Relationship between Water Temperature and Floating Time of Aquatic Cadavers / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the relationship between water temperature and floating time of aquatic cadavers, providing a reference for more precise positioning and searching for floating corpses.@*METHODS@#The floating model of guinea pig after drowning at 17-30 ℃ was established, and the floating times of carcasses were recorded. The collected data of 32 floating corpse cases in the Pearl River were sorted out and analyzed according to the floating time of corpses corresponding to each degree of water temperature. The relationship models between water temperature and the floating time of guinea pig carcass, and between that and the floating time of real cases were established.@*RESULTS@#The floating time of the cadaver was negatively correlated with water temperature. The power function fitting equation of the relationship between floating time and water temperature of guinea pig carcass was y=1×1015x-10.530(R2=0.871, P<0.01), and the power function fitting equation of the relationship between corpse floating time and water temperature was y=3×106x-3.467(R2=0.802, P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is found that average floating cadaver time has a power function with water temperature, which provides a reference for locating floating cadavers and establishing search models.

Clues to differentiate Dravet syndrome from febrile seizures plus at the first visit

Objective: To investigate the clinical clues to differentiate between Dravet syndrome (DS) and febrileseizures plus (FS+). Methods: From September 2001 to March 2014, 44 consecutive patients whowere diagnosed with DS or FS+, were recruited. We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of thefirst seizure and findings of patients exhibiting seizures during hot water immersion at the first visit.Comparisons between the two groups were analyzed. Results: Thirty-two DS and 12 FS+ patientswere enrolled. The most prevalent body temperature classification in the DS group was afebrile(43.8% vs. 25%, p=0.001), followed by 37-37.9oC (31.3% vs. 8.3%, p=0.02), and that in the FS+group was at 39oC or above (33.3% vs. 9.4%, p=0.001). The most prevalent seizure type in the DSgroup was focal motor seizures (43.8% vs. 25%, p=0.001), followed by alternating hemiconvulsiveseizures (12.5% vs. 0%, p=0.005), and that in the FS+ group was generalized clonic and/or tonic-clonicseizures (83.3% vs. 37.5%, p=0.002). Compared with the FS+ group, there was a greater prevalenceof vaccination-related seizure as the first presenting feature among the DS patients (46.9% vs. 8.3%,p<0.001). During hot water immersion, myoclonic seizure was seen significantly in the DS group(46.4% vs. 25.5%, p=0.013).Conclusions: Afebrile and mild body temperature variation below 38oC, focal motor seizure oralternating hemiconvulsive seizure types, and vaccination-related first seizure were found to be cluesfor highly suspected DS.

Temperatura y emergencia diaria de siete géneros de Ephemeroptera(Insecta) en un río de la Selva Nublada de los Andes Tropicales / Temperature and daily emergence of seven genera of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) in a cloud forest stream of tropical Andes

ResumenLa emergencia diaria de los efemerópteros de ríos neotropicales y sus causas, han sido poco estudiadas. En zonas templadas, este proceso es mejor conocido y atribuido a diversos factores. En este trabajo, estudiamos la emergencia diaria de subimagos de varios géneros de Ephemeroptera en un río en una selva nublada andina venezolana, y sus posibles relaciones con cambios diarios de la temperatura ambiente. Cuatro trampas de emergencia fueron colocadas en un tramo de 50m del río, y cada una se examinó cada dos horas durante 24 horas para recolectar los subimagos recién emergidos. Este procedimiento fue repetido en ocho fechas, entre noviembre-2007 y febrero-2008, para un total de 32 observaciones en cada hora de muestreo. Los subimagos fueron criados hasta adultos e identificados hasta género. Para cada género y hora de muestreo calculamos la densidad relativa de emergencia por trampa. La temperatura del agua y del aire fueron medidas cada hora del ciclo diario de observación y, para cada hora calculamos la temperatura promedio y los gradoshoras promedio del aire y del agua, de las ocho fechas estudiadas. Se identificaron siete géneros: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 y Haplohyphes Allen, 1966 (Leptohyphidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz y McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz y McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham y Murphy, 1924 y Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); y Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); siendo más abundantes Leptohyphes (38.4 %) y Thraulodes (20.5 %). La emergencia ocurrió entre las 11:00 am y 23:00 pm, y mostró lo siguiente: a) una emergencia iniciada en horas diurnas, por organismos de Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes y Haplohyphes; b) una emergencia nocturna, realizada por Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes y Americabaetis; y c) dos máximos, uno diurno producido por Leptohyphes, y otro nocturno con predominancia de Thraulodes. Estos resultados son los primeros registros sobre la emergencia diaria diurna en Andesiops, Prebaetodes, Americabaetis, Haplohyphes y Leptohyphes; así como, de la emergencia nocturna en Thraulodes. Se evidenció que Leptohyphes, con ninfas pequeñas (ancho cefálico promedio = 1.05 mm), necesitó acumular menos grados-horas para iniciar la emergencia que los requeridos por Thraulodes, cuyas ninfas son más grandes (ancho cefálico promedio = 2.01 mm). Esta disparidad en los requerimientos energéticos para la emergencia, debe ser consecuencia de diferencias entre los tamaños de las ninfas maduras de ambos géneros; hechos que se apoyan sobre la constancia de tamaños que muestran ambos taxa en un gradiente térmico-altitudinal, y en la poca variabilidad diaria y estacional de la temperatura del agua en el río La Picón. En el lapso diario de emergencia, las temperaturas promedios del aire y del agua fueron superiores a aquellas registradas dentro del lapso de no-emergencia; en consecuencia, se propone que durante el lapso diario en el que ocurre este proceso, el ambiente es térmicamente favorable para la emergencia de los subimagos y su supervivencia fuera del agua.

AbstractDaily emergence of mayflies in Neotropical rivers and their causes have been poorly studied. In temperate zones, this process is better known and attributed to several factors. In this work, we studied the daily emergence of subimagines of several Ephemeroptera genera in La Picón River of a Venezuelan Andean cloud forest and its relation with changes of environmental temperature. Four emergence traps were placed along a reach of 50 m of the stream, each one was examined each two hours in a 24 hr cycle to capture the newly emerged subimagos. This procedure was repeated for eight dates between November-2007 and February-2008 for a total of 32 observations in each sampling hour. The subimagos were reared to adults and identified to genus. The relative density of emergence per trap was calculated for each genus and sampling hour. Water and air temperature were measured each hour during the daily cycle of observation, and the averages of temperature and hour-degrees of air and water were calculated for each hour from the eight dates studied. Seven genera were identified: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 and Haplohyphes Allen 1966 (Leptohyphidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, 1924 and Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); and Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); being the more abundant Leptohyphes (38.4 %) and Thraulodes (20.5 %). The emergence occurred between 11:00 am and 23:00 pm showing the following: a) an emergence initiated during daylight hours by organisms of Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes and Haplohyphes; b) a nocturnal emergence, in Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes and Americabaetis; and c) two peaks: one diurnal produced by Leptohyphes and other nocturnal with predominance of Thraulodes. These results are the first records on the diurnal daily emergence in Andesiops,Prebaetodes,Americabaetis, Haplohyphes, and Leptohyphes, as well as the nocturnal emergence in Thraulodes. It was evidenced that Leptohyphes, with small nymphs (average head width = 1.05 mm) needed to accumulate less hourdegrees to initiate the emergence than those required by Thraulodes whose nymphs are larger (average head width = 2.01 mm). This disparity in the emergence energy requirements must be consequence of differences between the sizes of mature nymphs of both genera; facts which rely on the constancy of sizes shown by these taxa along an altitudinal-thermal gradient and the little daily and seasonal variability of water temperature in La Picón River. In the daily lapse when the emergence occurred, the air and water average temperatures were higher than those registered in the no-emergence lapse; therefore; it is suggested that during the daily lapse, when this process occurs, the environment is thermally favorable for the emergence of subimagos and their survival out of water. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 117-130. Epub 2016 March 01.

Changes of salvianolic acid B in salvia miltiorrhiza and its decoction pieces after contact with water at different temperatures / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contents of salvianolic acid B in Salvia Miltiorrhiza and its decoction pieces after contact with water at different temperatures, and analyze the causes of the content changes.

Spawning of migratory fish species between two reservoirs of the upper Uruguay River, Brazil

This study investigated the migratory fish spawning within the reservoirs of the Machadinho and Itá dams (upper Uruguay River, Brazil) and its relationship to environmental variables. Sampling was conducted in the lotic region of the river in two sites between the dams' reservoirs: Uruguay (main river) and Ligeiro (tributary). Sampling included nine consecutive reproductive periods (RP) spanning the period from 2001 to 2010 and was conducted at night on the water surface using cylindrical-conical plankton nets (0.5 mm mesh); environmental variables were also recorded. The spawning of the migratory species Salminus brasiliensis, Prochilodus lineatus, and Steindachneridion scriptum was registered: S. brasiliensis and P. lineatus spawned in the tributary river at the end of spring/beginning of summer, during flooding and during periods of high water temperature. Steindachneridion scriptum spawned in the main river at the beginning of spring. The study showed that S. brasiliensis, P. lineatus, and S. scriptum are able to spawn in small lotic river stretches within two reservoirs, but only under very specific and not common environmental conditions.

Este estudo verificou a presença de desova de peixes migradores entre os reservatórios das Usinas Hidrelétricas de Machadinho e Itá (alto rio Uruguai, Brasil), e sua relação com as variáveis ambientais. As amostragens foram realizadas na região lótica do rio Uruguai, no trecho situado entre os reservatórios de Itá e Machadinho, em duas estações de amostragem: Uruguai (Principal) e Ligeiro (Tributário). As coletas abrangeram nove períodos reprodutivos (PR) consecutivos, desde 2001 até 2010, e foram realizadas no período noturno, na superfície, com o uso de redes de plâncton do tipo cilíndrico-cônicas de malha 0,5 mm, quando também foram registradas as variáveis ambientais. O estudo registrou a desova de três espécies migradoras: Salminus brasiliensis, Prochilodus lineatus e Steindachneridion scriptum. As populações de S. brasiliensis e P. lineatus desovaram no rio tributário no final da primavera e início do verão em condições de enchentes e temperatura da água mais alta. Steindachneridion scriptum desovou no rio principal durante o início da primavera. O presente estudo mostra que S. brasiliensis, P. lineatus e S. scriptum conseguem desovar em pequenos trechos lóticos de rio entre dois reservatórios, porém em condições ambientais determinadas e pouco frequentes.

Body weight is inversely associated with ammonia excretion in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp) / El peso corporal esta inversamente relacionado con la excreción de amonio en tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp) / O peso corporal está inversamente relacionado com a excreção de amônia em tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis sp)

To meet the increasing demand for fish, aquaculture has expanded through intensive farming that requires large amounts of feed. This can cause environmental and economic difficulties because fish can only retain 20 to 30 % of the ingested nitrogen (N). The remaining fraction is excreted as ammonium and can accumulate in water, thus becoming detrimental to fish performance. This experiment used red tilapia (Oreochromis sp) to determine the effects of temperature, body weight, and dietary crude protein (CP) on ammonium excretion. A factorial AxBxC design was used to compare total ammonium excreted. Factor A is defined as fish body weight (P). Fish weights were: P1= 100 ± 6.2, P2= 249 ± 4.2 y P3= 498 ± 4.7g. Factor B is defined as dietary protein levels (D1, D2 y D3), and factor C as water temperature (T1 and T2). Increased dietary protein levels, as well as water temperature caused significant increases in ammonium excretion (p<0.05). Body weight showed an inverse relationship with ammonia excretion. The 100 g fish at 26 ºC consuming a 25.6% CP diet excreted 468.8 ± 2.2 g N- NH4+ /day/kg, while 498 g fish under the same diet and temperature, excreted 356.3 ± 1.6 mg N- NH4+ /day/kg. This study suggests that dietary factors and environmental variables can alter ammonia excretion in fish, and thus affect of ammonia toxicity in the surrounding water.

Con el fin de atender la creciente demanda del mercado, la acuicultura se ha expandido mediante la implementación de sistemas de cultivo intensivo que requieren suministro de altas cantidades de alimento. Estas condiciones pueden generar dificultades ambientales y económicas debido a que los peces solamente pueden retener 20 a 30% del nitrógeno (N) ingerido; la proporción restante, que es excretada en la forma de amonio, se puede acumular en al agua llegando a ser perjudicial para los peces. El presente experimento fue realizado con el fin de determinar el efecto de la temperatura, peso corporal y niveles proteicos de las dietas sobre las tasas de excreción de amonio total en tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp). Para la cuantificación del amonio total se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial AxBxC, siendo el factor A = peso corporal de los peces (P1= 100 ± 6.2, P2= 249 ± 4.2 y P3= 498 ± 4.7 g), B= dietas experimentales (D1, D2 y D3) y C = temperatura del agua (T1 Y 72). El aumento de los niveles de proteína de la dieta, así como de la temperatura del agua, ocasionaron incrementos significativos en las tasas de excreción de amonio total (p<0.05). El peso corporal presentó una relación inversa respecto a la tasa de excreción de amonio. Peces de 100 g a 26 ºC y una dieta con un nivel proteico del 25.6% excretaron 468.8 ± 2.2 g N-NH4+ al día/kg de peso vivo, en tanto que peces de 498 g bajo la misma dieta y la misma temperatura, excretaron 356.3 ± 1.6 mg N-NH4+ al día/kg de peso vivo.

Para atender à crescente demanda do mercado, a aquicultura tem se expandido através da implementação de sistemas de agricultura intensiva que exigem a entrega de grandes quantidades de alimentos. Essas condições podem gerar dificuldades ambientais e económicas porque o peixe só pode conter 20 a 30% de nitrogênio (N) ingeridos, o resto é excretada na forma de amônia pode acumular-se na água tornando-se prejudicial para os peixes. Este experimento foi conduzido para determinar o efeito da temperatura, peso corporal e níveis de proteína na dieta sobre a taxa de excreção de amônia total em tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis sp.) Para a quantificação de amônia total foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com AxBxC factorial, sendo o factor A = peso corporal dos peixes (P1 = 100 ± 6.2, P2 = 249 ± 4.2 e P3 = 498 ± 4.7 g), B = dietas experimentais (D1, D2 e D3) e C = temperatura da água (T1 e 72). Aumento dos níveis de proteína na dieta, bem como a temperatura da água, resultou em aumentos significativos nas taxas de excreção de amônia total (p<0.05). O peso corporal mostrou uma relação inversa com a taxa de excreção de amônia. Peixes de 100 g mantidos em 26 ºC e uma dieta com teor proteico de 25.6% excretaram 468.8 ± 2.2 g de N-NH4 + por dia / kg de peso corporal, enquanto os peixes de 498 g com a mesma dieta e à mesma temperatura, excretada 356.3 ± 1.6 mg N-NH4 + por dia / kg de peso vivo.

Physical factors and their influence on fish species composition in Asa Lake, Ilorin, Nigeria

The effect of physical factors on fish species composition was studied during 12 months in Asa Lake, Nigeria. Fish and water samples were collected bimonthly (March 2003 to February 2004) in the morning. Fish samples were caught with gill nets set at the surface and bottom habitats. There were 11 fish families and 21 species. Osteoglossidae, Anabantidae, Channidae, Schilbedae and Cyprinidae were rare and occurred seasonally in fishermen catches, while Mormyridae, Cichlidae, Mochokidae, Characidae, Bagridae and Clariidae showed less variation and were more common. Characidae and Cichlidae were the most abundant (23.0 and 18.6% respectively) while Osteoglossidae, Channidae and Anabantidae were the least (1.7, 2.1 and 2.3% respectively). Clariidae and Mormyridae had the highest weight with 16.0% and 12.3% respectively, while Anabantidae had the lowest (3.4%). Surface water temperatures were generally higher than air temperatures during the afternoon, except from January to March when air temperatures were high (28.1 to 28.7 ºC) due to low relative humidity (39 to 70%). In the morning, surface water temperatures (25.5 to 26.3 ºC) became higher than air temperatures (25.2 to 26.0 ºC) from May to December, when relative humidity values were also high (50 to 88%). The differences between surface and bottom water temperatures was generally higher (0.7 to 3.1 ºC; P < 0.05) in the afternoon (0.2 to 0.8 ºC) due to sunlight. Temperature differences in the surface and bottom waters were usually higher during the dry season (P < 0.05), for similar reasons. Captures were higher in the dry season when the fish concentrated in the warmer, steadier and scarcer water. Minimal and maximal temperatures were different for surface and bottom waters (P < 0.05). However, there were no marked variations in temperature patterns or species distribution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 167-175. Epub 2009 June 30.

Estudié la composición de especies de peces y las temperaturas durante 12 meses en el lago Asa, Nigeria. Recolecté muestras de peces y de agua bimestralmente en la mañana, de marzo 2003 a febrero 2004. Los peces (11 familias y 21 especies) fueron capturados con atarrayas en la superficie y el fondo. Osteoglossidae, Anabantidae, Channidae, Schilbedae y Cyprinidae fueron raras y aparecieron estacionalmente en las capturas de pescadores, mientras que Mormyridae, Cichlidae, Mochokidae, Characidae, Bagridae y Clariidae mostraron menos variación y fueron más comunes. Las familias Characidae y Cichlidae fueron las más abundantes (23.0 y 18.6% respectivamente) mientras Osteoglossidae, Channidae y Anabantidae fueron las más escasas (1.7, 2.1 y 2.3% respectivamente). Clariidae y Mormyridae tuvieron el peso más alto con 16.0% y 12.3% respectivamente, mientras que Anabantidae fue la más baja, con 3.4%. La estación seca correspondió con capturas altas al concentrarse los peces en el agua más cálida, estable y escasa. Las temperaturas mínimas y máximas fueron diferentes en las aguas superficiales y del fondo (P < 0.05). No obstante, no hubo variaciones marcadas en el patrón de temperatura y distribución de peces.

Freshwater temperature in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, and its implication for fish culture

In this study we verified data of water temperatures collected by CORSAN-RS from 1996 to 2004 in several cities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and analyzed the possibility of raising the most cultivated fish species in Brazil. The water temperature from 1996 to 2004 was 16 to 28ºC in summer, 17 to 23ºC in fall, 14 to 17ºC (down to 9ºC in the coldest months) in winter and 14 to 21ºC in spring. Native species of this state, such as silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), dorado (Salminus brasiliensis), pintado (Pimelodus maculatus), as well as carps (family Cyprinidae), are resistant to the low winter temperatures. These species have a lower growth rate in coldest months (winter/spring) but a good development in warmer months (summer/fall), reaching a satisfactory performance throughout the year. In the periods of more intense cold, mortality of some introduced species, such as surubim from Amazon Basin (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) may occur. In addition, as most tropical species have a thermal range for growth and reproduction between 20 to 28ºC, some species may have poor development even in fall. Therefore, water temperature in this state should be considered in the choice of fish species to be cultivated.

Neste estudo verificaram-se dados de temperaturas de água coletados pela CORSAN-RS de 1996 a 2004, em várias cidades do estado do Rio Grande Sul, sul do Brasil, e analisou-se a possibilidade de criação das principais espécies de peixe cultivadas no Brasil. A temperatura da água de 1996 a 2004 foi de 16 a 28ºC no verão, de 17 a 25ºC no outono, 14 a 17ºC (chegando a 9ºC nos meses mais frios) no inverno e 14 a 21ºC na primavera. Espécies nativas deste estado, como o jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), traíra (Hoplias malabaricus), dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), pintado (Pimelodus maculatus), assim como as carpas (família Cyprinidae), são resistentes às baixas temperaturas do inverno. Estas espécies apresentam uma menor taxa de crescimento nos meses mais frios (inverno/primavera), mas um bom desenvolvimento em meses mais quentes (verão/outono), alcançando um desempenho satisfatório durante o ano. Nos períodos de frios mais intensos pode ocorrer uma intensa mortalidade de algumas espécies introduzidas, como o surubim da Bacia Amazônica (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e tilápia nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus). Além disso, como a maioria das espécies tropicais apresenta sua faixa térmica para crescimento e reprodução entre 20 a 28ºC, algumas espécies podem ter um baixo desenvolvimento também no outono. Portanto, a temperatura da água deste estado deve ser considerada na escolha das espécies de peixes a serem cultivadas.

Physiological Effects of Local Bubbling during Bathing / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Physiological effects of local bubbling during bathing have been evaluated from three series of experiments. In the first series, four male subjects bathed for 6 minutes. and their chests were exposed to bubbling at rates of 13, 20 and 45<i>l</i>/min. Water temperature (Tw) was initially controlled to 37 and 42°C, and then adjusted by the subjects to optimum Tw. In the second series, four male subjects bathed in 39°C water. Four sites (chest, back, lower back, and shin) were exposed to bubbling at rates of 8, 13<i>l</i>/min and the rate of 8<i>l</i>/min alternating with the rate of 13<i>l</i>/min at second intervals. In the last series, four male subjects bathed in 39°C water and two sites (chest and lower back) were exposed to bubbling at rates of 13, 33 and 46<i>l</i>/min. Blood pressure, heart rate, rectal and skin temperatures, minute ventilation were monitored on each occasion.<br>Subjectively determined optimum Tw was about 39°C in the case of initial Tw of 37°C, and was 41°C in the case of initial Tw of 42°C. Systolic blood pressure decreased while heart rate and minute ventilation increased during bathing. Physiological variables changed significantly when chest and lower back were exposed to bubbling at the rate of 33<i>l</i>/min. The increase in rectal temperature after bathing is likely proportional to the decrease in skin temperature at the lower extremities. It is, therefore, suggested from these results that local bubbling to chest/back may be most effective when the rate of bubbling is controlled in the range of 20-35<i>l</i>/min at Tw of 39°C.

IMPACT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON SHEDDING AND INFECTIVITY OF CERCARIAE OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To observe the impact of water temperature on shedding and infectivity of the cercariea of Schistosoma japonicum under laboratory condition. Methods Infected snails were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35℃ and 40℃ water for 4 hours for shedding of cercariae respectively, the shedding rates and total numbers of cercariae shed were investigated. The mice were infected with cercariae in 1, 10, 20, 30℃ and 40℃ water for 30 minutes respectively, the infection rates and mean worm burden of mice were investigated. Results The cercariae were shed from infected snails with Jiangsu or Yunnan isolate of [WT5”BX]S. japonicum in water ranged from 1℃ to 40℃, but the fittest water temperatures range for shedding of cercariae of Yunnan isolate of S.japonicum[WT5”BZ] is from 20℃ to 35℃, while fittest range for Jiangsu isolate is from 15℃ to 35℃. All of the infection rates of mice infected with cercariae of Jiangsu isolate of S.japonicum in the water ranged from 1℃ to 40℃ were 100.0%. Infection rates of mice infected with cercariae of Yunnan isolate of S. japonicum in the water ranged from 1℃ to 40℃ were more than 83.3%. Conclusions When infected snails are exposed to the water with temperature ranged from 1℃ to 40℃ it is possible for cercariae to shed and infect the final hosts . It is suggested that there is a possibility of infection with S.japonicum when contacting the water near marshlands with infected snails in winter.