Effect of training session on mood state responses in athletes of wheelchair basketball team / Efeito de sessões de treinamento nas respostas de estado de humor em atletas de uma equipe de basquete em cadeira de rodas

ABSTRACT The assessment of mood state can be used as a tool for monitoring the training adaptation. However, to athletes with a physical disability, this tool is still a few explored, especially in training daily conditions. The aim of the study was to analyze the mood state during training sessions in wheelchair basketball athletes. Twelve male athletes, aged between 23 and 62 years old, were evaluated. The subjects answered the POMS questionnaire before and after five training sessions during the preparatory period. Shapiro Wilk test for normality and Friedman were used for comparison amongst sessions, adopting p<0.05. It was found that the athletes presented a positive mood profile (iceberg) during the analyzed period. A negative mood reduction and positive mood maintenance were observed after all training sessions. Therefore, the results indicate that the training sessions can decrease the negative mood dimension, especially the depression and anger in wheelchair basketball athletes.

RESUMO A avaliação do estado de humor pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta para monitorar as adaptações ao treinamento. Entretanto, para atletas com deficiência física, essa ferramenta ainda encontram-se pouco explorada, principalmente em condições do dia a dia de treinamento. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o estado de humor durante sessões de treinamento em atletas de basquete em cadeira de rodas. Foram avaliados 12 atletas do sexo masculino, com idade entre 23 e 62 anos. Os sujeitos responderam o questionário POMS pré e pós cinco sessões de treinamento durante o período preparatório. Foram utilizados o teste de Shapiro Wilk para normalidade e Friedman para comparação do humor entre as sessões, adotando-se p<0,05. Verificou-se que os atletas apresentaram um perfil positivo (iceberg) de humor nas sessões analisadas. Uma redução do humor negativo e uma manutenção do humor positivo foi observada após todas as sessões de treinamento. Dessa maneira, os resultados indicam que sessões de treinamento esportivo podem diminuir as dimensões negativas do humor, principalmente a depressão e a raiva em atletas de uma equipe de basquete em cadeira de rodas.

Predisposição ao fluxo: percepção dos praticantes do basquete em cadeira de rodas / Flow prediction: perception of wheelchair basketball practicers / Disposición a flujo: percepción de los practicantes de baloncesto en silla de ruedas

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a percepção de fluxo em 15 paratletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas do sexo masculino. Para isto, foi utilizada a "Escala de Predisposição ao Fluxo" e a análise de dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva e análise de correlação para estabelecer a relação entre as dimensões do estado de fluxo. De modo geral verificamos que os paratletas vivenciam o estado de fluxo, sendo que experiência autotélica e clareza de metas foram as dimensões com maior prevalência entre os praticantes da modalidade, assim como concentração na tarefa apresentou-se correlacionada com as dimensões fusão entre ação e consciência, metas claras, percepção de controle, e experiência autotélica.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the perception of flow in 15 male wheelchair basketball athletes. For this, the "Flow Predisposition Scale" was used and the data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to establish the relationship between the flow feeling dimensions. In general, we verified that the athletes experience flow, specially autothelic experience and clarity of goals, the dimensions with greater prevalence among the practitioners of the modality, as well as concentration on task was correlated with the dimensions fusion between action and consciousness, clear goals, perception of control, and autotelic experience.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la percepción de flujo en 15 atletas de baloncesto en silla de ruedas del sexo masculino. Para ello, se utilizó la "Escala de Predisposición al Flujo" y el análisis de datos fue realizado por medio de estadística descriptiva y análisis de correlación para establecer la relación entre las dimensiones del estado de flujo. En general verificamos que los atletas experimentan el estado de flujo, siendo que la experiencia autotélica y la claridad de metas fueron las dimensiones con mayor prevalencia entre los practicantes de la modalidad, así como concentración en tarea se presentó correlacionada con las dimensiones de fusión entre acción y conciencia, metas claras, percepción de control, y experiencia autotélica.

Electrophysiologic and Ultrasonographic Assessment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Wheelchair Basketball Athletes

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contributing factors of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), electrodiagnostic and ultrasonographic findings of median nerve, and median nerve change after exercise in wheelchair basketball (WCB) players. METHODS: Fifteen WCB players with manual wheelchairs were enrolled in the study. Medical history of the subjects was taken. Electrodiagnosis and ultrasonography of both median nerves were performed to assess CTS in WCB players. Ultrasonographic median nerves evaluation was conducted after wheelchair propulsion for 20 minutes. RESULTS: Average body mass index (BMI) and period of wheelchair use of CTS subjects were greater than those of normal subjects. Electrodiagnosis revealed CTS in 14 of 30 hands (47%). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of median nerve was greater in CTS subjects than in normal subjects at 0.5 cm and 1 cm proximal to distal wrist crease (DWC), DWC, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 3.5 cm distal to DWC. After exercising, median nerve CSAs at 0.5 cm and 1 cm proximal to DWC, DWC, and 3 cm and 3.5 cm distal to DWC were greater than baseline CSAs in CTS subjects; and median nerve CSAs at 1 cm proximal to DWC and DWC were greater than baseline CSAs in normal subjects. The changes in median nerve CSA after exercise in CTS subjects were greater than in normal subjects at 0.5 cm proximal to DWC and 3 cm and 3.5 cm distal to DWC. CONCLUSION: BMI and total period of wheelchair use contributed to developing CTS in WCB players. The experimental exercise might be related to the median nerve swelling around the inlet and outlet of carpal tunnel in WCB athletes with CTS.

Explosive strength training improves speed and agility in wheelchair basketball athletes / Treinamento de força explosiva melhora a velocidade e a agilidade de atletas de basquetebol em cadeiras de rodas / Entrenamiento de Fuerza Explosiva mejora la velocidad y la agilidad de atletas de básquetbol en sillas de ruedas

INTRODUCTION: Wheelchair basketball is a paralympic sport characterized by intermittent high-intensity activities that require explosive strength and speed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of explosive strength training on speed and agility performance in wheelchair basketball players. METHODS: Ten male wheelchair basketball players (Mage=31±4 yrs) were divided into two groups [i.e. explosive strength training (ES); control (CN)] based on International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classification scores. The ES group underwent 6-weeks of training, twice weekly, at 50% 1RM, 10-12 repetitions and 3-4 sets in addition to routine training. Effects of training were measured by the 20 m sprint test and Illinois agility test. RESULTS: The ES group, showed significantly higher increases in speed and agility performance (p ≤ .05). CONCLUSION: A short-duration (i.e. 6-week) explosive strength training programme in wheelchair basketball athletes results in significant improvements in sprint and agility performance. .

INTRODUÇÃO: O basquete em cadeira de rodas é um esporte paralímpico caracterizado por atividades intermitentes de alta intensidade que exigem força explosiva e velocidade. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do treinamento de força explosiva sobre a velocidade e o desempenho da agilidade em jogadores de basquete em cadeira de rodas. MÉTODOS: Dez jogadores de basquete do sexo masculino em cadeira de rodas (Midade = 31 ± 4 anos) foram divididos em dois grupos [ou seja, treinamento de força explosiva (FE) e controle (CN)], com base em cadeira de rodas de acordo com os escores de classificação da Federação Internacional de Basquetebol em Cadeira de Rodas (IWBF). O grupo FE realizou 6 semanas de treinamento, duas vezes por semana, a 50% de 1RM, 10-12 repetições e 3-4 séries, além de treinamento de rotina. Os efeitos de treinamento foram medidos pelo teste de corrida de 20 metros (sprint test) e pelo teste de agilidade de Illinois. RESULTADOS: O grupo FE mostrou aumentos significantemente maiores de velocidade e desempenho de agilidade (p ≤ 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A curta duração (isto é, 6 semanas) do programa de treinamento de força explosiva em atletas de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas resulta em melhorias expressivas do desempenho na corrida e de agilidade. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: El básquetbol en silla de ruedas en el deporte paraolímpico caracterizado por actividades intermitentes de alta intensidad, las cuales exigen fuerza explosiva y velocidad. OBJETIVO: Investigar el efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva sobre la velocidad y el desempeño de la agilidad en jugadores de básquetbol en silla de ruedas. MÉTODOS: Diez jugadores de básquetbol del sexo masculino en silla de ruedas (Promedioedad = 31 ± 4 años) fueron divididos en dos grupos [o sea, entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva (FE) y control (CN)], con base en silla de ruedas, de acuerdo con las puntuaciones de clasificación de la Federación Internacional de Baloncesto en Silla de Ruedas (IWBF). El grupo de FE realizó 6 semanas de entrenamiento, dos veces por semana, a 50% de 1RM, 10-12 repeticiones y 3-4 series, además de entrenamiento de rutina. Los efectos del entrenamiento fueron medidos mediante la prueba de carrera de 20 metros (sprint test) y por la prueba de agilidad de Illinois. RESULTADOS: El grupo de FE mostró aumentos significantemente mayores de velocidad y desempeño de agilidad (p ≤ 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: La corta duración (es decir, 6 semanas) del programa de entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva, en atletas de básquetbol en silla de ruedas, resultó en mejorías expresivas del desempeño en la carrera y de agilidad. .

Evaluation of Pain and Ultrasonography on Shoulder in Poliomyelitis Wheelchair Basketball Players / 대한스포츠의학회지

The purpose of this study was to determine shoulder pain and shoulder ultrasonographic findings in poliomyelitis Wheelchair Basketball (WB) players. Three physicians performed physical examinations and interviewed WB players about their shoulder pain by using Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), Performance-Corrected WUSPI (PC-WUSPI), and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). One physician performed shoulder ultrasonography on WB players. All confirmed their International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classifications through Korean Wheelchair Basketball Federation (KWBF). Seventeen men and 6 women players were enrolled in the study, with 46 shoulders evaluated. Nine players had unilateral lower extremity weakness and 14 players were bilateral weakness. Six players used wheelchair for daily living, and 17 players used wheelchair only when playing WB. They were 44.35+/-5.42 years old on average. They had played WB for 11.09+/-9.49 years and trained 8.69+/-3.83 hours a week. PC-WUSPI was significantly correlated with age (p=0.014). There were no significant differences between time spent playing WB, training time for WB, types of poliomyelitis involvement, their use of wheelchair, and WUSPI, PC-WUSPI and SPADI. Tendon tear prevalence was significantly different with training time for WB (p=0.021). Most common abnormal shoulder ultrasonographic findings were subscapularis and supraspinatus tendinopathy. Tendinopathy and tendon tear prevalence did not differ significantly with age, time spent playing WB, types of poliomyelitis, and the use of wheelchair. High prevalence of shoulder pain and rotator cuff pathology were found by physical and ultrasonographic examination in the poliomyelitis wheelchair basketball players. Rotator cuff injury prevention program are needed for prevent shoulder pain and rotator cuff pathology.

A composição corporal em indivíduos com lesão medular praticantes de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas / The body composition of wheelchair basketball individuals with spinal cord injury

Os sujeitos com lesão medular podem sofrer inúmeras alterações fisiológicas como, por exemplo, atrofia muscular e, como destacado na literatura, o aumento do percentual de gordura (KOCINA, 1997). Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o Percentual de Gordura (% G) de Lesados Medulares, praticantes de Basquetebol em Cadeira de Rodas. O estudo foi realizado com 22 sujeitos do sexo masculino com Lesão Medular, na faixa entre 18 e 32 anos, divididos em dois grupos (11 sujeitos cada) segundo o nível de lesão: G I - Lesão Superior e G II - Lesão Inferior, sendo o ponto de corte o nível T-7 (Sétima Vértebra Torácica). Na avaliação foi utilizada a técnica antropométrica. Para determinar a densidade corporal foi utilizada uma equação de Bulbulian et al. (1987). Para o calculo de % G foi utilizada a equação de Siri (1961). Na análise dos dados foi aplicado o Teste 't' de student e o pos hoc de Kruskal-Wallis, através do software Minitab 14. Os sujeitos do G I apresentaram valores mais altos de % G: (23,44 contra 19,42 %), o que sugere que estes tenham um maior gasto energético, não tendo sido encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias. Todos os sujeitos apresentaram percentual de gordura acima dos níveis normais, estabelecidos na literatura para sujeitos não deficientes na faixa etária estudada, o que está de acordo com a afirmação da autora citada. Entretanto, há evidências de que os lesados possuam alta demanda energética, o que pode minimizar o acúmulo de gordura.

Individuals with spinal cord injury may suffer innumerable physiological alterations such as muscular atrophy and, as detached in literature, the increase of the percentage of body fat (KOCINA, 1997). This study aimed at determining the Percentage of BodyFat (% G) of wheelchair basketball individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. The study was carried out with 22 male subjects with Spinal Cord Injury, 18-32 yr, divided in two groups (11 subjects) according to injury level: GI - High Injury and GII - Low Injury. The cutoff score was T7 (Spinal Cord Segment). Anthropometric technique was used for the assessment. An equation of Bulbulian et. al. (1987) to determine the body density was used. the equation of Siri (1961) was used to calculate the %G . Test “t” of student and the Kruskal-Wallis pos hoc – through software Minitab 14 – was applied fot the data analysis. The individuals from GI presented higher %G-values (23.44 against 19.42%), suggesting their higher energy expenditure. Signifi cant differences between the means were not found through the statistical procedures. All the subjects presented percentage of fat above normal levels – values found in the literature for non-injured with the same age –in accordance with the affirmation of the cited author. However, there are evidences that the injured have high energy demand, what may minimize the accumulation of fat.