An antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from Saara hardwickii / Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo extraído de Saara hardwickii

Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body fats located in the ventral region of this animal using hydrocarbons e.g., n-hexane, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of lizard oil was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines ofEscherichia coli, Styphalococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris alone and with antibiotic ampicillin. For antibacterial potential, Ethyl acetate and Butanol solvent extract showed best zone of inhibition (7mm) with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. For antiviral potential, Butanol and Methanol extract showed best HA (Hemagglutination) titer of 04 with NDV and IBV viral strain respectively. It is concluded that lizard oil has antimicrobial potential against different pathogens strains (virus, bacteria).

O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a importância antiviral e antibacteriana da gordura corporal de Saara hardwickii, comumente chamado de lagarto de cauda espinhosa. O óleo foi extraído de gorduras corporais localizadas na região ventral desse animal usando hidrocarbonetos, por exemplo, n-hexano, metanol, butanol e acetato de etila, como solvente. A atividade antibacteriana do óleo do lagarto foi testada em linhagens padrão e multirresistentes de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Proteus vulgaris, de forma isolada e com antibiótico ampicilina. Para o potencial antibacteriano, acetato de etila e extrato de butanol apresentaram melhor zona de inibição (7 mm) com P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, respectivamente. Para o potencial antiviral, o extrato de butanol e o extrato de metanol apresentaram melhor título de hemaglutinação de 4 com as cepas virais NDV e IBV, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o óleo do lagarto possui potencial antimicrobiano contra diferentes cepas de patógenos (vírus e bactérias).

An antimicrobial activity of oil extracted from Saara hardwickii

Abstract Present research work represents antiviral and antibacterial value of body fat of Saara hardwickii commonly called as spiny tailed lizard. Oil was extracted from body fats located in the ventral region of this animal using hydrocarbons e.g., n-hexane, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of lizard oil was tested against standard as well as multi-resistant lines ofEscherichia coli, Styphalococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris alone and with antibiotic ampicillin. For antibacterial potential, Ethyl acetate and Butanol solvent extract showed best zone of inhibition (7mm) with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. For antiviral potential, Butanol and Methanol extract showed best HA (Hemagglutination) titer of 04 with NDV and IBV viral strain respectively. It is concluded that lizard oil has antimicrobial potential against different pathogens strains (virus, bacteria).

Resumo O presente trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a importância antiviral e antibacteriana da gordura corporal de Saara hardwickii, comumente chamado de lagarto de cauda espinhosa. O óleo foi extraído de gorduras corporais localizadas na região ventral desse animal usando hidrocarbonetos, por exemplo, n-hexano, metanol, butanol e acetato de etila, como solvente. A atividade antibacteriana do óleo do lagarto foi testada em linhagens padrão e multirresistentes de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Proteus vulgaris, de forma isolada e com antibiótico ampicilina. Para o potencial antibacteriano, acetato de etila e extrato de butanol apresentaram melhor zona de inibição (7 mm) com P. aeruginosa e S. aureus, respectivamente. Para o potencial antiviral, o extrato de butanol e o extrato de metanol apresentaram melhor título de hemaglutinação de 4 com as cepas virais NDV e IBV, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o óleo do lagarto possui potencial antimicrobiano contra diferentes cepas de patógenos (vírus e bactérias).

Detection of microorganisms with antibacterial activities from different industrial wastes and GC-MS analysis of crude microbial extract / Detecção de microrganismos com atividades antibacterianas de diferentes resíduos industriais e análise por GC-MS do extrato microbiano bruto

Many soil microorganisms' i.e., bacteria and fungi produce secondary metabolites called antibiotics. These are used for the treatment of some of the bacterial, fungal and protozoal diseases of humans. There is a need for isolation of a broad spectrum of antibiotics from microorganisms due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In the present study two antibiotic producing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus were isolated from pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry of Hattar, Haripur Pakistan. Total 10 waste samples were collected from different industries (Marble, Ghee, Soap, Mineral, Steel, Poultry Feed, Pharmaceutical, Qarshi, Cosmetic and Glass). Thirty-three bacterial strains were isolated from industrial wastes of these ten different industries. Fourteen out of thirty-three bacterial strains exhibited antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test microbes considered in this study including Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The bacteria were isolated by standard serial dilution spread plate technique. Morphological characterization of the isolates was done by Gram staining. Nine bacterial isolates out of fourteen were initially identified as B. cereus and five as K. pneumoniae through biochemical characterization. The antibacterial activities were tested by well diffusion method. Maximum number of antibiotic producing bacteria were isolated from pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry based on the results of primary screening, the most potential isolates S9, S19, S20, S22 and S23 were selected for secondary screening. The maximum activity against E. coli and S. aureus was recorded by bacterial isolate S19 i.e zones of inhibition of 6.5mm and 9mm while S20 showed 7.5mm and 6mm zones respectively. Molecular identification was carried out on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence [...].

Muitos microrganismos do solo, ou seja, bactérias e fungos produzem metabólitos secundários chamados antibióticos. Eles são usados para tratamento de algumas doenças bacterianas, fúngicas e protozoárias em humanos. Há necessidade de isolamento de um amplo espectro de antibióticos de microrganismos devido ao surgimento de resistência aos antibióticos. No presente estudo, duas bactérias produtoras de antibióticos, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Bacillus cereus, foram isoladas da indústria farmacêutica e de ração avícola de Hattar, Haripur, Paquistão. Um total de 10 amostras de resíduos foi coletado de diferentes indústrias (mármore, ghee, sabão, mineral, aço, ração para aves, farmacêutica, Qarshi, cosmética e vidro). Trinta e três cepas bacterianas foram isoladas de resíduos industriais dessas dez diferentes indústrias. Quatorze das 33 cepas bacterianas exibiram atividades antimicrobianas contra pelo menos um dos micróbios de teste considerados neste estudo, incluindo Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhi. As bactérias foram isoladas pela técnica de placa de diluição em série padrão. A caracterização morfológica dos isolados foi feita por coloração de gram. Nove isolados bacterianos de 14 foram inicialmente identificados como B. cereus e cinco como K. pneumoniae por meio de caracterização bioquímica. As atividades antibacterianas foram testadas pelo método de difusão em poço. O número máximo de bactérias produtoras de antibióticos foi isolado da indústria farmacêutica e de ração avícola com base nos resultados da triagem primária, os isolados mais potenciais S9, S19, S20, S22 e S23 foram selecionados para a triagem secundária. A atividade máxima contra E. coli e S. aureus foi registrada pelo isolado bacteriano S19, ou seja, zonas de inibição de 6,5 mm e 9 mm, enquanto S20 mostrou zonas de 7,5 mm e 6 mm, respectivamente. A identificação molecular foi realizada com base na análise da sequência 16S [...].

Detection of microorganisms with antibacterial activities from different industrial wastes and GC-MS analysis of crude microbial extract

Abstract Many soil microorganisms i.e., bacteria and fungi produce secondary metabolites called antibiotics. These are used for the treatment of some of the bacterial, fungal and protozoal diseases of humans. There is a need for isolation of a broad spectrum of antibiotics from microorganisms due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In the present study two antibiotic producing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus were isolated from pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry of Hattar, Haripur Pakistan. Total 10 waste samples were collected from different industries (Marble, Ghee, Soap, Mineral, Steel, Poultry Feed, Pharmaceutical, Qarshi, Cosmetic and Glass). Thirty-three bacterial strains were isolated from industrial wastes of these ten different industries. Fourteen out of thirty-three bacterial strains exhibited antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test microbes considered in this study including Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The bacteria were isolated by standard serial dilution spread plate technique. Morphological characterization of the isolates was done by Gram staining. Nine bacterial isolates out of fourteen were initially identified as B. cereus and five as K. pneumoniae through biochemical characterization. The antibacterial activities were tested by well diffusion method. Maximum number of antibiotic producing bacteria were isolated from pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry based on the results of primary screening, the most potential isolates S9, S19, S20, S22 and S23 were selected for secondary screening. The maximum activity against E. coli and S. aureus was recorded by bacterial isolate S19 i.e zones of inhibition of 6.5mm and 9mm while S20 showed 7.5mm and 6mm zones respectively. Molecular identification was carried out on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Finally, the isolates were identified as B. cereus accession number LC538271and K. pneumoniae accession number MT078679. Analysis of bacterial extract S20 through GC-MS indicated the presence of 8 compounds of diverse nature and structure. Present study suggests that wastes of pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry may have antibiotic producing bacteria. These bacteria could be utilized for the production of antibiotics. B. cereus and K. pneumoniae isolated from wastes of poultry feed and pharmaceutical industries have the potential to produce antibiotics and could be used to control the microbial growth.

Resumo Muitos microrganismos do solo, ou seja, bactérias e fungos produzem metabólitos secundários chamados antibióticos. Eles são usados para tratamento de algumas doenças bacterianas, fúngicas e protozoárias em humanos. Há necessidade de isolamento de um amplo espectro de antibióticos de microrganismos devido ao surgimento de resistência aos antibióticos. No presente estudo, duas bactérias produtoras de antibióticos, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Bacillus cereus, foram isoladas da indústria farmacêutica e de ração avícola de Hattar, Haripur, Paquistão. Um total de 10 amostras de resíduos foi coletado de diferentes indústrias (mármore, ghee, sabão, mineral, aço, ração para aves, farmacêutica, Qarshi, cosmética e vidro). Trinta e três cepas bacterianas foram isoladas de resíduos industriais dessas dez diferentes indústrias. Quatorze das 33 cepas bacterianas exibiram atividades antimicrobianas contra pelo menos um dos micróbios de teste considerados neste estudo, incluindo Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhi. As bactérias foram isoladas pela técnica de placa de diluição em série padrão. A caracterização morfológica dos isolados foi feita por coloração de gram. Nove isolados bacterianos de 14 foram inicialmente identificados como B. cereus e cinco como K. pneumoniae por meio de caracterização bioquímica. As atividades antibacterianas foram testadas pelo método de difusão em poço. O número máximo de bactérias produtoras de antibióticos foi isolado da indústria farmacêutica e de ração avícola com base nos resultados da triagem primária, os isolados mais potenciais S9, S19, S20, S22 e S23 foram selecionados para a triagem secundária. A atividade máxima contra E. coli e S. aureus foi registrada pelo isolado bacteriano S19, ou seja, zonas de inibição de 6,5 mm e 9 mm, enquanto S20 mostrou zonas de 7,5 mm e 6 mm, respectivamente. A identificação molecular foi realizada com base na análise da sequência 16S rRNA. Finalmente, os isolados foram identificados como B. cereus número de acesso LC538271 e K. pneumoniae número de acesso MT078679. A análise do extrato bacteriano S20 por meio de GC-MS indicou a presença de oito compostos de natureza e estrutura diversas. O presente estudo sugere que resíduos da indústria farmacêutica e de ração para aves podem conter bactérias produtoras de antibióticos. Essas bactérias podem ser utilizadas para a produção de antibióticos B. cereus e K. pneumoniae isolados de resíduos de rações de aves e indústrias farmacêuticas têm potencial para produzir antibióticos e podem ser usados para controlar o crescimento microbiano.

Detection of microorganisms with antibacterial activities from different industrial wastes and GC-MS analysis of crude microbial extract / Detecção de microrganismos com atividades antibacterianas de diferentes resíduos industriais e análise por GC-MS do extrato microbiano bruto

Abstract Many soil microorganisms' i.e., bacteria and fungi produce secondary metabolites called antibiotics. These are used for the treatment of some of the bacterial, fungal and protozoal diseases of humans. There is a need for isolation of a broad spectrum of antibiotics from microorganisms due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. In the present study two antibiotic producing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus were isolated from pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry of Hattar, Haripur Pakistan. Total 10 waste samples were collected from different industries (Marble, Ghee, Soap, Mineral, Steel, Poultry Feed, Pharmaceutical, Qarshi, Cosmetic and Glass). Thirty-three bacterial strains were isolated from industrial wastes of these ten different industries. Fourteen out of thirty-three bacterial strains exhibited antimicrobial activities against at least one of the test microbes considered in this study including Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. The bacteria were isolated by standard serial dilution spread plate technique. Morphological characterization of the isolates was done by Gram staining. Nine bacterial isolates out of fourteen were initially identified as B. cereus and five as K. pneumoniae through biochemical characterization. The antibacterial activities were tested by well diffusion method. Maximum number of antibiotic producing bacteria were isolated from pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry based on the results of primary screening, the most potential isolates S9, S19, S20, S22 and S23 were selected for secondary screening. The maximum activity against E. coli and S. aureus was recorded by bacterial isolate S19 i.e zones of inhibition of 6.5mm and 9mm while S20 showed 7.5mm and 6mm zones respectively. Molecular identification was carried out on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Finally, the isolates were identified as B. cereus accession number LC538271and K. pneumoniae accession number MT078679. Analysis of bacterial extract S20 through GC-MS indicated the presence of 8 compounds of diverse nature and structure. Present study suggests that wastes of pharmaceutical and poultry feed industry may have antibiotic producing bacteria. These bacteria could be utilized for the production of antibiotics. B. cereus and K. pneumoniae isolated from wastes of poultry feed and pharmaceutical industries have the potential to produce antibiotics and could be used to control the microbial growth.

Resumo Muitos microrganismos do solo, ou seja, bactérias e fungos produzem metabólitos secundários chamados antibióticos. Eles são usados ​​para tratamento de algumas doenças bacterianas, fúngicas e protozoárias em humanos. Há necessidade de isolamento de um amplo espectro de antibióticos de microrganismos devido ao surgimento de resistência aos antibióticos. No presente estudo, duas bactérias produtoras de antibióticos, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Bacillus cereus, foram isoladas da indústria farmacêutica e de ração avícola de Hattar, Haripur, Paquistão. Um total de 10 amostras de resíduos foi coletado de diferentes indústrias (mármore, ghee, sabão, mineral, aço, ração para aves, farmacêutica, Qarshi, cosmética e vidro). Trinta e três cepas bacterianas foram isoladas de resíduos industriais dessas dez diferentes indústrias. Quatorze das 33 cepas bacterianas exibiram atividades antimicrobianas contra pelo menos um dos micróbios de teste considerados neste estudo, incluindo Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhi. As bactérias foram isoladas pela técnica de placa de diluição em série padrão. A caracterização morfológica dos isolados foi feita por coloração de gram. Nove isolados bacterianos de 14 foram inicialmente identificados como B. cereus e cinco como K. pneumoniae por meio de caracterização bioquímica. As atividades antibacterianas foram testadas pelo método de difusão em poço. O número máximo de bactérias produtoras de antibióticos foi isolado da indústria farmacêutica e de ração avícola com base nos resultados da triagem primária, os isolados mais potenciais S9, S19, S20, S22 e S23 foram selecionados para a triagem secundária. A atividade máxima contra E. coli e S. aureus foi registrada pelo isolado bacteriano S19, ou seja, zonas de inibição de 6,5 mm e 9 mm, enquanto S20 mostrou zonas de 7,5 mm e 6 mm, respectivamente. A identificação molecular foi realizada com base na análise da sequência 16S rRNA. Finalmente, os isolados foram identificados como B. cereus número de acesso LC538271 e K. pneumoniae número de acesso MT078679. A análise do extrato bacteriano S20 por meio de GC-MS indicou a presença de oito compostos de natureza e estrutura diversas. O presente estudo sugere que resíduos da indústria farmacêutica e de ração para aves podem conter bactérias produtoras de antibióticos. Essas bactérias podem ser utilizadas para a produção de antibióticos B. cereus e K. pneumoniae isolados de resíduos de rações de aves e indústrias farmacêuticas têm potencial para produzir antibióticos e podem ser usados ​​para controlar o crescimento microbiano.

Synthesis of iron nanoparticles, its characterization and anti-microbial activity assessment

We report the efficacy of the Iron nanoparticles (IONPs) and assessed two different approaches for the synthesis of IONPs i.e. Polyol and co-precipitation method and further, evaluate their antimicrobial properties. Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate salts were reduced with ethylene glycol to obtain IONP and Fe+2 and Fe+3 co-precipitation reaction was performed with KOH at optimum heating. Further, synthesized (IONPs) were characterized by hydrodynamic radii measurement done by DLS clearly indicating the size of IONPs is 79.75nm in polyol based and 135.1 nm in co-precipitation method. The biological efficacy in terms of antimicrobial activity was assessed by the Kirby Bauer method, applied for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The ZOI values i.e. Zone of inhibition diameter was found to be clearly visible in both S. aureus and E. coli, indicating bactericidal activity. Further growth kinetics studies and bacterial genotoxicity was also assessed. Hence, IONPs synthesized are proposed to have great potential as an antibacterial agent and can be used in drug delivery.

Biofabrication and optimization of silver nanoparticles using Campsis sp. to explore their antimicrobial properties

Plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) holds promising applications in the field of Biomedicine, Food packaging and Wound healing. In the present investigation, biofabrication of AgNPs was performed using the aqueous extracts of Campsis sp. (Family Bignoniaceae) leaves and flowers growing in the premises of Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi. Optimization of AgNPs was performed to analyse the varying effect of pH (6.0, 8.0, 10.0) and silver salt concentration (2mM, 4Mm and 6Mm) in controlling the shape and size of AgNPs which in turn governs their further applications. Interestingly, change in colour of the reaction mixture from pale yellow to reddish brown indicated the formation of AgNPs. These AgNPs were further characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy and showed peak in the range of 400-450 nm which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analysis (DLS-Zeta) confirmed the size of AgNPs around 200-300 nm. A significant zone of inhibition was observed for both Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) bacterial strains which revealed the antimicrobial potential of Campsis sp. AgNPs. Therefore, Campsis AgNPs may provide a green, eco-sustainable alternate method for sustainable production of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. These AgNPs may also show tremendous applications in food packaging, wound healing and biomedical fields.

Molecular characterization of mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus parasiticus and sensitivity pattern to different disinfectants

Aims@#The study was aimed to isolate and characterize the mycotoxin-producing filamentous Aspergillus parasiticus from the feed samples. The sensitivity pattern of the isolates was assessed against different disinfectants.@*Methodology and results@#Fifty different feed samples were screened for A. parasiticus isolation. Isolates were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic characterization. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the isolates at the genomic level. Mycotoxin producing potential of the isolates was assessed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). To quantify the toxins, high performance liquid (HPLC) was employed. The antifungal potential of disinfectants was determined by the well diffusion method followed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) calculation. Out of twenty isolates of A. parasiticus, 11(55%) isolates were observed positive for toxin production. Three toxigenic isolates (AspP2, AspP4 and AspP8) were selected to evaluate their susceptibility against disinfectants by well diffusion method. AspP2 produced maximum (5.90 ng/mL) toxin, followed by AspP4 (3.11 ng/mL) and AspP8 (18.47 ng/mL). Terralin showed maximum fungicidal activity with 29.66 ± 8.08 mm zone of inhibition at 0.42 μg/mL MIC. Hypochlorite and Instru Star showed 99% disinfection with 30, 60 and 90 min contact time (6 mean log reduction) for all A. parasiticus isolates. Alpha Guard inhibited growth after 15 min contact time for all the isolates.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study provides data indicating the contamination of feed samples with mycotoxin-producing A. parasiticus isolates and their sensitivity against commercially available disinfectants. Use of these disinfectants in appropriate concentrations and time could help prevent the contamination of food, feed and healthcare settings with the fungal species.

Antibacterial efficacy of methanolic extract of molave (Vitex parviflora A. Juss) leaves against Streptococcus mutans

Background@#Antibacterial drugs are used for suppressing harmful bacteria. However, some are reported to have side effects which led researchers to investigate plants with antimicrobial properties as potential alternatives. One such indigenous plant is the Vitex parviflora A. juss, “molave” or “mulawin” tree. @*Objective@#This study determined and compared the antibacterial efficacy of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml concentrations of fresh local molave leaves methanolic extract with 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and 95% methanol on growth inhibition of S. mutans. @*Methodology@#Five hundred grams of fresh molave leaves were collected and subjected to methanolic extraction. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test by disk diffusion of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml molave extract concentrations, 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and 95% methanol on 18 Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates inoculated with S. mutans was done. For cost-efficiency, the total sample size of 80 plates was reduced by placing 5 test groups in one plate divided into five portions done in 18 replicates. After 48 hours of incubation in anaerobic conditions, resulting zones of inhibition were measured. Data were analyzed through one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. @*Results@#The mean diameter of inhibition zones produced by 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml concentrations of molave methanolic leaves extract and 0.12% chlorhexidine was 15.78 mm, 11.63 mm, and 21.44 mm, respectively. Distilled water and 95% methanol did not inhibit bacterial growth. The 100 mg/ml concentration has stronger antibacterial properties than the 50 mg/ml. @*Conclusion@#The Vitex parviflora A. Juss methanolic leaves extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of S. mutans in vitro. Both concentrations were relatively weaker compared to chlorhexidine.

In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of the antibacterial potential of Typha elephantina

@#The present study was aimed to evaluate the in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial effects of the Typha elephantina aqueous extract (TE.AQ), ethanolic extract (TE.ET) and T. elephantina methanolic extract (TE.ME) against eight selected clinical pathogens. The test samples were tested for in-vitro analysis (by disc diffusion method) at different concentrations of 5, 15, 25, 50 and 100 mg/dL against both gram positive and gram-negative strains. The highest potential was observed in TE.ME at a concentration of 100 mg/dL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibiting 19.67 ± 0.577 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI). The same fraction also showed good activity against Staphylococus aureus with ZOI of 17.50 ± 0.70 mm. The TE.ET was found most active against P. aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes having ZOI of 18.53 ± 0.503 and 16.2 ± 1.55 mm respectively at a concentration of 100 mg/dL. The most sensitive bacteria P. aeruginosa was selected for in-vivo study (using poultry chicks) for induction of infection in chicks. The effects of TE.AQ, TE.ET and TE.ME were determined at concentrations of 300 mg/kg body weight based on hematological parameters, liver enzymes and gross pathological findings of lungs and livers. The findings of the in-vivo study in chick’s model showed that treatment of experimental animals with TE.ME significantly restored the hematological parameters, liver enzymes and architecture of lungs and livers. Based on scientific evidence, the current study suggests that TE.ME may serve as a best and new natural antibacterial agent and can be used against infections caused by P. aeruginosa.

Synthesis, in silico study and in vitro anti-microbial evaluation of some new N-benzoyl-N'-[2-(4-chloro-phenoxy)-acetyl]-hydrazides analogs

In bacterial resistance duty, the prompt increase against existent anti-microbial drugs is a challenging universal healthproblem. Bacteria represent a highly significant threat globally to healthcare-associated infections, also responsiblefor the majority of hospital infections, which leads to an increase in the mortality and burden of worldwide healthcareduty. In this investigation, we reported the synthesis novel substitutes of phenoxy hydrazide analogs (6a–f) andhave been screened for in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities to determine the inhibition zone by using thepaper disk agar diffusion technique and broth dilution to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration values. Thestructure–activity relationship suggest that among the series (6a–f), compounds (6e) with two chloro groups and (6f)with four fluoro groups showed good inhibition against pathogenic microbes. Furthermore, these results were alsoconfirmed by the in silico study. Based on this studies, there are a scopes of developing compounds (6e) and (6f) intopotent anti-microbial drugs in the near future.

Preliminary Investigation Associated with Antibacterial Potency of Both Juice Extract and an Isolate from Aloe vera Gel.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of both the juice extract and an isolate of Aloe vera leaves of gel from Ghana on clinical isolate bacteria found to prolong wound infections. Methods: Using sharp knife, the rind (outer cover) of the leaf and the layer immediately below the rind were removed to obtain the internal gel matrix portion (fillet). The isolate was precipitated from propylene glycol of the Aloe juice extract and was used to inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Agar diffusion bioassay was used for inhibitory test of both the whole aloe juice and the isolate against E. coli and S. aureus. Results: Our findings exhibited that there was no significant difference in activity of both the isolate and the whole juice on E. coli at all concentrations used. S. aureus was resistant to both the isolate and the whole juice at all concentrations used, compared with the positive control, chloramphenicol which showed an intermediary zone of inhibition of 13.5 mm at a concentration of 10 g/L. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at (P ≤0.05) of the diameter zone of inhibition values compared with the activity of Chloramphenicol (positive control) indicated significant inhibitory activity by both the isolate and the whole juice extract against E. coli thus suggesting their efficacy in treating E. coli infections within the concentration used in this inhibitory studies. Conclusion: Both the A. vera juice extract and the isolate showed high activity against E. coli. These seem to justify the widespread use of the plant in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and its application in many pharmaceutical products.

The efficacy of polyherbal formulation of Moringa oleifera, Viola odorata, Allium sativum against microbes- synergistic effect.

The purpose of our present study is to test antimicrobial and antifungal activity of polyherbal formulations. The testing of the antimicrobial activity on polyhernal formulation was done against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli,) bacteria. The testing of antifungal activity was done against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans with different combinations of polyherbal formulation. The microorganism to be tested was grown in relevant nutritional media. The solvent used for the extraction of Moringa oleifera, Viola odorata, Allium sativum was methanol. These methanolic extracts of chosen plants were further used in specific proportions for the preparation of polyherbal formulation (PF-1, PF-2, and PF-3). The resultant compositions were further used to check the efficacy against selected experimental microorganisms. PF-3 showed the significant high zone of inhibition against all the experimental microorganisms as compared to the other two combinations PF-1 and PF-2. Thus, the result has revealed that the antimicrobial activity is due to the synergistic effect of secondary metabolites present in these selected plants.

Antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of Spilanthes acmella as an intracanal medicament in comparison to calcium hydroxide: An in vitro study.

Background: Repeated endodontic failures are due to pathogens like Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans which are resistant to the common intracanal medicaments like calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). Aims: To determine the role of commonly used folk medicine, Spilanthes acmella (SPA) against root canal pathogens like E. faecalis, C. albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp, and to compare its efficacy with Ca(OH)2, a popularly used intracanal medicament. Materials and Methods: Bacterial strains of S. aureus, Streptococcus sp., E. faecalis, and fungal strains of C.albicans were tested against different concentrations of SPA and Ca(OH)2. Seven days old cultures of test organisms were seeded onto agar plates and uniformly spread with a spreader. Five to six wells (8 mm) were made on agar plate to which different concentrations of the test solutions were added. The inoculated plates were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 48 h and inhibition zones were measured. Statistical Analysis: Results of SPA were compared with results of Ca(OH)2 statistically using Mann–Whitney U test. Results: A significant zone of inhibition was obtained with SPA and was found to increase as the concentration increased for C. albicans. SPA showed a significant zone of inhibition at 2–5% and 10% whereas Ca(OH)2 showed a zone of inhibition only at 10% for E. faecalis. SPA showed a zone of inhibition only at 10%, whereas, Ca(OH)2 showed a significant zone of inhibition at 5% and 10% for S. aureus and Streptococcus sp., respectively. Conclusion: SPA possesses remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activity against common root canal pathogens which are responsible for repeated endodontic failures such as E. faecalis and C. albicans when compared with medicaments like Ca(OH)2.

Biochemical Assessment of the Effects of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus on Wistar Strain Rats.

Aqueous stem bark extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus was phytochemically screened indicating the presence of alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, saponins and phenols. Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract using Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae as test organisms showed varying zones of inhibition with 10 mm zone of inhibition exhibited by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of extract were 16 μg/ml and 32 μg/ml respectively. Treatment of experimental animals with the aqueous stem bark extract for a period of six weeks and subsequent assessment of its effect biochemically revealed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were significantly higher than normal suggesting certain degree of liver injury. Glucose, cholesterol, total and direct bilirubin as well as total protein levels were significantly higher than normal values with respect to animals treated with 500mg/kg body weight suggesting a dose dependent effect of the extract on the animals. Urea and creatinine levels were slightly lower than normal. Overall, the result of this study showed that the effect of the extract was more pronounced on the liver than the kidney as depicted by the photomicrographs.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Allium sativum on Selected Pathogenic Strains.

Allium sativum plants contain chemicals which can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and thus make them suitable to be used in different medicines. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of Allium sativum methanolic extracts were investigated using standard analytical techniques and modern micro plate-based antibacterial assays techniques. The antibacterial of methanolic extract of Allium sativum were used on different bacteria strains which include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Protea spp., Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. The antifungal observation of Allium sativum was found to be active against Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Aspergilus fumigatus, Penicillium spp compared to Funbact-A (control). The susceptibility test showed that Allium sativum is more active against Aspergilus fumigatus. The Allium sativum had a higher zone of inhibition compared to Ciproflaxin (control) on the different bacteria strains. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger differs significantly in their degree of inhibition of methanolic extract of Allium sativum. The findings support the use of Allium sativum extract in treating bacterial infections and Aspergillosis.

In vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Crude Tannins Isolated from the Leaf of Annona senegalensis.

This study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial effect of tannin isolated from the leaf of Annona senegalensis on Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The study was carried out in the laboratory of Biochemistry department, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria, between July and October, 2013.The antimicrobial activity was carried out using agar disc diffusion method. The phytochemical screening of the leaf of the plant revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones while phenols and steroids were absent. Quantitatively, tannins were found to be 24% in the leaf of the plant. Isolated tannin exhibited antibacterial activities against all the tested bacteria; Shigella dysenteriae gave the zone of inhibition (18.6mm), Escherichia coli (13.9mm) and Salmonella typhi (10.6mm). Minimum Inhibitory concentration of the crude tannins on the test organisms ranged from 6.25mg/ml to 12.5mg/ml. These findings confirmed the basis of traditional use of the leaf of Annona senegalensis in the treatment of diseases such as dysentery and diarrhea.

Comparative Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Mouth Washes and Vernonia amygdalina (del.) on Some Tooth Decay Causing Bacteria.

Aims: To determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanol stem extract of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter-leaf) and some mouth washes against some bacteria that have been implicated in causing tooth decay so as to establish the role of herbal medicine and chemical compounds in oral hygiene. Study Design: In vitro assay of antibacterial activities Place and Duration of Study: Dental Department of the State Specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria and Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, between October, 2012 and January, 2013. Methodology: Bacterial isolates were collected, identified, standardized and the stem extract was prepared. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out as well as the in vitro antibacterial assay using agar well diffusion technique. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and antibiotics sensitivity test (disc diffusion assay) were also determined. Results: The stem extract showed the presence of anthraquinone, alkaloid, saponin, steroid and cardiac glycoside. The ethanolic stem extract of Vernonia amygdalina inhibited all the test isolates at a concentration of 50 mg/ml with the highest zone of inhibition observed against Staphylococcus aureus (26.0 mm) while the least zone of inhibition of 14.0 mm was observed against Streptococcus mutans. Colgate mouthwash exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus while the least was recorded by Brett against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antibacterial assay compared well with Ciprofloxacin, and in most cases higher zones of inhibition were recorded than the commercial antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the mouth washes ranged from 30 to 70% while it was 12.5 mg/ml for the stem extract. Conclusion: Bioactive components of Vernonia amygdalina can be incorporated as ingredients in manufacturing mouthwashes and the plants’ stem can be used in the form of chewing stick. Further purification of the extract is necessary to further enhance greater antibacterial activity.

Screening of antibacterial activity, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in vitex trifolia.

The present focus of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis in the medically important plant vitex trifolia leaf extract by using solvents like aqueous, methanol, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether. The plant vitex trifolia used for its phytochemical and pharmacological studies. In qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitex trifolia viz., alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, were determined using standard methods. Vitex trifolia leaves were collected, air-dried and soxhlet extracted by using standard method. These extracts were then tested for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method. Vitex trifolia showed highest antibacterial activity (IZ= 0.5cm in acetone extract, IZ = 0.75 in ethanol extract) against Bacillus subtilis and (IZ= 0.15cm in acetone extract, IZ = 0.25cm in ethanol extract, IZ = 0.35cm in aqueous extract) against Escherichia coli. Results concluded that the phytochemicals of leaves extract of vitex trifolia has the potential to act as a antibacterial agent.

A brief research study on novel antibiotic producing isolate from VIT Lake, Vellore, Tamil Nadu.

The soil ecosystem has an enormous amount of microorganisms, and some of these microorganisms can potentially be useful to us. Bacillus and Actinomycetes are the most abundant microorganisms present in soil and both are known to produce antibiotics and inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. However, there are other potential microorganisms which may have such beneficial properties and are unknown to us. In this study, various microorganisms in the soil were screened to isolate an antibiotic producing microorganism. Soil was collected from VIT lake and serially diluted followed by crowded plate technique to screen for antibiotic producing colonies. The colony which was suspected to produce antibiotics was selected and sub-cultured by streaking. Antibiotic-sensitivity test was performed on Mueller-Hinton Agar and the inhibitory effect of the isolated microorganism towards the growth of bacteria was observed. The growth curve of the isolated microorganism was found out. Characterization was done by performing various biochemical tests and staining methods. Antibiotic production media was prepared, and the antibiotic production of the microorganism was plotted against time. From the antibiotic production curve, it was found that the 6th day showed the maximum antibiotic productivity.