as higher in those with normal BMD, compared with the women with osteoporosis (p = 0.002). Additionally, the correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) spine T-scores, WC, VAI, and a negative correlation between DXA spine T-scores and age. Conclusion In our study, we found higher VAI levels in those with normal BMD, compared with women with osteoporosis. We consider that further studies with a larger sample size will be beneficial in elucidating the entity.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo foi comparar os níveis de índice de adiposidade visceral (IVA) em pacientes com densidade mineral óssea (DMO) normal osteopenia e osteoporose. Métodos Cento e vinte mulheres na pós-menopausa (40 com DMO normal 40 com osteopenia e 40 com osteoporose) com idades entre 50 e 70 anos foram incluídas no estudo. Para o sexo feminino o VAI foi calculado pela fórmula (circunferência da cintura [CC]/[36 58 + (1 89 x índice de massa corporal (IMC))]) x (1 52/lipoproteína de alta densidade [HDL]-colesterol [mmol/L]) x (triglicerídeo [TG]/0 81 [mmol/L]). Resultados O tempo de menopausa desde o início foi semelhante em todos os grupos. A circunferência da cintura foi maior naqueles com DMO normal do que nos grupos osteopênicos e osteoporóticos (p = 0 018 e p < 0 001 respectivamente) e também foi maior no grupo osteopênico do que no grupo osteoporótico (p = 0 003) . Altura e peso corporal IMC pressão arterial insulina glicose HDL-colesterol e os níveis de avaliação do modelo de homeostase-resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR) foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. Os níveis de triglicerídeos foram maiores no grupo DMO normal em comparação com o grupo osteoporótico (p = 0 005). O nível de VAI foi detectado como maior naquelas com DMO normal em comparação com as mulheres com osteoporose (p = 0 002). Além disso a análise de correlação mostrou uma correlação positiva entre a absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) nas pontuações T da coluna CC VAI e uma correlação negativa entre as pontuações T da coluna DXA e a idade. Conclusão Em nosso estudo encontramos níveis mais elevados de VAI naquelas com DMO normal em comparação com mulheres com osteoporose. Consideramos que novos estudos com maior tamanho amostral serão benéficos na elucidação da entidade.

A comparative study of sagittal abdominal diameter and other anthropometric indices of obesity in adults with family history of cardiovascular risk factors

Background:Obesity is evolving into a modern day epidemic in India. Visceral Adipose Tissue is the main culprit, being the metabolically active component that is responsible for the cardiovascular risk factors. The day-to-day anthropometric indices fail to take bodycomposition and distribution into account and hence miss a chance at early detection. Family history plays an important role by serving as a genetic link in the transmission of risk factors. There is a need for vigorous screening techniques which are clinically plausible for an early diagnosis of visceral adiposity in individuals predisposed to the numerous risks caused by its accumulation. Sagittal abdominal diameter is a useful tool in measuring the visceral adipose tissue clinically and in the current study; a comparison was done between SAD and already existing anthropometric indices.Methods:The study was done on 223 subjects in Bangalore during the period of November 2015 to May 2017.Among the subjects studied, 54.7% were Male and 45.3% were female. When compared to BMI, WC andWHR, SAD correlated better with total cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar and HbA1c.Results:The mean SAD was more in people with a combined history of DM and HTN than in individuals with history of either DM or HTN alone. Conclusions:We could conclude that Sagittal Abdominal Diameter is comparable to Body Mass Index, but it correlates better with metabolic risk profile of an individual than BMI, WC andWHR.

Association of cigarette and water-pipe smoking with increased visceral adiposity, glycemic intolerance and hematological derangement in Iraqi healthy smokers

Abstract The present study aims to investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking (CS) and water-pipe smoking (WPS) on the visceral adiposity index (VAI), hematological characteristics, and glycemic tolerance in Iraqi healthy smokers. A total of 528 healthy males from different locations of Baghdad city were allocated to three groups; nonsmokers (176), cigarette smokers (178), and WP smokers (174). Baseline characteristics, anthropometric and hematological markers and were reported. Glycemic control was evaluated using the glucose tolerance test. The evidence of elevated VAI, disrupted hematological markers, and impaired glucose tolerance was significantly (P<0.001) different compared with non-smokers and related to the duration of smoking. The impacts of WPS seem to be significantly greater than CS in certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin, and 2-hour glucose tolerance values). In conclusion, CS and WPS negatively impacted body fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and hematological markers. There is a positive association between the rate of smoking and obesity, glycemic intolerance in both groups

Higher visceral adiposity index is associated with increased likelihood of abdominal aortic calcification

Abstract Background: The negative effects of visceral adiposity accumulation on cardiovascular health have drawn much attention. However, the association between the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and Abdominal Aortic Calcification (AAC) has never been reported before. The authors aimed to investigate the association between the VAI and AAC in US adults. Methods: Cross-sectional data were derived from the 2013 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of participants with complete data of VAI and AAC scores. Weighted multivariable regression and logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the independent relationship between VAI and AAC. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were also performed. Results: A total of 2958 participants were enrolled and participants in the higher VAI tertile tended to have a higher mean AAC score and prevalence of severe AAC. In the fully adjusted model, a positive association between VAI and AAC score and severe AAC was observed (β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.01‒0.08; OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01‒1.07). Participants in the highest VAI tertile had a 0.41-unit higher AAC score (β = 0.41, 95% CI 0.08‒0.73) and a significantly 68% higher risk of severe AAC than those in the lowest VAI tertile (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.04‒2.71). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests indicated that there was no dependence for the association of VAI and AAC. Conclusion: Visceral adiposity accumulation evaluated by the VAI was associated with a higher AAC score and an increased likelihood of severe AAC.

Accuracy of waist circumference measurement using the WHO versus NIH Protocol in Predicting Visceral Adiposity Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis among overweight and obese adult Filipinos in a tertiary hospital / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

Objectives@#The study aimed to compare the performance of weight circumference (WC) measurement using the World Health Organization (WHO) versus National Institutes of Health (NIH) protocol in identifying visceral adiposity, and to determine the association of WC with cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese adult Filipinos.@*Methodology@#A retrospective study involving 221 subjects (99 males, 122 females) evaluated at an outpatient weight intervention center of a tertiary hospital. The WC was measured at the superior border of the iliac crest (WC-NIH) and midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest (WC-WHO) for each patient. Using visceral fat rating (VF) derived via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as reference standard, diagnostic accuracy tests for both protocols (using cut-offs of ≥90 cm in males and ≥80 cm in females) were done. Cardiometabolic parameters were also obtained, and binary logistic regression was performed to determine associations with WC@*Results@#Among males, WC-WHO had 96% sensitivity (95% CI 88.8%-99.2%) and 25% specificity (95% CI 9.77%-46.7%) while WC-NIH had 94.7% sensitivity (95% CI 86.9%-98.5%) and 29.2% specificity (95% CI 12.6%-51.1%) to predict high VF >12. Among females, WC-WHO had 100% sensitivity (95% CI 90%-100%) and 24.1% specificity (95% CI 15.6%-34.5%) while WC-NIH had 100% sensitivity (95% CI 90%-100%) and 4.6% specificity (95% CI 1.3%-11.4%). Prevalence of high VF was significantly greater among males – 75.8% (95% CI 66.1%-83.8%) vs. 28.7% (95% CI 20.9%-37.6%) in females (p<0.001). Among females, WC-NIH tended to have higher measurements than WC-WHO by an average of 4.67 cm. Females with WC-WHO measurements of at least 80 cm were approximately four times more likely to have low (<50 mg/dL) HDL levels (cOR 3.82, p=<0.05), even after adjusting for age (aOR 3.83, p=<0.05).@*Conclusion@#WC measurement using the WHO and NIH protocols were both highly sensitive but had low specificity in predicting high VF estimated via BIA among overweight and obese adult Filipinos in this study. WC-NIH measurements tended to be higher among the females, which may affect classification of central obesity when using this protocol. WC ≥80 cm measured using the WHO protocol was associated with low HDL levels among female subjects. Prospective studies conducted among the general Filipino population are recommended to verify these findings.

Visceral fat index: a novel predictor for coronary collateral circulation

ABSTRACT Objective This study was designed to investigate the role of visceral adiposity along with other clinical parameters in predicting poor coronary collateral circulation (CCC) among patients with severe obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Subjects and methods A total of 135 patients with severe obstructive CAD and good (n = 70) or poor (n = 65) CCC were included. Data on angiographically detected CCC, the quality criteria for CCC (Rentrop scores) and visceral fat index (VFI) obtained via bioelectrical impedance were compared between good and poor CCC groups. Independent predictors of poor CCC, the correlation between VFI and Rentrop score and the role of VFI in the identification of CCC were analyzed. Results A significant negative correlation was noted between VFI and Rentrop scores (r = -0.668, < 0.001). The presence of hypertension (OR 4.244, 95% CI 1.184 to 15.211, p = 0.026) and higher VFI (OR 1.955, 95% CI 1.342 to 2.848, p < 0.001) were shown to be independent predictors of an increased risk for poor CCC. ROC analysis revealed a VFI > 9 (AUC [area under the curve] (95% CI): 0.898 (0.834-0.943), p < 0.0001) to be a potential predictor of poor CCC with a sensitivity of 95.38% and specificity of 85.71%. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings revealed comorbid hypertension and higher VFI to significantly predict the risk of poor CCC in patients with severe obstructive CAD.

Correlation between the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus to Chinese visceral adiposity index in a community population of Chongqing City / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and the morbidity risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 6426 subjects (3568 males, 2858 females) from a community of Chongqing City who participated in a medical examination in 2013 were recruited. After exclusion of faulty data or missing information, the final samples for analysis included 5039 subjects (2834 males, 2205 females). Subjects were firstly divided into male group and female group, and then, according to CVAI index quartiles, the both groups were respectively divided into 1st (Q1), 2nd (Q2), 3rd (Q3) and 4th (Q4) quantile group. Anthropometric data (including blood glucose, lipid levels, uric acid) were compared among each group. The risk of T2DM in subjects with different CVAI index was analyzed with logistic regression analysis. Results After adjusting possible confounding factors affecting diabetes, such as age, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and uric acid, compared with the risks of T2DM in 1st (Q1) CVAI quartiles, that in 2nd (Q2), 3rd (Q3) and 4th (Q4) CVAI quartiles for males were 1.146 (OR=1.146, 95%CI: 0.764-1.718), 2.033 (OR=2.033, 95%CI: 1.378-3.000) and 3.247 (OR=3.247, 95%CI: 2.175-4.849), and that in 2nd (Q2), 3rd (Q3) and 4th (Q4) CVAI quartiles for females were 1.583 (OR=1.583, 95%CI: 0.634-3.954), 3.108 (OR=3.108, 95%CI: 1.222-7.905) and 3.814 (OR=3.814, 95%CI: 1.350-10.733). Conclusion Higher CVAI is the independent risk factor for the T2DM in Chinese adults.

Comparative study of visceral adiposity index and lipid profile with Body Mass Index in adolescent and young adults

Background: Obesity is associated with increased rate of mortality and morbidity if untreated. Obesity is a health hazard it required attention towards adolescent and adult age group. Generally, body fat is distributed into two main compartments that are subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue. Waist Hip Ratio measures the subcutaneous adipose tissue, determination of visceral adiposity will further helpful for determination of cardiovascular disease.Methods: The study comprised of 120 subjects, of these adolescents comprised of 60 healthy adolescent childrens. The adults comprised of 60 healthy individuals. In all the subjects, Height was estimated in centimetres and Weight was measured in kilogram measured and BMI was calculated. The waist hip ratio and visceral adiposity index was calculated. In all the subjects, venous blood was collected from all the subjects for lipid profile estimation.Results: In present study BMI more than 25 have soon increased waist hip ratio and visceral adiposity index value than BMI less than 25 and it’s statically significant in both adolescent and adult group. It is also reported that BMI more than 25 have increased level of mean serum triglycerides, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and VLDL the increase was statistically significant. The mean serum HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased in BMI>25 group when compared with BMI<25.Conclusions: It was concluded that different age groups of adolescent and adult, appropriate methods should be planned specifically for adolescent and adult age group. Regular educational sessions are needed to make changes adolescent and adults toward obesity.

Influencia de la actividad física y el consumo calórico sobre la adiposidad visceral en adultos de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador / Influence of physical activity and calorie intake on visceral adiposity in adults of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador

Introducción: El índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) es un método sencillo y costo-efectivo en la determinación de adiposidad visceral. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación entre el VAI con diversos factores de riesgo cardiovascular, variables sociodemográficas y hábitos psicobiológicos en la población adulta de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 318 individuos adultos seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio y multietápico, a quienes se les realizó evaluación clínica, evaluación antropométrica y de laboratorio. El VAI se determinó utilizando las fórmulas propuestas que emplean circunferencia abdominal, el índice de masa corporal, los triacilglicéridos y HDL-C. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple para determinar los principales factores asociados a adiposidad visceral en sus valores más elevados. Resultados: En los 318 individuos, el promedio del VAI fue 2,57 (1,66-3,94), con valores más elevados para el sexo femenino. En el modelo de regresión logística múltiple, los factores de riesgo significativos para VAI moderado-alto fueron: la edad (> 60 años: OR = 3,87; IC del 95%: 1,15-12,96; p = 0,03), el consumo calórico, la glucemia alterada en ayuno y la actividad física en ocio. Conclusión: El VAI es un método útil para definir a aquellos sujetos con adiposidad visceral en nuestra región. La edad, el consumo calórico diario y la glucemia alterada en ayuno son los principales factores asociados con los valores más elevados delíndice, mientras que la actividad física durante el ocio representó un factor protector para clasificar a los sujetos en los estadios más avanzados.

Introduction: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a simple and cost effective method for the determination of visceral adiposity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between VAI and different cardiovascular risk factors, sociodemographic variables, and psychobiological habits in the adult population of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 318 adult individuals selected by multistage random sampling, who underwent a clinical, anthropometric and laboratory evaluation. VAI was determined using the proposed formula that used abdominal circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, and HDL-Cholesterol. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the main factors associated with the highest values of visceral adiposity. Results: The mean VAI was 2.57 (1.66-3.94) in the 318 individuals studied, with higher values for females. In the multiple logistic regression model, significant risk factors for moderatehigh VAI were: age (>60 years: OR = 3.87, 95% CI: 1.15-12.96, P=.03), calorie intake, impaired fasting glucose, and leisure time physical activity. Conclusion: VAI is a useful method to define those subjects with visceral adiposity in our region. Age, daily calorie intake, and impaired fasting glucose are the main factors associated with higher index values, while leisure time physical activity was a protective factor for classifying subjects in the more advanced stages.

Punto de corte para el índice de adiposidad visceral en una población venezolana: resultados del Estudio de prevalencia de síndrome metabólico de Maracaibo / Optimal cutoff for visceral adiposity index in a Venezuelan population: Results from the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study

Aim: Visceral obesity is one of the most intensely researched cardiometabolic risk factors in recent years; nonetheless, its accurate assessment remains a challenge in regions were socioeconomic conditions hinder the widespread use of diagnostic methods for this purpose, such as imaging tests. In this setting, Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) may be a useful tool. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the VAI cutoff in adult population from Maracaibo City, Venezuela. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with multi-staged sampling; 2026 subjects of both genders aged ≥18 years were selected from this database and had their VAI calculated. In order to determine VAI cutoffs, subsamples of metabolically healthy and sick individuals were determined, with 599 and 286 subjects, respectively. Gender-specific and general ROC curves were plotted in order to identify the most suitable cutoff according to sensitivity and specificity. Results: Median VAI in the selected sample was 1.67 (0.97-2.78). The optimal cutoff was determined to be 1.91, with 70.3% sensitivity, 70.3% specificity [AUC = 0.777 (0.745-0.808)]. No differences were found between genders. Analysis by age revealed VAI to have greater predictive power among subjects aged < 30 years (cutoff: 1.53), 78.6% sensitivity, 72.8% specificity [AUC = 0.797 (0.709-0.884)]. Conclusion: We suggest a VAI cutoff of 1.9 for define dysfunctional adiposity in our population, with age being an important factor in the epidemiologic behavior of this variable, particularly in younger individuals.

Objetivo: La obesidad central es uno de los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos emergente más evaluado durante los últimos años, sin embargo, su medición de forma precisa resulta un reto en aquellas poblaciones cuyas condiciones económicas dificultan la realización de métodos diagnósticos complejos, como pruebas de imagen. Por ello el objetivo de este estudio es determinar el punto de corte del índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) en sujetos adultos de la ciudad de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Métodos: Se seleccionó a 2.026 individuos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, de la base de datos del Estudio de prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en la ciudad de Maracaibo, un estudio descriptivo, transversal, con muestreo multietápico. El VAI se calculó para cada sexo y para la estimación del punto corte se seleccionó a 599 sujetos sanos y 286 enfermos, realizándose curvas COR para identificar el mejor valor de acuerdo con la sensibilidad y la especificidad. Resultados: El promedio de VAI en la muestra seleccionada fue 1,67 (0,97-2,78). El punto de corte fue 1,91 (70,3% de sensibilidad y 70,3% de especificidad) con AUC = 0,777 (0,745-0,808), sin diferencias en el punto de corte según sexo. En el análisis por grupos etarios la mayor capacidad predictiva fue para el grupo < 30 años con AUC = 0,797 (0,709-0,884), con un punto de corte de 1,53 (78,6% de sensibilidad y 72,8% de especificidad). Conclusión: El punto de corte indicado para VAI en nuestra población es de 1,9; considerando la edad como un factor importante en su comportamiento, especialmente en los grupos más jóvenes.

Visceral adiposity index and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in hypogonadism

ABSTRACT Background Cardiometabolic risk is high in patients with hypogonadism. Visceral adiposity index (VAI) and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio are the practical markers of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and independent predictors of cardiaovascular risk. To date, no study has evaluated VAI levels and TG/HDL-C ratio in hypogonadism. Subjects and methods A total of 112 patients with congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (CHH) (mean age, 21.7 ± 2.06 years) and 124 healthy subjects (mean age, 21.5 ± 1.27 years) were enrolled. The demographic parameters, VAI, TG/HDL-C ratio, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were measured for all participants. Results The patients had higher total cholesterol (p = 0.04), waist circumference, triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels (p = 0.001 for all) than the healthy subjects. VAI and ADMA and TG/HDL-C levels were also higher in patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.001 for all). VAI was weakly correlated with ADMA (r = 0.27, p = 0.015), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, p = 0.006), hs-CRP (r = 0.19, p = 0.04), and total testosterone (r = −0.21, p = 0.009) levels, whereas TG/HDL-C ratio was weakly correlated weakly with ADMA (r = 0.30, p = 0.003), HOMA-IR (r = 0.22, p = 0.006), and total testosterone (r = −0.16, p = 0.03) levels. Neither VAI nor TG/HDL-C ratio determined ADMA, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP levels. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that patients with hypogonadism have elevated VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio. These values are significantly correlated with the surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and insulin resistance. However, the predictive roles of VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio are not significant. Prospective follow-up studies are warranted to clarify the role of VAI and TG/HDL-C ratio in predicting cardiometabolic risk in patients with hypogonadism.

Utility of the Visceral Adiposity Index and Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype for Predicting Incident Hypertension

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype as possible hypertension (HTN) predictors in a high-risk population without diabetes and HTN. METHODS: Incident HTN over a 7-year follow-up was assessed among 1,375 first-degree non-diabetic and non-hypertensive relatives of consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes who were 30 to 70 years of age. HTN was defined as a blood pressure reading ≥140/90 mm Hg or the use of antihypertensive medications. We examined the incidence of HTN across VAI quintiles and four groups defined according to baseline fasting serum triglyceride (TG) levels and waist circumference (WC). RESULTS: The VAI and the HTGW phenotype at baseline were related to an increased risk for HTN. In comparison with the lowest VAI quintile, the highest VAI quintile showed a significant associated with HTN in an age- and gender-adjusted model (odds ratio [OR], 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.55). Those with HTGW were 2.3 times (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.54 to 3.35) more likely to develop HTN than those with a normal WC and normal TG levels. CONCLUSION: Greater VAI values weakly predicted HTN, whereas the HTGW phenotype was a stronger predictor of incident HTN in an Iranian high-risk population.

The correlation and prediction error of anthropometric indicators and quantitative computed tomography in measuring abdominal fat / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the correlation and standard estimate error of anthropometric indicators and abdominal visceral fat by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) .Methods We measured the height ,weight ,waist circumference(WC) , hip circumference(HC) in 568 Chinese adults (including 234 males and 334 females) .Abdominal adipose tissue was quantitatively measured by tissue composition module of Mindways QCT software using QCT scan data .The total fat area(TFA) and the visceral fat area(VFA) were measured in a slice in the inferior of T12 ,L1 ,L2 ,L3 ,L4 ,L5 vertebra and umbilicus level .The subcutaneous fat area(SFA) ,total abdominal fat volume ,total visceral fat volume(TVFV) and total subcutaneous fat volume(TSFV) were calculated from measurements .Correlations among BMI ,WC ,HC ,WHR and VFA was assessed .Standard estimate error(SEE) of BMI ,WC , HC ,WHR in the prediction of the VFA by QCT was calculated .Results Correlation between WC and VFA in different anatomical locations was better than BMI ,HC and WHR ,the correlation coefficients R2 was 0 .48-0 .64 in male and 0 .53-0 .66 in female ,all P<0 .01 .The SEE of WC in the prediction of the VFA measured by QCT were 25 .36-31 .57 cm2 (male) ,23 .64-25 .31 cm2 (fe‐male) ,or 23 .13% -27 .78% (male) ,25 .44% -36 .03% (female) .Conclusion The standard estimate error of anthropometry pa‐rameters in the prediction of VFA was significant .QCT is a more accurate measurement of VFA ,and it has the potential of clinical application .

The relationship between lipid accumulation product, visceral adiposity index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in healthy adults / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in adults, and explore whether to use such correlation as indications is superior to the traditional body fat index based on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR). Methods The present work was a cross-sectional study involving 501 healthy adults (321 males and 180 females) from the community of Chongqing Municipality. Anthropometric indexes [height, weight, WC, hip circumference (HC)], blood pressure (BP), fasting lipid profile and levels of fasting and post-load glucose, insulin and hs-CRP were measured, and BMI, WHR, WHtR, fasting insulin resistant homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), LAP and VAI were calculated. The correlations between hs-CRP and other variables were analyzed. Results Following the elevation of titer of the hs-CRP, LAP, VAI, BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, BP, glucose level, HOMA-IR, insulin, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) increased (P<0.05), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1 levels declined (P<0.0001). Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated that hs-CRP was correlated with all variances (P<0.01) except for total cholesterol (TC) (P=0.18l) and LDL-C (P=0.325). According to forward stepwise multiple regression analysis with hs-CRP as the dependent variance, WC was the only variance entering the regression model. Conclusion LAP, VAI levels are correlated with hs-CRP level but not the major determinant factors of hs-CRP. WC is stronger than other variances in the association with hs-CRP in adults, and is still an independent predictor of inflammation.

Relación entre adiposidad visceral, circunferencia abdominal e insulinoresistencia en pacientes con hígado graso no alcohólico / Relation between visceral adiposity, abdominal circumference and insulin reistence in patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease

La adiposidad visceral es un factor de riesgo cardiometabólico, el cual se encuentra asociado a alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa. Por otro lado, el hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) se presenta en cifras alarmantes y en aumento en la población general, asociándose a resistencia a la insulina, dislipidemia, hipertensión y diabetes mellitus. Existen una variedad de métodos para el estudio de la distribución de grasa corporal y la evaluación ultrasonográfica no es un método invasivo con alta sensibilidad y especificidad aún en pacientes con medidas antropométricas normales. Evaluar la asociación entre la adiposidad visceral y la resistencia a la insulina en pacientes con aumento de aminotransferasas e HGNA sospechado por ultrasonografía en comparación con la medida de circunferencia abdominal. Se evaluaron 84 pacientes con aumento de los valores de aminotransferasas y con sospecha ultrasonográfica de HGNA (no relacionada con uso de medicamentos, procesos infecciosos y consumo de alcohol). Previó consentimiento informado y aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se les realizó analítica sérica (incluyendo determinación del índice de HOMA para resistencia a la insulina), evaluación de circunferencia abdominal, índice de masa corporal y determinación de grasa visceral por ultrasonido. De los 84 pacientes, 69 presentaban índice de HOMA con diagnóstico para resistencia a la insulina. Del total de los 84 pacientes, 74 presentaban adiposidad visceral aumentada por ultrasonografía mientras que 10 pacientes no la presentaban. A su vez, solo 50 pacientes (59.52%) presentaban aumento de circunferencia abdominal. Del grupo de pacientes con resistencia a la insulina, el 100% presentaban adiposidad visceral aumentada y el 66,95% presentaban circunferencia abdominal aumentada con diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos (p<0.05) Se eveidencia que la adiposidad visceral medida por ultrasonografía tiene una mayor asociación...

The visceral adiposity is a cardiometabolic risk factor, which is associate to glucose metabolism alterations. On the other hand, the non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) appears in alarming numbers and in increase in the general population, being associated with resistance with the insulin, dislipidemy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. They exist a variety of methods for the study of the distribution of corporal fat and the ultrasound evaluation is not an invasive method with high sensibility and specificity still in patients with normal anthropometrics measures. AIMS: To evaluate the association between the visceral adiposity and the insulin resistance in patients with increase of aminotransferases and NAFLD suspected by ultrasound in comparison with the measure of abdominal circumference. 84 patients were evaluated by increase of the values of aminotransferases and by ultrasound suspicion of NAFLD (not related to use of medicines, infectious processes and consumption of alcohol). It foresaw informed assent and application of the criteria of incorporation and exclusion, they there was realized seric analytica (including determination of HOMA's index for resistance to the insulin), evaluation of abdominal circumference, index of corporal mass and determination of visceral fat for ultrasound. Of 84 patients, 69 were presenting HOMA's index with diagnosis for resistance to the insulin. Of the total of 84 patients, 74 were presenting visceral adiposity increased by ultrasound whereas 10 patients were not presenting it. In turn, only 50 patients (59.52%) were presenting increase of abdominal circumference. Of the group of patients with resistance to the insulin, 100% was presenting visceral increased adiposity and 66,95% was presenting abdominal circumference increased with statistically significant difference between both groups (p <0.05). There is demostrated that the visceral adiposity measured by ultrasound has a majar association...

Effect of gender on the association of adiposity with cardiovascular reactivity in Gujarati Indian adolescents.

Studies have reported that both gender and adiposity influence cardiovascular reactivity amongst adolescents. However, not much is known about the effect of gender on the association of adiposity with cardiovascular reactivity. The current study was conducted to learn how gender affects the association of adiposity with cardiovascular reactivity in the Gujarati Indian adolescents so as to develop preventive strategies for the local population. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 428 (Girls-173, Boys- 255) Gujarati Indian adolescents of age group 16-19 years. Adiposity was assessed in terms of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Percentage (BF %), Fat Mass (FM), Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Percentage Rise in Pulse Rate (%RPR) and Percentage Rise in Diastolic Blood Pressure (%RDBP) during Isometric Handgrip Test were used to assess the cardiovascular reactivity to acute sympathetic stress. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was determined to find the association of adiposity with cardiovascular reactivity. Boys were found to have a significantly larger WC, higher physical fitness and greater %RDBP in comparison to girls while girls had a significantly higher BF% and FMI in comparison to boys. In both boys and girls, BMI, BF%, FMI and WC showed significant positive association with %RDBP with stronger correlationship found in girls. Girls also showed a significant negative correlationship between physical fitness and vascular reactivity. It could thus be concluded that gender affected the association of adiposity with vascular reactivity in Gujarati Indian adolescent such that girls tend to have a larger correlationship between adiposity and vascular reactivity than boys which is most likely due to lower physical fitness.

Waist Circumference and Mesenteric Fat in Neonates: Negative Correlation.

Objective To measure mesenteric fat thickness with ultrasound scan in neonates and to assess the correlation with waist circumference. Methods Ninety five healthy newborns had the maximum thickness of mesenteric leaves measured by ultrasound examinations of abdomen with an Envisor scanner (Philips Ultrasound, Bothell, Wash) and a L12-5 transducer (Philips Ultrasound). The correlation between the thickness of mesenteric leaves with abdominal waist was calculated. Results Maximum thickness of mesenteric leaves ranged from 0.24 to 1.00 mm ðx ¼ 0:57 0:17Þ. There was a significant negative correlation between abdominal waist (AW) and mesenteric fat thickness (r=−0.384; p<0.001). Conclusions Mesenteric fat thickness in newborns is inversely associated with waist circumference. Higher visceral adiposity in neonates may be a protective mechanism from intrauterine growth restriction however this could persist into adulthood life.

Anormalidades metabólicas en la deficiencia de la hormona de crecimiento / Metabolic Abnormalities in growth hormone deficiency

Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been reported in adult subjects with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Long term follow up of a large cohort of patients with adult onset GHD, suggests that GH therapy may contribute to a reduced risk of nonfatal stroke, particularly in women and in a decline in nonfatal cardiac events in GHD men(1,2). Adult hypopituitary patients with untreated growth hormone deficiency have been shown to have a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors such as increased visceral adiposity, disturbances in lipoprotein metabolism, premature atherosclerosis, impaired fibrinolytic activity, increased peripheral insulin resistance, abnormal cardiac structure, impaired cardiac performance and endothelial dysfunction (3,4). Several of these risk factors have now been confirmed in double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trials (5,6). Metabolic changes in GH deficient children and adolescents have been evaluated only quite recently and superficially. In this article we will discuss these metabolic abnormalities and their underlying mechanism in untreated GHD subjects and we will review the beneficial effect of growth hormone therapy in adults, adolescents and children with GHD.

Se ha reportado un aumento en la morbilidad y mortalidad de pacientes adultos con deficiencia de la hormona de crecimiento (DHC). El seguimiento a largo plazo de una cohorte de pacientes con DHC sugiere que la administracion de hormona de crecimiento puede contribuir a una reducción en el número de los accidentes cerebrovasculares no fatales, particularmente en mujeres y de eventos cardíacos en hombres(1,2). Pacientes adultos con hipopituitarismo y una DHC cursan con un acúmulo de factores de riesgo cardiovascular tales como un aumento en la adiposidad visceral, alteraciones en el metabolismo lipoproteico, ateroesclerosis prematura, actividad fibrinolítica alterada, resistencia a la insulina, masa y función cardíaca alterada y disfunción endotelial (3,4). Varios de estos factores de riesgo han sido comprobados en estudios doble ciego, randomizados con placebo (5,6). Las alteraciones metabólicas en niños y adolescentes deficientes de hormona de crecimiento han sido evaluadas sólo recientemente y de manera aún superficial. En este manuscrito discutiremos estas anormalidades y los mecanismos etilógicos subyacentes en sujetos DHC no tratados y revisaremos el efecto beneficioso de la terapia con hormona de crecimiento en niños, adolescentes y adultos.

Reduction in Visceral Adiposity is Highly Related to Improvement in Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction among Obese Women: An Assessment of Endothelial Function by Radial Artery Pulse Wave Analysis

Because obesity is frequently complicated by other cardiovascular risk factors, the impact of a reduction in visceral adiposity on vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) in obese patients is difficult to determine. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of a reduction in visceral adiposity on VED in obese women. Thirty-six premenopausal obese women (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) without complications were enrolled in the study. VED was evaluated by determining the augmentation index (AIx) from radial artery pulse waves obtained by applanation tonometry. Changes in AIx in response to nitroglycerin- induced endothelium-independent vasodilatation (delta AIx-NTG) and in response to salbutamol administration (delta AIx-Salb) were determined before and after weight reduction. After a 12-week weight reduction program, the average weight loss was 7.96 +/- 3.47 kg, with losses of 21.88 +/- 20.39 cm2 in visceral fat areas (p 0.1) and an improvement in endothelial-dependent vasodilation following weight reduction (delta AIx-Salb: 10.03 +/- 6.49% before weight reduction vs. 19.33 +/- 9.28% after reduction, p < 0.001). A reduction in visceral adipose tissue was found to be most significantly related to an increase in delta AIx-Salb (beta=-0.57, p < 0.001). A reduction in visceral adiposity was significantly related to an improvement in VED. This finding suggests that reduction of visceral adiposity may be as important as the control of other major risk factors in the prevention of atherosclerosis in obese women.