¿Qué informa la prensa escrita argentina acerca del fenómeno de cyberbullying? / What does the argentine written press report about the phenomenon of cyberbullying?

Resumen En los últimos años, los términos bullying y cyberbullying se han ido instalando en los medios de comunicación argentinos, entre ellos en la prensa escrita. Se trata de términos técnicos, ya que hacen referencia a problemáticas específicas, que han sido adoptados por la prensa local a fin de dar cuenta, principalmente, de las características, consecuencias y posibles abordajes de estos fenómenos. Teniendo en cuenta que la lectura y análisis de aquello que publica la prensa respecto de un fenómeno permitiría observar aspectos interesantes del proceso de difusión de la información, del discurso empleado y del sentido colectivo que le otorga, el objetivo general de este trabajo se orientó a indagar el tipo de información y su contenido con respecto al fenómeno de cyberbullying en la prensa escrita argentina. Se discuten los hallazgos obtenidos mediante el empleo de un análisis temático y de contenido a fin de ampliar el conocimiento sobre este fenómeno en nuestro medio local.

Abstract In recent years, the terms "bullying" and "cyberbullying" have been adopted by the Argentinian media, including the written press. These are technical terms that refer to specific problems. The local press has adopted them in order to report about the characteristics, consequences, and possible approaches to these situations. The analysis of the press' publications on a certain phenomenon enables us to see interesting aspects of the process of dissemination of information, the discourse used and the collective consciousness it creates. Therefore, the general objective of this work is focused on investigating the type of information and contents regarding cyberbullying in the Argentinian press. A qualitative methodological approach was used, which included the use of a thematic and content analysis. It is noted that only a low proportion of journalism articles was found in which the three basic characteristics of the cyberbullying were pointed out (the intentionality, the repetition in time and the existence of an imbalance of power). In addition, it is observed that the written press provides more information related to the characteristics and possible approaches to cyberbullying, and, to a lesser extent, to its detection. The negative consequences of this problem regarding the psychological health of those involved are mentioned, highlighting indicators and individual consequences, but without referring to indicators or to collective, institutional or social consequences. The development of a hostile and unsupportive school environment, the normalization of aggressive behaviors, the positive assessment of violent behavior in order to obtain social success, and the possible consequences for teachers and families are not mentioned by the press. Also, it is observed that the press gives little room to the students' point of view, who, from their experiences, attitudes and perspectives on this phenomenon, could make important contributions for the development of both prevention strategies and effective boarding tools. The findings obtained are discussed through thematic and content analysis in order to broaden the knowledge about this phenomenon in our local environment. Within the limitations of this study, it is worth mentioning that the different publications began the digitization of their copies in different years, which could affect the total number of articles surveyed and the amount registered for each of the digital portals. Likewise, for this study, only two descriptors were used to carry out the search, so future studies could incorporate other terms in order to broaden and deepen the findings. This could also contribute to generate other analysis categories, in order to record other aspects related to the type and content of information not addressed in this study.

Construcción del déficit de atención / hiperactividad en la prensa escrita ecuatoriana (2007-2015) / Construction of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder in Ecuadorian written media (2007-2015)

El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es una alteración del neurodesarrollo que afecta al comportamiento y cognición de niños/as, adolescentes y adultos. En torno a su línea de investigación, actualmente no se cuenta con una teoría contundente que permita comprenderlo en su totalidad, por lo que todavía se encuentra en desarrollo su fundamentación teórica, determinación de factores causales, eficacia de tratamientos y demás aspectos que engloban al TDAH. En tal contexto, en el presente artículo se propone una investigación que analiza su cobertura otorgada en medios de comunicación, específicamente en la prensa escrita de Ecuador entre 2007 y 2015. La metodología utilizada se basa en dos fases: una primera cualitativa, en donde se hizo un análisis de contenido de treinta y nueve reportajes sobre el trastorno. En la segunda fase se analizaron las frecuencias, porcentajes y coeficiente de confiabilidad de Kappa de la medición realizada. En los resultados encontrados de la fase cualitativa, se propone un paradigma codificado constituido por once categorías que construyen el conocimiento del TDAH en la prensa escrita de Ecuador, donde se resaltan aspectos como las alteraciones familiares, educativas y sociales que genera este trastorno en las personas que lo presentan, mitos sobre sus posibles causas, creencias en torno a la eficacia y efectos no deseados del fármaco como medio de tratamiento, factores de riesgo, protección y otras categorías que se proyectan de los contenidos de los reportajes analizados. En la valoración cuantitativa, se encontró que la evaluación interjueces es de k = .75 que se interpreta como altamente concordante a la medición realizada. Finalmente, se discuten y analizan los resultados en torno a investigaciones previas y la teoría del TDAH.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an alteration of neurodevelopment that affects the behavior and cognition of children, adolescents and adults. ADHD encompasses three clinical features: excessive motor activity, impaired impulse control, and clinically significant alterations in the ability to focus attention to internal and external stimuli. Regarding its research line, there is currently no strong theory to understand it in its totality, so that it is still developing its theoretical foundation, since there are several proposals that explain the development of this disorder from genetic, the influence of diet, social context, family, and other aspects. Another topic still under construction of ADHD is the efficacy of psychological and neurological treatments, alternative therapies and other proposals of treatment that are used for ADHD. In this context, and contributing to the theoretical construction of ADHD, one of the aspects that have not yet been investigated is how this disorder is constructed in the different contexts in which information about its characteristics is handled. One of them is in the media where it say several statements about ADHD that influence the understanding of this disorder by parents, relatives, teachers and the same people who present it. This article proposes an investigation that analyzes the coverage given to ADHD in the media, specifically in the written press of Ecuador between 2007 and 2015. The methodology was based on a mixed research design of two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative procedure of content analysis of the narratives, contained in thirty-nine reports of the Ecuadorian written press about the disorder was used. In the second phase, through a descriptive quantitative research design, we analyzed the frequencies and percentages of each of the reports and their quantitative contribution in the conformation of the categories found in the qualitative phase. In addition we calculated the Kappa reliability coefficient of the measurement performed by means of the procedure inter judges. In the results of qualitative phase, we propose a codified paradigm constituted by eleven categories that construct the knowledge of ADHD in the written press of Ecuador, where they emphasize aspects such as the family, educational and social alterations that generates this disorder in the people that present it, myths about its possible causes, beliefs about the efficacy and unwanted effects of the drug as a means of treatment, risk and protection factors, and other categories that are projected from the contents of the analyzed articles. In the quantitative evaluation the numerical values that constructed the eleven categories of the qualitative phaseare exposed through frequencies and percentages. In the analysis of Cohen's Kappa coefficient, we found that the interevaluation is k =.75, which is interpreted as highly concordant to the measurement performed. Finally, the data reported in the qualitative and quantitative phases are discussed around the theories about ADHD reported in the main diagnostic manuals and with investigations that affirm the information of the reports that informs the real aspects of the disorder, which contribute to a responsible management of the knowledge about the ADHD and contribute in the understanding and help of children, adolescents and adults that have this disorder. Instead, some myths about ADHD are discussed in the reports and contrasted with formal theory and research on the subject, so that myth-based stories are critically received, as they may affect the beliefs of people living around people with ADHD.

Adolescente "infrator": Pensares e fazeres no Rio Grande do Norte dos governos militares ao ECA / Juvenile "offender": Reflections and practices in Rio Grande do Norte from military governments to ECA / Adolescente "infractor": Pensamientos y prácticas en el Rio Grande do Norte de los gobiernos militares al ECA

Resumo O objetivo é analisar registros da imprensa escrita do Rio Grande do Norte de iniciativas do poder público e manifestações de seus representantes sobre adolescente pobre, em conflito com a lei. Sintetiza-se quadro nacional das políticas na área e foca-se realidade social e contexto institucional da capital, Natal, melhor atendida pela mídia, entre a implementação da Fundação Nacional do Bem Estar do Menor, em 1964, e a Constituição de 1988. Revela-se a mobilização de representantes dos governos, do judiciário, do ministério público e das polícias, para atender demandas sociais de contenção dos "infratores", suas ações e proposições e suas opiniões sobre o tema. Em geral, as concepções sintonizavam com as iniciativas institucionais, marcadas pela repressão e discriminação, inclusive na nomenclatura usada para designar o adolescente. Analisado com base no materialismo histórico-dialético e na psicologia histórico-cultural, o material revela sintonia do quadro local com o nacional, das condições históricas com as concepções emitidas.

Abstract Analysis are made of the written press of the Rio Grande do Norte of initiatives of the public power and manifestations of its representatives on the poor juvenile, in conflict with the law. Synthesize a national framework of policies in the area and focuses on the social reality and institutional context of the capital, Natal, best covered by media, between an implementation of the National Underage Welfare Foundation in 1964 and the 1988 Constitution. It reveals the mobilization of government representatives, judiciary, public prosecutor, and police, to meet social demands of containment of "offenders", their actions, propositions and opinions on the subject. In general, conceptions attuned to institutional initiatives were marked by repression and discrimination, including the nomenclature used to designate the juvenile. Analyzed based on dialectical and historical materialism and historical-cultural psychology, data reveals a connection between the local and the national framework, from the historical conditions to the conceptions expressed.

Resumen Se analiza registros de la prensa escrita del Rio Grande do Norte sobre iniciativas gubernamentales y demostraciones de sus representantes acerca del adolescente pobre en conflicto con la ley. Se resume el marco nacional de políticas en el área, centrandose en la realidad social e institucional del marco de la capital, Natal, mejor servida por los medios de comunicación, entre la aplicación de la Obra Social de la Fundación Nacional de la Infancia (1964) y la Constitución (1988). Se destaca la movilización de los representantes de los gobiernos, del poder judicial, de los fiscales y los policías para satisfacer demandas sociales de contención de los "delincuentes". Desde la perspectiva materialista histórico-dialéctica y de la psicología histórico-cultural, el material revela la relación del contexto local con las condiciones nacionales y de las condiciones históricas con las concepciones emitidas.

Periodismo, desmovilización y reinserción / Journalism, demobilization and reinsertion

En este artículo las autoras presentan la manera en que desde la prensa escrita dominical (El Tiempo y El Espectador) y las revistas (Cambio y Semana) se observaron y describieron los fenómenos de la desmovilización y los desmovilizados, de la reinserción y los reinsertados, el marco legal que los regulaba y los problemas que enfrentaban las víctimas del conflicto armado durante los años 2004 y 2005. Describen en forma detallada los subtemas que la prensa escrita destaca en estos tres grandes temas. A partir de la forma y el estilo en que los medios construyen marcos interpretativos diferentes de estos fenómenos desde las crónicas, los reportajes y los artículos de opinión definen la "dimensionalidad del estado mental" y la "dimensionalidad informativa" lo que caracteriza a quienes hablan en la prensa escrita sobre estos fenómenos. En las crónicas se registra la información factual somera o detallada; en los reportajes se destacan las voces exigentes y amenazantes de los culpables y los logros y alabanzas de las autoridades y en los artículos de opinión se resaltan la crítica, los temores y las dudas sobre la realidad definida por los medios como importante. Terminan el artículo con una breve referencia a la mentalidad "copiadora-repetidora" y la mentalidad "acomodaticia-camaleónica" de los periodistas y a la mentalidad "reflexiva" de los columnistas.

In this article, the authors bring up the way in which the phenomena of demobilisation and demobilised people, reinsertion and reinserted people were observed by the Sunday written press (El Tiempo and El Espectador) and magazines (Cambio and Semana), including the legal framework that regulated them and the problems that the victims of the armed conflict had to go through during 2004 and 2005. They describe in detail the sub-topics that the written press highlights in these three great topics. From the way and style of the media to build different interpretative frameworks for these phenomena in their features, reports and opinion articles, the authors define the different "dimensionality of the mental state" and the "informative dimensionality" that characterise the people who speak in the written press about these phenomena. The features contain factual information either superficial or in detail; the reports highlight the demanding and threatening voices of the culprits and the achievements and praises of the authorities; last, the opinion articles are characterised by criticism, fear and doubts about the reality defined as important by the media. Finally, the authors make a brief reference to the "copying-repeating" mentality and the "accommodative-chameleon-like" mentality of the newspapers and the "reflective" mentality of the columnists.