Pharmacotherapeutic potential of Vitis vinifera(grape) in age-related neurological diseases / Potencial farmacoterapéutico de Vitis vinifera(uva) en enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad

Age-related neurological disorders (ANDs), including neurodegenerative diseases, are complex illnesses with an increasing risk with advancing years. The central nervous system's neuropathological conditions, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding, are what define ANDs. Due to the rise in age-dependent prevalence, efforts have been made to combat ANDs. Vitis viniferahas a long history of usageto treat a variety of illness symptoms. Because multiple ligand sites may be targeted, Vitis viniferacomponents can be employed to treat ANDs. This is demonstrated by the link between the structure and action of these compounds. This review demonstrates that Vitis viniferaand its constituents, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, stilbenoidsandaromatic acids, are effective at reducing the neurological symptoms and pathological conditions of ANDs. This is done by acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The active Vitis vinifera ingredients have therapeutic effects on ANDs, as this review explains.

Las enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad (AND, por su sigla en inglés) incluyendo las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, son enfermedades complejas con un riesgo creciente con la edad. Las condiciones neuropatológicas del sistema nervioso central, que incluyen el estrés oxidativo, la neuro inflamación, y el plegado erróneo de proteínas, son lo que define las AND. Debido al aumento en la prevalencia dependiente de la edad, se han hecho esfuerzos para combatir las AND. Vitis vinifera tiene una larga historia de uso para el tratamiento de síntomas. Puesto que puede hacer objetivo a muchos sitios ligando, los componentes de Vitis viniferase pueden utilizar para tratar AND. Esto se demuestra por el vínculo entre la estructura y la acción de estos compuestos. Esta revisión demuestra que la Vitis viniferay sus constituyentes, incluídos los flavonoides, componentes fenólicos, estilbenoides, y ácidos aromáticos, son efectivos para reducir los síntomas neurológicos y las condiciones patológicas de AND. Esto se produce por su acción como antioxidante y antiinflamatorio. Los ingredientes activos de Vitis vinifera tienen efectos terapéuticos en AND, y esta revisión lo explica.

Vitisin B inhibits influenza A virus replication by multi-targeting neuraminidase and virus-induced oxidative stress

The development of drug-resistant influenza and new pathogenic virus strains underscores the need for antiviral therapeutics. Currently, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are commonly used antiviral drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention and treatment of influenza. Here, we show that vitisin B (VB) inhibits NA activity and suppresses H1N1 viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which frequently occur during viral infection, increase virus replication by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, downmodulating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) expression, and decreasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response activity. VB decreased virus-induced ROS generation by increasing G6PD expression and Nrf2 activity, and inhibiting NF-κB translocation to the nucleus through IKK dephosphorylation. In addition, VB reduced body weight loss, increased survival, decreased viral replication and the inflammatory response in the lungs of influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice. Taken together, our results indicate that VB is a promising therapeutic candidate against IAV infection, complements existing drug limitations targeting viral NA. It modulated the intracellular ROS by G6PD, Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, and NF-κB signaling pathway. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a multi-targeting drug strategy, providing new approaches for drug discovery against IAV infection.

Physico-chemical Characterization and Polyphenolic Composition of Red Wines Produced from Autochthonous Grapes Varieties (Vitis vinifera) in Turkey

Aims: Local varieties of “Hönüsü” and “Horozkaras?” red grapes have been evaluated for the production of red wine and characterized33 for their chemical and sensory characteristics. Study Design: This research was initiated by the Food microbiology researcher and Applications Unit of Fermentation Laboratory. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Fermentation of the Food Engineering Department in Gaziantep University, October 2019 to May 2021. Methodology: All wines were produced by a standard procedure of vinification. Three types of red wines were produced from combinations of red grapes. Ten phenolics were quantitatively detected in the red wines during processing. Brix, alcohol, pH and free SO2 contents were also detected. Results: The results showed that the type of technology affects significantly (p<0.05) the level of phenolic compounds formed during processing. Horozkaras?” red grape contributed to the highest amount of phenolic compounds in red wines. Gaziantep wine provides valuable information about the production of red wine from Gaziantep red grapes. Conclusion: The phenolic compounds of red wines were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of musts. Many of the remarkable features of the phenolic profiles and Brix of grape varieties could help us to characterize Gaziantep wines. The mixture of must from “Hönüsü” and “Horozkaras?” red grapes with 7:3 ratio contributes suitable sugar and phenolic compounds for red wine. The results from this study provide valuable information about the red wine produced from the ancient grape varieties of the Southeast region.

Non-Saccharomyces yeasts diversity on grape berries and molecular characterization of Starmerella bacillaris yeasts strains having high invertase activity

The diversity of yeast species on grape berries changes depending on various factors. Determination of indigenous yeast intensity and diversity on grape berries is important for increasing the sensory characteristics of wine as well as fermentation efficiency. The natural yeast biota of grape berries affects wine flavour and quality by producing some secondary metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes. Despite the application of different nonconventional yeasts in food and fermentation industries, many significant researches are conducted in finding and improving the new strains having industrially important enzyme activities. Invertase enzyme has a vital role in the food industry in which it increases the sweetness of food without crystallizing them. Here, we studied yeast diversity in grape berries from selected localities and also their invertase activity. We collected grape berries from Alphonse, K?nal? Yap?ncak, Çavu?, Efes Karas?, Cinsaut, Atasar?s? and Isabella grape varieties cultivated in Bozcaada island and Gelibolu peninsula. Twenty-one yeast species belonging to seven genera were identified. The yeast strains having high invertase activities were identified with 5.8S-ITS rDNA sequencing technique. The diversity of yeast biota on berries collected from Gelibolu was greater than that of Bozcaada. Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula glutinis yeast species were dominant yeast species on grape berries. A total of 294 sucrose grown yeast strains showed growth on sucrose, and 19 of them exhibit the highest invertase activity that is not glucose repressible. These 19 yeast strains were identified as Starmerella bacillaris using 5.8S ITS rDNA region and the phylogenetic analysis was inferred with the Maximum Parsimony method.

Phytosociological survey of weeds in the grapevine

Viticulture is expanding in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Weed management is essential for the crop, so knowing the floristic composition of weeds in the vineyards makes this practice sustainable. This study aimed to evaluate the floristic composition of weed populations in grape crops in two seasons, considering different altitudes. The experiment was performed in four properties located in Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil, two of which were at altitudes above 500 m of and two below 500 m, in the winter (2018) and summer (2019) seasons. Weeds were identified with the square inventory method. The phytosociological analysis was based on absolute and relative parameters of frequency, density, dominance, importance value index, and relevance index, besides the diversity, evenness, and similarity indices. Fifty species, 41 genera, and 19 families were identified. The most representative families regarding the number of species were Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Malvaceae. In properties with higher altitudes, the species with the highest IVI was Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm., in both seasons. In properties with lower altitudes, the highest IVI values were found for Malvastrum coromandelianum L. in the winter and Commelina benghalensis and Portulaca oleracea L. in the summer. The areas below 500 m of altitude showed the highest diversity and evenness indices. The proximity between the areas in both regions contributed to the increased similarity index. Altitude and time of the year contribute to the composition of the infesting community.

Induction and overcoming of dormancy of grapevine buds in response to thermal variations in the winter period / Indução e superação da dormência de gemas de videiras em resposta a variações térmicas no período hibernal

ABSTRACT: This study quantified the chilling requirements for the induction and overcoming of endodormancy (chilling-controlled physiological dormancy) of grapevines buds. Cuttings of the cultivars Chardonnay, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon were collected in vineyards in Veranópolis-RS in the winter period of 2019 and 2020. The cuttings were kept at a constant temperature of 7.2 °C or daily cycles of 7.2/18 °C for 6/18 h, 12/12 h or 18/6 h, up to 600 chilling hours (CH). Every 50 CH, part of the cuttings from each treatment was transferred to a temperature of 25 °C for daily assessment of the budburst in the green tip stage. The cultivars had different chilling requirements for inducing and overcoming endodormancy, reaching a total of 150 CH for 'Chardonnay', 300 CH for 'Merlot' and 400 CH for 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. Of these, 50 CH were required to induce endodormancy in cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot and 100 CH for cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Dormancy evolution did not differ between cultivars in response to thermal regimes, with a temperature of 18 °C inert to the accumulation of CH. Precocity and uniformity of budburst were higher after chilling requirements were met during endodormancy for each genotype.

RESUMO: Este estudo visou quantificar as necessidades de frio para a indução e superação da endodormência (dormência fisiológica controlada por frio) de gemas de videiras. Estacas de das cultivares Chardonnay, Merlot e Cabernet Sauvignon foram coletadas em vinhedos em Veranópolis-RS, no período hibernal de 2019 e 2020. As estacas foram submetidas a temperatura de 7,2 ºC constante ou a ciclos diários de 7,2/18 °C por 6/18 h, 12/12 h ou 18/6 h, até 600 horas de frio (HF). A cada 50 HF, parte das estacas de cada tratamento foi transferida para a temperatura de 25°C, para avaliação diária da brotação das gemas, em estádio de ponta verde. As cultivares tiveram necessidades distintas de frio para indução e superação da endodormência, atingindo um total de 150 HF para 'Chardonnay', 300 HF para 'Merlot' e 400 HF para 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. Destes totais, 50 HF foram necessárias para indução da endodormência nas cultivares Chardonnay e Merlot e 100 HF na cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. A evolução da dormência não diferiu entre cultivares em resposta aos regimes térmicos, sendo a temperatura de 18 °C inerte ao acúmulo de HF. A precocidade e uniformidade de brotação das gemas foram maiores após suprido o frio na dormência para cada genótipo.

Composição volátil das uvas ao espumante da cv. Chardonnay em diferentes condições de manejo no sul de Minas Gerais (Brasil) / Volatile composition from grapes to sparkling wine of Chardonnay vine in different management conditions in southern of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

O aroma é um dos fatores mais importantes na determinação da qualidade e do caráter do vinho. Isso se deve à presença de compostos voláteis que estão associados às suas características organolépticas ou diferentes proporções entre estes compostos que podem ser influenciadas por fatores vitícolas (clima, solo, cultivar, manejo) e enológicos (maturação da uva, fermentação, tratamentos pósfermentativos). A região do sul de Minas Gerais vem se destacando na produção de espumantes de qualidade, e, nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a influência do manejo da videira no desenvolvimento do aroma, da baga até o espumante, a fim de estabelecer associações com a qualidade do produto final. Os experimentos foram realizados com a cultivar Chardonnay em diferentes condições de manejo, em que foram avaliados clones, porta-enxertos, sistemas de condução e densidades de plantio. Foram analisados os compostos voláteis livres por HS-SPME/GC-MS das bagas, mostos, vinhos base e espumantes nas safras 2016, 2017 e 2018. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes para a apresentação dos resultados. A primeira consistiu em verificar a influência do material genético na composição volátil da cv. Chardonnay com os experimentos de clones e portaenxertos; a segunda parte avaliou a composição volátil do clone 809 até o espumante; a terceira, em analisar as vinificações dos diferentes sistemas de condução; e a quarta, em avaliar a evolução dos compostos voláteis da baga ao espumante e analisar os aromas que as densidades de plantio podem conferir ao espumante. As principais classes de compostos aromáticos identificados nas matrizes foram: C6-C9 aldeídos, álcoois superiores, aldeídos ramificados, benzenoides, monoterpenoides, norisoprenoides, sesquiterpenoides, cetonas e ácidos graxos. Os resultados mostraram que os clones e os porta-enxertos apresentaram perfis voláteis diferentes, indicando que a variabilidade entre os clones e que a enxertia têm influência no metabolismo da baga; o clone 809 apresenta maior abundância de compostos monoterpenoides, confirmando o seu caráter moscato, das uvas aos espumantes; os diferentes sistemas de condução e densidades de plantio alteram o metabolismo da14 baga, refletindo no perfil volátil dos espumantes nas safras estudadas. Dessa forma, os dados indicam que a composição volátil sofre influência do manejo da videira ao espumante

Aroma is one of the most important factors in determining the quality and character of wine. This is due to the presence of volatile compounds that are associated with their organoleptic characteristics or different proportions among these compounds that can be influenced by viticultural (climate, soil, cultivar, management) and oenological factors (grape maturation, fermentation, post fermentation treatments). The southern region of Minas Gerais has been standing out in the production of quality sparkling wines, and in this context, the purpose of the present work was to learn about the influence of grapevine management on the development of aroma, from berry to sparkling wine, in order to establish associations with the quality of the final product. The experiments were carried out with the Chardonnay cultivar under different management conditions, in which clones, rootstocks, trellising systems and planting densities were evaluated. The free volatile compounds by HS-SPME/GC-MS of the berries, musts, base and sparkling wines in the 2016, 2017 and 2018 harvests were analyzed. The work was divided into four parts in order to present the results. The first part consisted of verifying the influence of genetic material on the volatile composition of the cv. Chardonnay with the experiments on clones and rootstocks; the second part evaluated the volatile composition of clone 809 up to the sparkling wine; the third one part analyzed the vinification of the different trainig systems; and the fourth part evaluated the evolution of the volatile compounds from the berry to the sparkling wine and analyzed the aromas that the planting densities can confer to the sparkling wine. The main classes of aromatic compounds identified in the matrices were: C6-C9 aldehydes, higher alcohols, branched aldehydes, benzenoids, monoterpenoids, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenoids, ketones and fatty acids. The results showed that the clones and the rootstocks have different volatile profiles, indicating that variability among clones and that grafting have great relevance to the berry secondary metabolism; the 809 clone presents a greater abundance of monoterpenoid compounds, confirming its muscat character, from grapes to sparkling wines; the different training systems and planting densities alter the berry´s metabolism, reflecting16 in the volatile profile of sparkling wines in the studied harvests. The data indicate that the volatile composition is influenced by the management of the berry to the sparkling wine

Prohexadione-calcium on downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot epidemiology, and yield and technological and phenolic parameters of the Merlot vine cultivar in the highland region of southern Brazil / Efeitos da prohexadiona de cálcio na epidemiologia do mildio e podridão de botrytis e no desempenho vitícola da cultivar de videira Merlot em região de altitude do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) is a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor and the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ProCa on the downy mildew (DM) and Botrytis bunch rot (BBR) epidemiology, and the yield and technological and phenolic parameters of grape Merlot cultivar. Experiments were carried out in a commercial vineyard in São Joaquim Municipality/SC, Southern Brazil, during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons. ProCa was applied at four doses and three phenological stages: A) 0 g ha−1 (control); B) 1000 g ha−1 (inflorescence fully developed); C) 500 + 500 g ha−1 (inflorescence fully developeted and full flowering); D) 500 + 500 + 500 g ha−1 (inflorescence fully developed, full flowering, and berries pea-sized). DM and BBR incidence and severity were quantified weekly from the first symptom appearance until harvest, and their epidemiology was compared according to: a) the beginning of symptom appearance; b) the time to reach the maximum disease incidence and severity; c) the maximum value of disease incidence and severity; d) the area under the disease progress curve. In general, there were significant differences in the ProCa doses for all epidemiologic parameters of DM and BBR compared with the control plot; however, there was no significant difference among the ProCa doses. The principal epidemiological variables that differentiated the effect of ProCa on the DM and BBR control were the Smax and AUSDPC. Some yield and technological and phenolic parameters were negatively affected by different doses of ProCa, but it was still a good option for DM and BBR control in highland region of southern Brazil during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons.

RESUMO: A prohexadiona-cálcio (ProCa) é um inibidor da biossíntese de giberelina e o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ProCa na epidemiologia do míldio da videira (MV) e da podridão de Botrytis (PB) e no desempenho vitícola da cultivar de videira Merlot. Experimentos foram realizados em um vinhedo comercial no município de São Joaquim/SC, Sul do Brasil, durante as safras 2017-2018 e 2018-2019. A ProCa foi aplicada em quatro doses e três estágios fenológicos: A) 0 g ha-1 (controle); B) 1000 g ha-1 (inflorescência totalmente desenvolvida); C) 500 + 500 g ha-1 (inflorescência totalmente desenvolvida e floração completa); D) 500 + 500 + 500 g ha-1 (inflorescência totalmente desenvolvida, floração completa e baga tipo ervilha). A incidência e severidade de MV e PB foram quantificadas semanalmente a partir do aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas até a colheita e a epidemiologia das doenças foram comparadas de acordo com: a) o início do aparecimento dos sintomas; b) tempo para atingir a máxima incidência e severidade da doença; c) valor máximo da incidência e severidade da doença; d) área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Em geral, houve diferenças significativas na dose de ProCa para todos os parâmetros epidemiológicos de MV e PB em comparação com o controle; no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de ProCa. As principais variáveis ​​epidemiológicas que diferenciaram o efeito da ProCa no controle do MV e PB foram o Smax e o AUSDPC. Algumas variáveis vitícolas da cultivar Merlot foram afetados negativamente por diferentes doses de ProCa, mas ainda foi uma boa opção o uso da ProCa para o controle do MV e PB em região de altitude do sul do Brasil durante as safras 2017-2018 e 2018-2019.

Oleanolic acid from black raisins, Vitis vinifera with antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials on HCT 116 colon cancer cell line

Vitis vinifera (black raisin) is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. In the present study, anti-oxidative and anti-cancer efficacy of oleanolic acid from ethyl acetate fraction of black raisins was evaluated and oleanolic acid was isolated without using of any chromatographic techniques and subjected to spectral assessment using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and FT-IR for structural confirmation. Antiproliferative efficacy of oleanolic acid against human colon adenocarcinoma HCT-116 cells was assessed using cell viability assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined and found to be 40 µg/mL at 48h incubation. Furthermore, antioxidant property of oleanolic acid was analyzed using DPPH method (IC50 is 61.5µg/mL) by compared to standard antioxidants ascorbic acid, gallic acid, pyrogallol and butylated hydroxytoluene. Hence, the present study aims to establish the use of oleanolic acid as a potential therapeutic agent against human colon cancer.

Vitis vinifera acts as anti-Alzheimer's agent by modulating biochemical parameters implicated in cognition and memory

Background: Aluminum a known neuro and cholinotoxin has been implicated in the pathogenesis ofAlzheimer’s disease. Its exposure is associated with impairment of the memory and cognition.Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer’s activity of Vitis vinifera inaluminum induced Alzheimer’s disease.Materials and methods: In this study, we investigated the behavioral and biochemical effects ofaluminum in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were exposed to aluminum chloride (100 mg/kg/day) orallyfor a period of 8 weeks. Vitis was given in doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 16 weeks and thepossible effects of Vitis vinifera on the expression of Tau and amyloid precursor protein were evaluated byPCR analysis and the possible activities of lipid peroxidation, inflammation and anti-cholinesterase activity were evaluated.Results: Aluminum intoxication was associated with significant impairment in learning and memory inMorris water maze test. A significant improvement was observed with Vitis vinifera in a dose dependentmanner.Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed the significant neuroprotective actions of Vitisvinifera by modifying the biochemical parameters and inhibited the mRNA expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Tau, which are the key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, which wasfurther confirmed by histopathological observations.© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Bioactive compounds in wines produced in a new area for vitiviniculture in Brazil / Compostos bioativos em vinhos produzidos em nova área de vitivinicultura no Brasil

Wines are known for its high content of bioactive compounds that can be influenced by the region and climate where the grapes are produced. New regions of production are normally developed using techniques and standards for other traditional regions, but is important to characterize the wine profile, which is different according to the terroir, and can be important for future geographic indications. The aim of this study was to evaluate color, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content and phenolic compounds profile in wines produced in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Wines were produced in different wineries of the same region using the varieties Syrah, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc (red), Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc (white) and Syrah (rose), from municipalities of Cordislândia, Boa Esperança and Três Corações, located in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Wines produced in Minas Gerais State presented contents of t-resveratrol, total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols and phenolic acids consistent to the contents observed in wines from traditional regions of production. However, the terroir and the grape variety can result in a differentiation of compounds observed in wines. Syrah red wines produced in Boa Esperança stood out with higher amounts of anthocyanins (24.29 mg L-1), phenolic acids (123,19 mg L-1 ) and flavonols (35.55 mg L-1), when compared to wines from the same variety from other municipalities and other evaluated red wines. Sauvignon Blanc wines from Boa Esperança presented higher contents of phenolic acids and total flavonols, when compared to wines of the same variety produced in Cordislândia. Chardonay wines presented higher total phenolics content, when compared to ohther evaluated white wines. Rose wine produced in the South of Minas Gerais presented the phenolic acids content of 36,33 mg L-1 and total flavonols content of 29,7 mg L-1. The highest antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, (% of free radicals scavenging - FRS) was observed for Syrah wines from Três Corações, (75.37%), but not different from Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Cordislândia (72.50%), values that can be correlated with the largest content of phenolics observed in wines as phenolic compounds (3009 mg L-1). No differences were observed in the contents of the antioxidant activity of white wines. This results indicate that the studied wines present the necessary nutritional and beneficial characteristics to compete in the supply of bioactive compounds during consumption, when compared to wines produced in traditional and different regions in Brazil and other countries.

Vinhos são conhecidos por seu alto teor de compostos bioativos, os quais podem ser influenciados pela região e clima de cultivo das uvas. Novas regiões de produção são normalmente desenvolvidas utilizando técnicas padrões estabelecidos em regiões produtoras tradicionais, mas é importante a caracterização do perfil do vinho obtido, que é diferente de acordo com o terroir e pode ser importante em futuras indicações geográficas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a cor, capacidade antioxidante, teor de antocianinas e perfil de compostos fenólicos em vinhos produzidos no estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vinhos foram produzidos em diferentes vinícolas do estafo utilizando as variedades Syrah, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc (tintos), Chardonnay e Sauvignon Blanc (brancos) e vinhos Syrah (rose) roses dos municípios de Cordislândia, Boa Esperança e Três Corações, localizados no sul de Minas Gerais. Vinhos produzidos no estado de Minas Gerais apresentaram teores de t-resveraatrol, fenólicos totais, antocianinas, flavonóis, favanois e ácidos fenólicos consistentes com os observados em vinhos de outras regiões produtoras. No entanto, o terroir e a variedade de uva podem resultar em uma diferenciação de compostos observados em vinhos. Vinhos Syrah produzidos em Boa Esperança se destacaram com altos teores de antocianinas (24.29 mg L-1), ácidos fenólicos (123.19 mg L-1) and flavanois (35.55 mg L-1), quando comparados com vinhos da mesma variedade de outros municípios e os demais vinhos tintos avalaidos. Vinhos Sauvignon Blanc de Boa Esperança apresentaram altos tores de ácidos fenólicos e flavonoids totais, quando comparados com vinhos da mesma variedade produzidos em Cordislândia. Vinhos Chardonay apresentaram maiores teores de fenólicos totaisquando comparados com outros vinhos brancos avaliados. Vinhos Rosé produzidos no Sul de Minas Gerais apresentaram teores de ácidos fenólicos de 36.33 mg L-1 e toeres de flavonois totais de 29.7 mg L-1. Maior atividade antioxidante pelo método do DPPH (% de sequestro de radicais livres) foi observada em vinhos Syrah produzidos em Três Corações (75.37%), não se diferenciando de vinhos Cabernet Sauvignon de Cordislândia (72,50%), teores que podem ser correlacionados com o maiores tores de de fenólicos em vinhos, na forma de compostos fenólicos (3009 mg L-1).Não foram observadas diferenças nos teores de atividade antioxidante em vinhos brancos. Os resultados indicam que os vinhos de Minas Gerais paresental características nutricionais e benéficas indicadas no consume, quando comparados com vinhos produzidos em tradicionais e diferentes regiões do Brasil e outros países.

Biology and fertility life table of Bactrocera carambolae on grape and acerola

ABSTRACT Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae), native of Southeast Asia, is present in Brazil but restricted to Amapá, Pará and Roraima, where it has quarantine pest status. The possible dispersion to other fruit producing regions of Brazil could cause damages, including for exportation, due to quarantine restrictions imposed by fruit importing countries. The objective of this work was to describe the biological parameters and calculate the fertility life table of B. carambolae on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The mean number of punctures and the mean number of eggs per female on grapes were 1.48 ± 0.05 and 9.87 ± 0.36, respectively. The mean number puparia per fruit was 0.1 ± 0.02 (grape) and 0.5 ± 0.10 (acerola). The pupal viability was 82.4% (grape) and 70.6% (acerola). The mean time ± SE of one generation, in days, was 25.8 ± 1.10 (grape) and 19.7 ± 0.21 (acerola). The mean fecundity was 1663.8 ± 501.01 (grape) and 206.9 ± 26.21 (acerola) with eggs viability of 5.6% (grape) and 12.5% (acerola). The mean longevity, in days, was 77.3 ± 12.13 on grape and 82.4 ± 4.24 on acerola. The study found that B. carambolae completes its biological cycle on grape and on acerola leaving offspring.

New Insights on Nigella Sativa’s Protective Effect against High Fat Diet Induced Alteration in Small Intestine and Liver of Rats: a Biochemical and Histological Study

Background: Excessive consumption of High Fat Diet (HFD) harmfully impacts body tissues and organs. Interestingly, there is a highconcern towards the use of medicinal plants to ameliorate those harmful effects. Objectives: This study is aimed at investigating the effectivepossibility of Nigella Sativa (NS) seeds powder on liver and small intestine of the rats fed on HFD using biochemical, histological andmorphometric techniques. Material and Methods: Eighteen adult male albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group I(control) was fed on standard rat pellets chow, Group II (HFD) was fed on standard diet mixed butter (20% fat of diet) and Group III (HFD+ NS) was fed on HFD and concomitantly administrated Nigella sativa (300 mg/Kg daily orally) for 8 weeks. The biochemical studyincluded lipid profile assessment and the histological study included paraffin sections of small intestine and liver stained by Hematoxylinand Eosin, Masson-trichrome for liver collagen and PAS for intestinal Goblet cells to evaluate the histological alteration. Quantitativestatistical analysis of area percent of liver collagen content and goblet cells was done using Digital pro-image analysis. Results: HFD wasassociated with increased serum lipid profile. The histological analysis of hepatic sections revealed abundant fat deposition, inflammatorycell infiltrate, degeneration of hepatocytes with significant increase of collagen fibers as shown by image analysis. Inflammatory changeswith significant reduction in the mean area percent of Goblet cells were observed in intestine of HFD group. NS intake significantly loweredserum level of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, in concomitant with reversed HFD-induced histological alteration by decreasinghepatic collagen deposition and increasing intestinal goblet cells. Conclusion: Biochemical, histological and morphometric resultsprovided further evidence that crude NS seeds powder can ameliorate high fat diet–induced alteration in liver and small intestinesuggesting its beneficial use in preventive medicine.

Oviposition preference and biological performance of Ceratitis capitata in Anacardiaceae, Cactaceae and Vitaceae fruit / Preferência de oviposição e performance biológica de Ceratitis capitata em frutos de Anacardiaceae, Cactaceae e Vitaceae

The objective of this study was to compare the use of fruits of great economic and social importance for the northeast of Brazil by Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) for oviposition, larval development, size and longevity of adults. Fruits of mango (Mangifera indica L.), quiabento (Pereskia bahiensis Gürke), forage palm [Opuntia fícus indica (L.) Mill] and grape (Vitis vinifera L.) were used, as well as flies from a hybrid laboratory population. Initially, four treatments (fruits) and six replications were used; the fruits were offered to 10 C. capitata couples, with later (96 hours) egg count. The second was conducted with six treatments and 10 replicates, offering two types of fruits simultaneously, combined two to two, to 10 C. capitata couples. The last bioassay comprised four treatments and six replicates, where 20 g of fruit were offered to 20 first-instar C. capitata larvae. After six days, the larvae were placed in plastic pots containing vermiculite until pupation, quantifying larval and pupal periods, viability and pupal mass, besides longevity and adult size. The data were submitted to ANOVA using the R Core Team software. Ceratitis capitata oviposits and completes its biological cycle in the four hosts studied, exhibiting no preference for oviposition and low biological performance in quiabento fruits. It yielded smaller adults and lower grape survival. Cactaceae palm and quiabento allow the survival of C. capitata in the laboratory, and this knowledge has been reported for the first time, proving that they can act as alternative hosts in the field.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a utilização de frutos de importância econômica e social para o nordeste do Brasil por Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera: Tephritidae) para oviposição, desenvolvimento larval, tamanho e longevidade de adultos. Foram utilizados frutos de manga (Mangifera indica L.), quiabento (Pereskia bahiensis Gürke), palma-forrageira [Opuntia fícus indica (L.) Mill] e uva (Vitis vinifera L.) e moscas procedentes de uma população híbrida de laboratório. Inicialmente, utilizaram-se quatro tratamentos (frutos) e seis repetições, com o oferecimento dos frutos a 10 casais de C. capitata, com posterior (96 horas) contagem de ovos. O segundo teste foi conduzido com seis tratamentos e 10 repetições, oferecendo-se dois tipos de frutos simultaneamente, combinados dois a dois, a 10 casais de C. capitata. O último bioensaio compreendeu quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo oferecidos 20 g de fruto a 20 larvas de primeiro instar de C. capitata. Após seis dias, as larvas foram colocadas em potes plásticos contendo vermiculita até a empupação, quantificando-se: períodos larval e pupal, viabilidade e massa pupal e longevidade e tamanho do adulto. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) pelo Programa R Core Team. Ceratitis capitata oviposita e completa seu ciclo biológico nos quatro hospedeiros estudados, exibindo não preferência para oviposição e baixa performance biológica em frutos de quiabento. Este proporcionou adultos menores e a uva permitiu a menor sobrevivência. As cactáceas palma e quiabento permitem a sobrevivência de C. capitata em laboratório, sendo esse conhecimento relatado pela primeira vez, comprovando que essas espécies podem atuar como hospedeiros alternativos no campo.(AU)

Normalized difference vegetation index obtained by ground-based remote sensing to characterize vine cycle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada obtido por sensor remoto de superfície para caracterização do ciclo de videiras no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) obtained by remote sensing is widely used to monitor annual crops but few studies have investigated its use in perennial fruit crops. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal NDVI profile during grapevine cycle in vineyards established in horizontal training systems. NDVI data were obtained by the ground-based remote sensing Greenseeker in Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards located in the Serra Gaúcha region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from September to June in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 vegetative seasons. The grapevine canopies were managed in horizontal training systems (T-trellis and Y-trellis). The results indicated that the temporal NDVI values varied during the grapevine cycle (0.33 to 0.85), reflecting the changing in vigor and biomass accumulation that resulted from the phenological stages and management practices. The temporal NDVI profiles were similar to both horizontal training systems. The NDVI values were higher throughout the cycle for Cabernet Sauvignon compared to Chardonnay indicating Cabernet Sauvignon as the cultivar with greater vegetative vigor. The NDVI obtained by ground-based remote sensing is a fast and non-destructive tool to monitor and characterize the canopy in real time, compiling into a single data several parameters related to vine development, like meteorological conditions and management practices that are difficult to be quantified together.

RESUMO O índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), obtido por sensoriamento remoto, tem sido amplamente empregado no monitoramento de culturas agrícolas produtoras de grãos, porém poucos são os estudos em fruticultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a evolução temporal do NDVI obtido por sensor remoto de superfície ao longo do ciclo de videiras em sistemas horizontais de condução do dossel vegetativo. Dados de NDVI foram obtidos com sensor remoto Greenseeker em vinhedos na região da Serra Gaúcha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de setembro a junho nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. Os vinhedos das cultivares Chardonnay e Cabernet Sauvignon eram conduzidos em sistema horizontal (latada e lira). Os resultados indicaram que houve variabilidade temporal do NDVI ao longo do ciclo (de 0,33 a 0,85), a qual refletiu as alterações no acúmulo de biomassa e vigor vegetativo decorrentes das principais etapas fenológicas e práticas de manejo. A evolução temporal do NDVI foi semelhante nos sistemas latada e lira, ambos caracterizados pela condução horizontal do dossel vegetativo. Os valores de NDVI para 'Cabernet Sauvignon' foram superiores aos de 'Chardonnay' ao longo do ciclo, independe da safra avaliada e do sistema de condução, indicando 'Cabernet Sauvignon' como a cultivar de maior vigor vegetativo. O NDVI, obtido por sensor remoto de superfície, é uma forma rápida e não destrutiva de monitoramento e caracterização do dossel vegetativo em tempo real, compilando em uma única informação o desenvolvimento da videira, o qual é resultado de diversos fatores, edafo-climáticos e de manejo, dificilmente quantificados conjuntamente.

In vitro propagation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Monastrell'

Background: A protocol for the micropropagation of the grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar 'Monastrell' was developed. Initial plant material was obtained from the sanitary selection of grapevine plants performed by real-time RT-PCR to confirm the absence of Grapevine fanleaf virus, Arabis mosaic virus, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, and Grapevine fleck virus. Results: The effects of the salt composition (comparing Lloyd and McCown woody plant medium and Murashige and Skoog medium 1/2 macronutrients) and the growth regulator benzylaminopurine (BAP), at 0 and 8.9 µM, on plant propagation were evaluated using nodes as explants. The most efficient procedure consisted of bud induction in the medium with Lloyd and McCown woody plant salts and 8.9 µM BAP for 30 d along with elongation in cytokinin-free medium for 60 d, which gave 22 nodes/explant (174 plants/initial plant). A second cycle of propagation in a medium without BAP for another 60 d could give approximately 10,000 nodes, which can be obtained after an additional 2 months of culture. All plants acclimatized after the second cycle of multiplication were successfully transferred to soil. Conclusion: We developed an optimal protocol for V. vinifera cv. 'Monastrell' micropropagation, the first described for this cultivar.

Oligomeric Procyanidins (OPCs) Inhibit Procollagen Type I Secretion of Fibroblasts

Wound healing is composed of a complex process that requires harmonies of various cell populations where fibroblasts play the main role. Oligomeric procyanidins (OPC) are main components of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts, and recent studies showed OPC's effects on inflammation, cell migration, and proliferation. We investigated the effect of OPC on fibroblasts to regulate wound healing process. Human dermal fibroblast known as Hs27 cells were treated with various concentrations of OPC (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 µg/µl). Cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit assay, and the expression levels of secreted procollagen were analyzed. Procollagen levels in OPC treated cells exposed to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) or ascorbic acid were evaluated using Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Relative mRNA expressions of procollagen, molecular chaperone such as HSP47, P4H were determined by real-time PCR in OPC treated cells. OPC showed no cytotoxicity on Hs27 cells at every concentration but inhibited procollagen secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect also appeared under TGF-β1 induced collagen overproduction. Immunocytochemistry showed that higher levels of intracytoplasmic procollagen were accumulated in TGF-β1 treatment group, whereas ascorbic acid induced a release of accumulated procollagen under OPC treatment. The mRNA expressions of procollagen, molecular chaperone were not affected by OPC, but procollagen level was increased when exposed to TGF-β1. OPC inhibits procollagen secretion from fibroblasts with no effects on cell proliferations even under the environment of TGF-b1-induced collagen overproduction. OPC could regulate the diseases and symptoms of abnormal overabundant collagen production.

Berry-cluster thinning to reduce compactness of ‘Black Star’ table grapes / Despenca como método de raleio para reduzir a compacidade de cachos da uva de mesa ‘Black Star’

ABSTRACT: The berry-cluster thinning technique was evaluated at different phenological times to prevent bunch compactness of ‘Black Star’ table grape, a new somatic mutation of ‘Brasil’ grape. The trial was carried out during 2012 and 2013 seaons in a vineyard situated in Marialva, PR, Brazil. Vines were trained in an overhead trellis system and spaced at 3x4m. The randomized block design was used as a statistical model with five replications and five treatments. The following treatments were evaluated: control; brushing prior to anthesis; and berry-cluster thinning at different times, when berries were 3-6, 7-10, or 11-15mm in diameter. The prevalence of bunch compactness was evaluated considering the levels: loose, medium loose, and dense bunches. The main physico-chemical characteristics of grapes and yield were also appraised. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA, and toTukey’s test at 5% was applied. So, thinning is a mandatory practice to avoid bunch compactness of ‘Black Star’ grapes. The technique has to be performed, preferably, by means of brushing prior to anthesis, and the failure to accomplish this practice at this time, berry-cluster thinning when berries are 11-15mm in diameter can be used.

RESUMO: O método de raleio de bagas em diferentes fases fenológicas reduz a compactação de cachos da uva fina de mesa ‘Black Star’, uma nova mutação da uva ‘Brasil’. As videiras foram conduzidas em latada em espaçamento 3x4m, e o experimento foi realizado nas safras 2012 e 2013. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições e cinco tratamentos: controle sem raleio; raleio com escova plástica realizado no pré-florescimento e; despenca quando as bagas apresentavam 3-6, 7-10 ou 11-15mm de diâmetro. A compacidade predominante dos cachos foi avaliada de acordo com a seguinte classificação: cachos soltos, medianamente soltos e compactos. As características físico-químicas dos cachos e a produtividade também foram avaliadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Verificou-se que o raleio de bagas é uma prática obrigatória na uva ‘Black Star’ para diminuir a compacidade dos cachos. A operação deve ser realizada, preferencialmente, com a escova plástica no pré-florescimento, e na impossibilidade de executar ou finalizar essa prática nesta fase, pode-se empregar a despenca quando as bagas apresentarem 11-15mm de diâmetro.

Grape extract protects against ionizing radiation-induced membrane alterations in Red Blood Cells.

Ionizing radiation causes damage to biomolecules in living cells through oxidative stress by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from radiolysis of body water. Blood and its components including the cells are exposed to a significant dose of radiation during irradiation. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) contain several bioactive phytochemicals and are rich source of antioxidants. Therefore, we hypothesized that the grape extracts would offer protection against the ionizing radiation-induced damage of the red blood cells (RBCs). To test our hypothesis, in the current study we investigated the radio-protective actions of extract of four different grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars, namely Flame seedless (Black grapes), Kishmish chorni (Black with reddish brown), Red globe (Red) and Thompson seedless mutant (Sonaka, Green) against the g-irradiation-induced oxidative stress leading to the structural alteration in the RBC membrane in vitro. Freshly drawn blood samples from healthy volunteers itself or mixed with grape extracts from seed, skin or pulp of each cultivar were irradiated at 4 Gy after one hour of treatment. -irradiation for one hour did not change the hematological parameters. The average osmotic fragility (H50) and the maximum rate of hemolysis (dH/dC)max increased after the -irradiation. The confocal microscopic and atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies showed that irradiation induced transformation of RBC from biconcave cells to echinocytes, altered their surface roughness and the vertical distance. The grape extracts did not alter the viability of human erythrocytes. Our results suggested that the grape extract pretreatment ameliorated the ionizing radiation-induced alterations at a dose of 4 Gy in human erythrocytes in vitro. Moreover, protection offered by the seed extract was significantly better than that that of skin or pulp of the same cultivar. Furthermore, the protective action of grape extract depends on its source (seed, skin or pulp) as well on cultivars.

Grape yield, and must compounds of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevine in sandy soil with potassium contents increasing / Produção e composição do mosto de viníferas'Cabernet Sauvignon' cultivadas em solo arenoso com teores crescentes de potássio

ABSTRACT: Content of exchangeable potassium (K) in t soil may influence on its content in grapevines leaves, grape yield, as well as, in must composition. The study aimed to assess the interference of exchangeable K content in the soil on its leaf content, production and must composition of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' cultivar. In September 2011, in Santana do Livramento (RS) five vineyards with increasing levels of exchangeable K in the soil were selected. In the 2012/13 and 2013/14 harvests, the grape yield, yield components, total K content in the leaves in full bloom and berries veraison were evaluated. Values of total soluble sugar (TSS), pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total polyphenols and anthocyanins were evaluated in the must. Exchangeable K content increase in soil with sandy surface texture increased its content in leaves collected during full flowering and in berries and must pH; however, it did not affect production of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon'.

RESUMO: O potássio (K) é um dos macronutrientes exigidos em maior quantidade pela videira, porém o seu incremento no solo pode não aumentar a produção de uva, mas pode modificar a sua composição. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência do teor de K trocável no solo sobre o seu teor na folha, produção e composição do mosto da cv. 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. Em setembro de 2011, em Santana do Livramento (RS), foram selecionados cinco vinhedos com níveis crescentes de K trocável no solo. Nas safras 2012/13 e 2013/14, foi avaliada a produção de uva, os componentes de produção, o teor total de K nas folhas no pleno florescimento e na mudança da cor das bagas. No mosto, foram avaliados os valores de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, a acidez total titulável (ATT) e os totais de polifenóis e antocianinas. O incremento do teor de K trocável no solo aumentou o K total nas folhas no pleno florescimento, nas bagas e a composição do mosto, mas não afetou a produção de uva da cv. 'Cabernet Sauvignon'.