A Comparative Assessment of Comprehensive Trail Making Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Among Alcohol Dependence Patients

@#Introduction: Alcohol, when used frequently, accelerates the ageing process, causes brain damage, and results in a reduced volume of grey and white matter, leading to frontal lobe abnormalities. The neurotoxicity resulting from alcohol overuse affects the higher functions of the brain. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of alcohol dependence on the executive functioning of the brain. Methods: This study was carried out as a case-control study among 60 patients with alcohol dependence and 60 controls. Assessment of executive function was carried out using the Comprehensive trail-making test (CTMT) and the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST). Comparison between the alcohol dependence group and normal healthy controls were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test as data followed a non-parametric distribution. Results: The mean age of the participants among the cases and controls was 38.3±5.5 years and 37.8±5.4 years, respectively. The results showed a significant difference in both WCST and CTMT between cases and controls (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that there was an impaired performance in executive functions in alcohol- dependence patients in early abstinence compared to normal controls showing frontal lobe impairment in alcohol-dependence patients.

Cognição e Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em idosos / Cognition and type 2 diabetes in the elderly

Estudos sobre o status cognitivo em idosos tem tido maior destaque nas pesquisas atuais, identificando prejuízos, principalmente quando uma doença crônica encontra-se presente. A hiperglicemia pode ser um fator significativo para incidência de Alzheimer e uma causa secundária de demência. A Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2) está associada a déficits cognitivos e funcionais, e um dos instrumentos que pode ser utilizado para avaliar funções executivas é o WCST. O objetivo foi avaliar os prejuízos cognitivos em idosos com DM2. Participaram do estudo 254 idosos de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, sendo 44 idosos com diagnóstico de DM2 e 210 idosos do grupo controle da população geral. O delineamento foi de um estudo quantitativo e transversal. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Ficha de Dados Sociodemográficos,WCST, MEEM, BDI, BAI e GDS. Os subtestes Vocabulário, Códigos, Dígitos e Cubos da WAIS-III. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativa no desempenho de idosos com DM2, quando comparados com os idosos do grupo controle em quatro descritores do WCST, indicando prejuízos.

The Effects of Board-Game Therapy on Cognitive Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES: In order to explore effects of board-game therapy for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia, we investigated the change of executive cognitive function over a 2-month period of board-game therapy in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Two groups of chronic schizophrenic inpatients were participated in this study. One group(n=21) were treated with board-game therapy for 2 months and the other control group(n=19) were not treated. For the evaluation of the executive cognitive function, a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) was administered before and after the introduction of the board-game therapy. PANSS score change was also evaluated. RESULT: At the beginning of this study, there was no significant difference in performance of cognitive function tests, demographical data or clinical severity between both patient groups. After 2 months of treatment with the board-game therapy, the board-game therapy group showed significant improvements of executive cognitive function without any significant change of their schizophrenic symptoms. On the contrary, there was no change in control group. CONCLUSION: This study showed that a board-game therapy is effective for the enhancement of executive cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia. A board-game therapy could be introduced with ease into psychiatric fields, such as inpatients' or outpatients' clinic wards and day hospital. Our result indicates that the board-game therapy is a promising tool for the enhancement of cognitive function, especially executive cognitive function and helpful for cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenic patients.

Executive Function in Psychiatric Patient Groups through Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Computer Version (WCST) / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to compare executive functions in patients with Organic Brain Syndrome(OBS), Schizophrenia, Depression and normal control group with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Computer Version (WCST). METHODS: WCST was administered to 82 normal adults, 32 OBS patients, 29 schizophrenic patients, and 22 depressive patients. WCST 16 indices in four groups were compared, using ANOVA and posthoc comparison. WCST performance was examined by factor analysis on the 15 indices of WCST on total subjects and the factor scores were compared. RESULT: WCST 16 indices in mental disorders (OBS, Schizophrenia, Depression) were lower than those of control groups. Three factors were derived from the analysis. These consisted of 'perseveration', 'nonperseverative error' and 'inefficient sorting'. Comparing factor scores, differences in 'perseverative error' factor and 'inefficient sorting' factor were found. CONCLUSION: The impairment of higher cognitive functions, especially executive function impairment in OBS and schizophrenia, was qualitatively different from those of depression and normal control groups. WCST can differentiate specific pattern of executive function impairment in mental disorders.