Hematological Changes after Caprine Demineralized Bone Matrix Implantation in Ulnar Critical Defect of Rabbit Model / Alterações hematológicas após implante de matriz óssea desmineralizada caprina em modelo de defeito ulnar crítico em coelhos

Abstract Objective Several animal models have been used in fracture healing and bone graft studies, but hematological responses are seldom reported. Therefore, the present study reported the hematological changes observed in rabbits that underwent xenografting of caprine demineralized bone matrix (CDBM). Method Twenty-four (24) male rabbits (2.5 0.5kg) were acquired for the purpose of this study and were randomly assigned to three groups: autologous bone graft (ABG), unfilled (NC), and caprine demineralized bone matrix (CDBM). Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture under xylazine-ketamine anesthesia on day 0 (baseline), and on days 28 and 56 postsurgery and were analyzed manually within 2hours of collection. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, and a p-value< 0.05 was considered significant. Result There was an overall significant difference in the values of total white blood cell count (p» 0.0043), neutrophil count (p< 0.0001), monocyte count (p» 0.0184), red blood cell count (p» 0.003), hemoglobin concentration (p< 0.0001) and packed cell volume (p< 0.0001) across the days and the treatment groups. There was, however, no overall significant difference in lymphocyte count (p» 0.4923), basophil count (p» 0.4183), and eosinophil count (0.4806) within days. Conclusion Response to CDBM grafting in rabbits could, therefore, be said to be characterized by marked leukocytosis with neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis by day 28 of postgrafting. This could form the basis with which hematology can be used to monitor body response of bone graft animal models.

Resumo Objetivo Diversos modelos animais têm sido usados em estudos sobre enxertos ósseos e o tratamento de fraturas, mas as respostas hematológicas são raramente relatadas. Este estudo descreveu as alterações hematológicas observadas em coelhos submetidos a xenoenxertos de matriz óssea desmineralizada caprina (MODC). Métodos Vinte e quatro (24) coelhos machos (2,5 0,5 kg) foram adquiridos para este estudo e divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: enxerto ósseo autólogo (EOA); controle negativo sem preenchimento (SP) e matriz óssea desmineralizada caprina (MODC). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas por punção cardíaca sob anestesia com xilazina-quetamina no dia 0 (para estabelecimento dos valores basais) e aos dias 28 e 56 após a cirurgia; essas amostras foram submetidas à análise manual em até 2 horas após a coleta. A análise estatística foi composta por análise de variância (ANOVA) de dois fatores com medidas repetidas, e o valor de p< 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados Houve uma diferença geral significativa nos números de leucócitos totais (p» 0,0043), neutrófilos (p< 0,0001), monócitos (p» 0,0184) e hemácias (p» 0,003), na concentração de hemoglobina (p< 0,0001) e no hematócrito (p< 0,0001) ao longo dos dias e entre os grupos de tratamento. No entanto, não houve diferença global significativa no número de linfócitos (p» 0,4923), basófilos (p» 0,4183) e eosinófilos (p» 0,4806) entre os dias. Conclusão A resposta ao enxerto de MODC em coelhos é, portanto, caracterizada por leucocitose intensa com neutrofilia, linfocitose e monocitose no 28° dia após o procedimento. Esses dados podem basear a utilização da hematologia no monitoramento da resposta corporal em modelos animais de enxerto ósseo.

Aspects of the macro and microscopic anatomy of the sciatic nerve in Wistar rats / Aspectos de la anatomía macro y microscópica del nervio ciático en ratas Wistar

The present study seeks to systematize morphological and morphometrical parameters and brings new data on the main branch of the lumbosacral plexus ­ i.e., sciatic nerve ­ in Wistar rats aged four and seven weeks. Sixteen female were divided into two groups, namely animals aged four weeks, and animals aged seven weeks. The specimens were studied at proximal and distal segments of the right hind limb sciatic nerves. Semi-thin transverse sections (0.25 µm thickness) were stained with 1 % toluidine blue, and the morphometric analysis was processed through the KS 400 software. Except for the number of fascicles and fascicular diameter, no differences were found between the proximal and distal segments. We observed differences when morphometric values were compared between 4- and 7- week old animals, with some exceptions (number of fascicles and myelinated fibers, and capillary area and number). The macroscopic data disagree with a previous description of the sciatic nerve being composed by two fascicles. Instead, sciatic nerve's only fascicle trifurcates or quadrifurcates at the distal third of the thigh. The total capillary area and density were calculated, and these are the first referential data for the sciatic nerve. Histograms of myelinated fiber and axons considering the animal ages were built. The results presented here are important because experimental studies, mainly studies on nerve regenerations require comparison with normal reliable data.

El objetivo fue sistematizar los parámetros morfológicos y morfométricos y traer nuevos datos sobre el ramo principal del plexo lumbosacro - es decir nervio ciático - en ratas Wistar de 4 a 7 semanas. Dieciséis ratas fueron divididas en dos grupos, con 4 y 7 semanas de edad. Las muestras estudiadas fueron los segmentos proximal y distal del nervio ciático derecho. Secciones delgadas (espesor 0,25 mm) fueron teñidas con azul de toluidina al 1 % y el análisis morfométrico se llevó a cabo utilizando el programa KS 400. Excepto para el número de fascículos y diámetro fascicular, no se encontraron diferencias entre los segmentos proximal y distal. Fueron observadas diferencias cuando se compararon los valores morfométricos entre animales de 4 y 7 semanas, con algunas excepciones (número de fascículos y fibras mielinizadas, área y número de capilares). Los datos macroscópicos no están de acuerdo con la descripción anterior del nervio ciático siendo compuesto por dos fascículos. En cambio, sólo trifurcación o cuadrifurcación fueron encontrados en el tercio distal del muslo. El área total capilar y la densidad fueron calculadas y estos constituyen los primeros datos de referencia para el nervio ciático. Se construyeron histogramas de fibras mielínicas y axones, teniendo en cuenta las edades de los animales. Los resultados presentados aquí son importantes porque los estudios experimentales, en especial aquellos sobre la regeneración nerviosa, requieren comparación con datos confiables normales.

Análisis mediante radiografía convencional de los tejidos dentales y periodontales de cerdo (Sus domesticus) sometidos a altas temperaturas / Conventional X-ray analysis of porcine (Sus domesticus) periodontal and dental tissue subjected to high temperature

Introducción: La implementación de modelos animales para el estudio de los tejidos dentales y periodontales de dientes articulados en sus alvéolos sometidos a altas temperaturas permite el establecimiento de parámetros repetitivos que contribuyen con los procesos de identificación. Objetivo: Describir los cambios radiográficos de los tejidos dentales y periodontales de cerdo (Sus domesticus) sometidos a altas temperaturas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de naturaleza pseudo-experimental in vitro para observar los cambios radiográficos de los tejidos dentales y periodontales en 60 dientes de cerdo doméstico sometidos a altas temperaturas (200, 400, 600, 800 y 1,000 ºC). Resultados: Los tejidos dentales y periodontales estudiados presentan gran resistencia a las altas temperaturas sin variar considerablemente su microestructura, de tal manera que los cambios físicos (estabilidad dimensional, fisuras, grietas y fracturas) que ocurren en la medida que aumenta la temperatura pueden describirse a través de radiografía convencional. Conclusiones: El análisis radiográfico de los dientes articulados en sus respectivos alvéolos se constituye en un mecanismo para determinar la temperatura a la cual estuvo sometido un diente, lo que puede ser empleado durante el proceso de identificación odontológica y documentación de la necropsia médico-legal para el caso de cadáveres o restos humanos quemados, carbonizados e incinerados. El cerdo doméstico (Sus domesticus) se constituye en un modelo animal experimental adecuado para estudiar dichos cambios; sin embargo, se recomienda realizar un estudio en dientes humanos articulados en su respectiva unidad alveolar, para determinar si los hallazgos radiográficos descritos se repiten y son extrapolables.

Introduction: The implementation of animal models for the study of periodontal and dental tissues of teeth articulated into their sockets and subjected to high temperatures allows the establishment of repetitive parameters which might contribute to identification processes. Aim: To describe radiographic changes of pig's (Sus domesticus) periodontal and dental tissues subjected to high temperatures. Material and methods: An in vitro pseudo-experimental, descriptive and observational study was undertaken in order to assess radiological changes of periodontal and dental tissues of 60 domestic pig's teeth which had been subjected to high temperatures (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 ºC). Results: The dental and periodontal tissues subject of this research article presented strong resistance to high temperatures without considerable variation of their micro-structure. Thus, physical changes (dimensional stability, fissures, cracks and fractures) which took place as temperature increased, could be described using a conventional X-ray. Conclusions: Radiographic examination of teeth articulated in their sockets can be established as a mechanism to determine the temperature at which the tooth was subjected. This could be used in processes of dental identification and medical-legal autopsy documentation in cases of burned, carbonized or incinerated human remains. Domestic pigs (Sus domesticus) can be regarded as a suitable experimental animal models to study the aforementioned changes. Nevertheless, a study involving human teeth articulated in their own socket is recommended in order to determine whether the radiographic findings herein described are replicated and can be extrapolated.

Toxocaríase experimental em hamster / Experimental toxocariasis in hamsters

INTRODUÇÃO: Toxocaríase é uma infecção parasitária de distribuição global, causada pela fase larval de Toxocara spp. Os hospedeiros naturais são cães e gatos, nos quais o parasita completa o ciclo chegando a fase adulta. Outros hospedeiros podem ser infectados pela fase larval do parasita, após ingestão de ovos embrionados do solo, mãos contaminadas, fomites, ou ingestão de carne ou vísceras de animais infectados. Em hospedeiros paratênicos o parasita não completa o ciclo, invadindo em estágio larval vísceras ou outros tecidos, onde podem sobreviver e induzir a patologia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), como modelo experimental de toxocaríase, inicialmente através do estudo das lesões histopatológicas em fígado, pulmão e rim. A caracterização da resposta imunológica do modelo, foi feita através do estudo de citocinas envolvidas nas respostas Th1 e Th2, e foi sugerida uma correlação entre alterações glomerulares e depósitos de complexos antígenos-anticorpo pré-formados na circulação. MÉTODOS: Hamsters foram inoculados com ovos embrionados de Toxocara canis, e mantidos no biotério do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. O estudo histopatológico foi desenvolvido utilizando-se cortes parafinados corados por hematoxilina e eosina. Para detecção de antígenos nos tecidos foram realizadas reações imunohistoquímicas, utilizando-se anticorpo monoclonal e policlonal anti- Toxocara canis. Utilizando-se o soro dos animais infectados e animais controle, foi realizada pesquisa de antígeno e anticorpo por ELISA. Para pesquisa de imunoglobulinas IgG e IgM e complemento, foram utilizados cortes congelados de rins para realização de reação de Imunofluorescência. Fragmentos de rins foram incluídos para utilização em microscopia eletrônica, para detecção de antígenos de toxocara e de imune complexos. Para caracterização de resposta imunológica foram estudadas citocinas envolvidas na resposta Th1 e Th2 por técnica de...

INTRODUCTION: Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection of global distribution, caused by the larval stage of Toxocara spp. The natural hosts are dogs and cats, in which the parasite completes the cycle reaching adulthood. Other hosts can be infected with the larval stage of the parasite, after ingestion of embryonated eggs from the soil, contaminated hands, fomites, or ingestion of meat or viscera of infected animals. In paratenics hosts the parasite not complete the cycle, encroaching on larval stage in viscera or other tissues where they can survive and induce pathology. The present study aimed to characterize the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, as experimental model of toxocariasis, initially through the study of histopathological lesions in the liver, lung and kidney. The characterization of immune response model, was made through the study of cytokines Th1 and Th2 responses involved, and a correlation was suggested between glomerular changes and antibody-antigen complexes deposits preformed in the circulation. METHODS: Hamsters were inoculated with embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis, and kept in the bioterium of the Institute of Tropical Medicine of the São Paulo. The histopathologic study was developed using paraffin slides stained by hematoxylin and eosin. For detection of antigens in tissues immunohistochemistry reactions were performed using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Toxocara canis sera. Using the serum of infected and control animals, search has been carried out of antigen and antibody by ELISA. For the search of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and complement, were used slides prepared from frozen fragments of kidneys and a immunofluorescence reaction. Fragments of kidneys were included for electron microscopy to detect antigens of Toxocara and immune complexes. For characterization of Th1 and Th2 response cytokines involved were detected by RT-PCR technique. RESULTS: Histopathological findings demonstrated since the beginning of the...

Atividade da mieloperoxidase está aumentada na síndrome hepatopulmonar em ratos / Myeloperoxidase activity is increased in hepatopulmonary syndrome in rats

RACIONAL: A síndrome hepatopulmonar é formada por tríade clínica composta de doença hepática, dilatação vascular intrapulmonar e alterações de gases sanguíneos. Sua patogênese não é bem definida, mas especula-se que uma combinação de fatores, tais como o desequilíbrio das respostas dos receptores de endotelina, remodelação microvascular pulmonar e predisposição genética, leva à translocação bacteriana e dilatação vascular intrapulmonar. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade da mieloperoxidase em modelo experimental de síndrome hepatopulmonar em ratos. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 29 animais divididos em grupos controle, sham e experimental de síndrome hepatopulmonar. O modelo experimental utilizado para induzir a síndrome foi a ligadura de ducto biliar comum. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de mieloperoxidase foram significativamente maiores no grupo ligadura de ducto biliar comum em comparação com os outros grupos. A atividade da mieloperoxidase foi maior no grupo ligadura de ducto biliar comum que o grupo controle (p<0,05) e do grupo sham (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A atividade da mieloperoxidase estava aumentada na síndrome hepatopulmonar experimentais em ratos.

BACKGROUND: Hepatopulmonary syndrome is formed by a triad of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation and changes in blood gases. Its pathogenesis is not well defined, but it is speculated that a combination of factors, such as the imbalance of endothelin receptor responses, pulmonary microvascular remodeling, and genetic predisposition, leads to bacterial translocation and intrapulmonary vascular dilatation. AIM: To evaluate the myeloperoxidase activity in hepatopulmonary syndrome in rat model. METHOD: Twenty-nine rats were divided into control, sham and experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome groups. Was evaluated the myeloperoxidase activity and the experimental model used to induce hepatopulmonary syndrome was common bile duct ligation. RESULTS: The myeloperoxidase activity levels were significantly increased in the common bile duct ligation group as compared with the other groups. Myeloperoxidase activity was higher in the common bile duct ligation group than control group (p<0.05) and than sham group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The myeloperoxidase activity is increased in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome in rats.

MicroSPECT and MicroPET Imaging of Small Animals for Drug Development

The process of drug discovery and development requires substantial resources and time. The drug industry has tried to reduce costs by conducting appropriate animal studies together with molecular biological and genetic analyses. Basic science research has been limited to in vitro studies of cellular processes and ex vivo tissue examination using suitable animal models of disease. However, in the past two decades new technologies have been developed that permit the imaging of live animals using radiotracer emission, X-rays, magnetic resonance signals, fluorescence, and bioluminescence. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of small animal molecular imaging, with a focus on nuclear imaging (single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography). These technologies permit visualization of toxicodynamics as well as toxicity to specific organs by directly monitoring drug accumulation and assessing physiological and/or molecular alterations. Nuclear imaging technology has great potential for improving the efficiency of the drug development process.

Sutura simples e âncora em quadris de coelhos / Simple suture and anchor in rabbit hips

OBJETIVO: Por meio de ensaios biomecânicos, comparar as capsulorrafias com sutura simples e com âncoras, em quadris de coelhos. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 13 coelhos, 26 quadris, todos machos da raça Nova Zelândia albinos (Oryctolaguscuniculus). Inicialmente, realizamos um projeto piloto em três coelhos (seis quadris). Este experimento constou de 10 coelhos, divididos em 2 grupos: o Grupo 1 submetido à capsulorrafia (quadris direito e esquerdo) com sutura simples utilizando fio absorvível de ácido poliglicólico e o Grupo 2 submetido a capsulorrafia (quadris direito e esquerdo) com âncora de titânio. Após o período de quatro semanas de operados, todos animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e seus quadris congelados. Após um descongelamento prévio das peças, no mesmo dia das análises biomecânicas, foram avaliados os parâmetros de rigidez, força máxima, deformidade máxima e energia. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação à força no limite de proporcionalidade, rigidez e força máxima entre os grupos com sutura simples e com âncora. CONCLUSÃO: Por meio dos ensaios biomecânicos, tendo como parâmetro a rigidez, a força máxima, a deformidade máxima e a energia, ficou demonstrado que as capsulorrafias em quadris de coelhos com sutura simples e com âncora são semelhantes entre si. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Prospectivo Comparativo.

OBJECTIVE: Using biomechanical studies, this research aims to compare hip capsulorrhaphy in rabbits, carried out with two different techniques: capsulorrhaphy with simple sutures and with anchors. METHOD: Thirteen New Zealand Albino (Oryctolaguscuniculus) male rabbits, twenty-six hip joints, were used. First, a pilot project was performed with three rabbits (six hip joints). This experiment consisted of ten rabbits divided into two groups: group 1 underwent capsulorrhaphy on both right and left hips with simple suture using polyglycolic acid absorbable thread, and group 2 underwent capsulorrhaphy with titanium anchors. After a four-week postoperative period, the animals were euthanized and the hip joints were frozen. On the same day of the biomechanical studies, after the hip joints were previously unfrozen, the following parameters were evaluated: rigidity, maximum force, maximum deformity and energy. RESULTS: There was no relevant statistical difference in rigidity, maximum force, maximum deformity and energy between the simple suture and anchor groups. CONCLUSION: Through biomechanical analyses, using parameters of rigidity, maximum force, maximum deformity and energy, it has been shown that capsulorrhaphy with simple suture and with anchors has similar results in rabbit hip joints. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.

Antitumor activity of 5' -deoxy-fluorouridine on colon cancer experimental model in BALB/C mice / 国际外科学杂志

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anticancer activity of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on colon cancer experimental models in BALB/C mice,compared with 5'-fluorouracil,an anticancer agent widely used in clinic,meanwhile,examined the conversion of 5'-Dexoxy-fluorouridine to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissues and serum of mouse models.MethodsThe xenografts of mouse colon cancer cell line CT 26 were transplantated to cecum in 60 male BALB/C mice.Three days lated,these mice were divided into 3 groups and intro- peritoneally injected:( 1 ) 5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g,(2) 5' - Fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g,(3)0.9％ sodium chloride 0.4 mL (as a control),respectively.Two and three weeks later,6 mice were sacririced in every group respectively to measure the weight of tumors and bodies,to examine the Hb,RBC,WBC,PLT,AST,ALT,UREA,and CREA in blood.The rest 8 mice in each group were fed generally,and the survival time from operation to natural death was recorded.In addition,14 mice with xenografts of CT 26 about 2 weeks,were divided into 2 groups averagely,5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g and 5' -fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g were intro-peritoneally injected respectively.Fifteen min later,the converted 5' -fluorouracil was detected from the blood and tumor tissues in sacrificed mice.ResultsThe lest tumor average weight was found in the mice injected 5 '-dexoxy-fluorouridine,being (0.07 ± 0.12) g and (0.24g ±0.29) g for the mice sacrificed at 2 and 3 weeks later,respectively.The average survival time for rest mice was ( 32.6 ± 8.9) d.The average tumor weight in 5' - fluorouracil group was (0.74 ± 0.43 ) g and ( 1.13 ±0.75) g at 2 and 3 weeks later,and the average survival time for the rest was (22.8 ±5.9)d,respectively.The average tumor weight in the control group was (0.70 ±0.47) g and ( 1.93 ±0.83) g at 2 and 3 weeks,and the average survival time for the rest was ( 17.5 ± 2.8 ) d.Either the average tumor weight or average survival time in the mice of 5 ' -dexoxy-fluorouridine group was significantly differen from either 5' -fluorouracil group or control (P ＜ 0.05 ).However,there was no significant difference for the numbers of WBC,PLC,Hb,and some function examination of liver and kidney among 3 group mice,besides the loss of weights in 5'-fluorouracil group mice after operation and medicine therapy which was significantly obvious than that in 5' -deoxy-fluorouridine and control groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In addition,( 54.71 ± 12.82) μg/g 5' -fluorouracil was detected in xenografts of mice injected 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 15 min later,which was the 6.20 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in serum from sthe ame group,P ＜0.05.However,( 133.35 ±20.69) μg/m 5'-fluorouracil were detected in serum of mice after 5' -fluorouracil were injected 15 min later,which was the 1.55 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in the xenografts from same group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionsIn colon cancer tissues of mouse experimental models,5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine could be converted effectively to 5'-fluorouracil,an obvious high concentration being detected in serum of mice than in cancer tissues.The anticancer effect of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on mouse colon cancer models was more effective than 5'-fluorouracil,resulting in a longer survival duration,less side effect and no significant injury on liver and kidney functions.However,the mechanism of 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine converted to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissue is needed further investigation.

Efeitos do uso de antiinflamatório e do exercício aeróbico sobre a regeneração tecidual e perfil biomecânico do tendão calcâneo de ratos após ruptura completa / Effects of anti-inflammatory and aerobic exercise on tissue regeneration and biomechanical profile of Achilles tendon of rats after complete rupture

Ruptura do tendão calcâneo é uma das lesões tendíneas mais frequentes. Embora a maioria dos trabalhos sugira que o exercício seja benéfico na cicatrização tendínea, não há consenso sobre o efeito do antiinflamatório neste contexto. Trabalhos experimentais tentam reproduzir lesão aguda deste tendão, em diferentes espécies animais. Neste estudo, descrevemos uma técnica de tenotomia completa do tendão calcâneo direito em ratos e, em seguida, avaliamos os efeitos do uso do antiinflamatório e do exercício aeróbico, isoladamente e em combinação, sobre a proliferação celular e o perfil biomecânico do tendão calcâneo, durante o processo de cicatrização após tenotomia. Estudo experimental com 156 ratos machos adultos, da raça Wistar, com idade média de 3 meses e peso médio de 300g. Após anestesia com tiopental e com auxílio da miscroscopia de luz, foi realizada incisão longitudinal posterior de cinco milímetros, em direção proximal, a partir da tuberosidade posterior do calcâneo da pata direita do rato. Foi feito corte trasnversal do tendão calcâneo, a sete milímetros da tuberosidade do calcâneo, com preservação do tendão plantar. Utilizamos as técnicas de Hematoxilina e Eosina, Picrosirius-red e Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert para avaliação da cicatrização tendínea e das fibras dos sistemas colágeno e elástico. Após a tenotomia, metade dos animais receberam tenoxicam intramuscular por 7 dias e no oitavo dia iniciou-se protocolo de exercício em esteira na metade de cada grupo. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de tratamento: A - sem antiinflamatório E sem exercício (controle); B - com antiinflamatório E com exercício; C - sem antiinflamatório E com exercício; D - com antiinflamatório E sem exercício. Os animais foram eutanasiados com 1, 2, 4 e 8 semanas após a tenotomia, para avaliação histológica pelo PCNA, e biomecânica através do teste de resistência à tração e da medida do ciclo locomotor. Foram realizados análise de variância...

Achilles tendon rupture is one of the most frequent tendon injuries. Although most studies have shown the benefits of exercise on tendon regeneration, controversy still exists concerning non-steroidal antinflammatory drug (NSAID) effects in this context. Several experimental models have been used for the study of Achilles tendon injury. In this study, we describe the surgical technique of right Achilles tenotomy in rats and subsequently, evaluate the effects of NSAID and aerobic exercise, in an isolated fashion and combined, on cell proliferation and biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon after tenotomy. Experimental study with 156 male Wistar rats with an average age of 3 months and with average weight of 300g. Surgical procedures were performed under light microscopy, after anesthesia with thiopental. A five millimeters posterior longitudinal incision was created, proximally directed, starting five millimeters proximal to the posterior calcaneal tuberosity. A complete tenotomy of the Achilles tendon was performed, seven millimeters away from the calcaneal tuberosity. The plantaris tendon was preserved. We used Hematoxilin and Eosin, Picrosirius-red and Weigert's Resorcin-fucsin to observe general tendon healing, especially regarding collagen and elastic fibers. After tenotomy, half of the rats received an intramuscular injection of tenoxican for 7 days and exercise was initiated on the 8th day for half the animals of each group. Rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: A) no NSAID and no exercise; B) NSAID plus exercise; C) no NSAID, with exercise; D) NSAID and no exercise. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the tenotomy and cell proliferation was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for PCNA, biomechanical evaluation was performed with ultimate load and gait cycle analysis was also carried out. We used the test of analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis test and also, Bonferroni method, in the R Project program 2.11.1...

Modelos experimentais parao estudo do diabetes tipo 1: [revisão] / Animal models for type 1 diabetes studies: [review]

Os modelos animais de diabetes têm sido usados extensivamente na obtenção do esclarecimento sobre esta doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os principais modelos experimentais para o estudo do diabetes mellitus. Dentre os modelos experimentais para o estudo do diabetes, existem os modelos induzidos quimicamente por aloxana e streptozotocina, sendo que a dose utilizada depende da espécie do animal e do seu peso. Além disso, existem dois excelentes modelos de diabetes espontâneo: os ratos BB (Biobreading) e os camundongos NOD (Non ObeseDiabetic). Os camundongos NOD são o modelo mais estudado de doença espontânea auto-imune órgão-específico em todo o mundo. As razões para a preferência deste modelo incluem um genoma bem definido, maior quantidade de reagentes monoclonais para a análise de componentes do sistema imune e um custo razoavelmente baixo, comparado com a utilização de ratos. Estes camundongos exibem autoimunidade espontânea com destruição das ilhotas pancreáticas, de forma semelhante à observada em humanos. A destruição auto-imune é caracterizada por insulite e infiltrado leucocitárionas ilhotas pancreáticas. Esta infiltração é composta predominantemente por células dendríticas, macrófagos, por células TCD4, TCD8 e células B. Os fatores ambientais em conjunto com a genética, claramente modificam a incidência do diabetes tipo 1 nos modelos experimentais espontâneos. A suscetibilidade destes camundongos é poligênica e ambiental, enfatizando condições de habitação, sanitárias, dietéticas e de gênero. A incidência de diabetes em camundongos NOD é aproximadamente quatro vezes maior em fêmeas do que em machos. As informações obtidas através deste excelente modelo animal podem ser relevantes para O entendimento do processo da doença nos humanos.

The animal models of diabetes have been used extensively in obtaining the information on this disease. The objective of this study was a literature review on the main experimental models for the study of diabetes mellitus. Among the experimental models for the study of diabetes, the models are chemically induced by aloxan and streptozotocin, and the dose used depends on the species of the animal and its weight. Also, there are two excellent models of spontaneous diabetes: the BB rats (Biobreading) and NOD mice (Non Obese Diabetic). The NOD mice are the most studied model of spontaneous self immune disease-specific body in the world. The reasons for the preference genome of this model include a well-defined, greater quantity of monoclonal reagents for the analysis of components of the immune system and a reasonably low cost, compared with the use of rats. These mice exhibit spontaneous autoimmunity with destruction of pancreatic is lets, in a manner similar to that seen in humans. The auto-immune destruction is characterized by insulite in pancreatic is lets. This infiltration is composed predominantly of dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4 T cells, CD8 cells and B. The environmental factors together with the genetics, clearly alter the incidence of type 1 diabetes in experimental models spontaneous. The susceptibility of these mice is genetics and environment, emphasizing adequate housing, health, diet and gender. The incidence of diabetes in NOD mice is about four times higher in females than in males. Information obtained through this excellent animal model may be relevant to the understanding of the process of the disease in humans.

A new renal artery atherosclerosis mini pig model suitable for interventional studies / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To establish a mini pig model suitable for interventional studies in vivo. Methods The endothelia of unilateral renal arteries in 8 purebred Chinese experimental mini pigs(CEMP)was denuded by inflated balloons after the animals were fed with high cholesterol diet for 13 weeks.The CEMP were fed with h high cholesterol diet continuously till the 40th week.The levels of blood lipid panel and creatinine were tested at week 1,14 and 40.Bilateral renal arteries were examined with intravascular uhrasonography at week 14 and 40.The vessel samples were collected at week 40 and stained with haematoxylin-eosin,Masson trichrome technique, oil O and anti-macrophage immunohistological technique. Results Significant differences of blood lipid panel and creatinine were found between week 1 and week 40.Focal ischemic renal injury could be observed pathologically.Renal arteries of CEMP were suitable for interventional procedure such as angiography and intravascular ultrasonography.Cross-sectional information of vessels could be provided clearly by intravascular ultrasonography and the intimamedian thickness of injured renal arteries was much thicker than that of non-injured ones[(0.89±0.03)mm vs (0.30±0.02)mm,P＜0.05]as evidenced by this diagnostic technique.Pathological findings demonstrated the atheroselerotic profiles of the injured renal arteries.Fibrous and fibro-fatty plaques were the main pathologic types in this CEMP model. Conclusions An animal model with renal arterial atherosclerosis mimicking the progression of atheroselerotic renovaseular disease,which is suitable for interventional procedure is established successfully.Intravascular ultasonography may have potential clinical prospect on the evaluation of atherosclerotic renovaseular disease.

Study of Effect of Weixikang Apozema on Growth Factor of Acetic Acid Gastric Ulcer Rats / 中华中医药杂志

Objective: To observe the effect of Weixikang apozema on growth factor of acetic acid gastric ulcer rats.Methods: The rats were divided into blank control group(abbreviated as blank group),model group,ranitidine group,Weixikang low dosage group(abbreviated as low dosage group) and Weixikang high dosage group(abbreviated as high dosage group) at random,each group has 8 rats.The content of epidermal growth factor(EGF) and transforming growth factor-?(TGF-?) were measured with radioimmunoassay.The protein expression of EGF,TGF? and EGFR were measured with immunohistochemical method.Results: The content of EGF and TGF-? and the protein expression of EGF,TGF-? and EGFR in low dosage group and high dosage group have increased(P

The CT difference of permeability surface,cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow in the evaluation of angiogenesis and growth behavior of the C6 glioma / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To estimate the difference of PS、CBV/CBF in the evaluation pf angiogenesis and growth behavior of the C6 glioma.Methods Sixty adult Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups randomly.CT perfusion were performed at the time of 5,13,20 d after the rats were inoculated C6 glioma cells.Permeability surface(PS),cerebral blood volume(CBV),cerebral blood flow(CBF)of different part of the tumor(central part,peripheral part,adjacent part and contralateral normal parenchyma)were measured at different time.Results At the central parts of the lesions,there were obvious difference between different time of tumor growth among PS[(3.94?0.15),(8.47?0.34),(5.20?0.65)ml? 100g~(-1)?min~(-1)],CBF[(280.33?8.82),(388.33?14.00),(116.16?11.54)ml? 100g~(-1)?min~(-1)],CBV[(7.75?0.27),(12.73?0.98),(5.14?0.66)ml?100g~(-1)](F=4.421,P= 0.013;F=11.370,P=0.000;F=15.789,P=0.000).There were statistical difference of PS at the different time in both the peripheral and adjacent parts of the glioma.(F=13.567,P=0.000;F=12.470, P=0.000).No difference were detected in CBF or CBV at different time of the peripheral parts of the tumors(F=1.176,P=0.336;F=0.148,P=0.710).there were significant difference between different time of tumor growth among CBF[(175.33?12.95),(275.50?13.76),(246.33?12.81)ml? 100g~(-1)?min~(-1)],CBV[(4.15?0.47),(8.05?0.30),(7.54?0.89)ml?100g~(-1)]at the adjacent parts of the tumors(F=24.176,P=0.000;F=17.148,P=0.000;F=15.791,P=0.000). Coneluslon CBV,CBF can reflect the number and volume of the tumor vessels,while PS can directly reflect the function of the angiogenesis and the behavior of the glioma.

The preliminary study of CT cerebral perfusion imaging on the brain injury of the high +Gx in Rhesus / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of CT cerebral perfusion imaging on the brain injury of the high +Gx in Rhesus. Methods Seven healthy male adult Rhesus were randomly divided into control group and +15 Gx group. The +15 Gx group underwent parabolic G curve in animal centrifuge. The animals were all examined by CT cerebral perfusion before +Gx exposure, 2 h, 24 h, and 1 week after ~+Gx exposure. The results were compared with pathologic examination. Results 2 h and 24 h after +15 Gx exposure, brain ischemia was showed on CT cerebral perfusion imaging. After 1 week, the brain ischemia was almost recovered to normal. Mild ischemic atrophy was observed in pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex by light microscopy. Electron microscopic observation showed chromatin marginating and mitochondria cristae blurring in pyramidal cells after +Gx overload. Conclusion High G from simulating spaceship emergency return can cause ischemic injuries of the brain in Rhesus, and CT brain perfusion imaging can provide valuable diagnostic information.

Expression of heat shock protein 27 induced in the experimental rat glaucoma model / 眼科

Objective To evaluate changes in retinal expression of three heat shock proteins(HSPs)HSP27,HSP70 and HSP90 in normal and experimental glaucomatous rats's retina,and to explore the potential relationship between HSPs with glaucoma optic neuropathy.Design Experimental study.Participants 60 Wistar rats.Methods Rats were randomly divided into ocular hypertension group(n=30)and sham control group(n=30).The right eye was designed as the experimental eye,and the left as the control eyes.Intraocular pressure(IOP)was elevated by using underwater bipolar electro coagulation condensate 3 episcleral and limbal veins on the right eye of rats to establish of animal models of glaucoma.IOP were monitored twice weekly with a Tonopen.In treated eyes,IOP ranged from 27 to 35 mmHg throughout the study.Rats were killed with euthanasia at 10,20,or 60 days following the occurrence of ocular hypertension,with retina dissected free and protein isolated.Protein was used for Western blot analysis and probed with specific HSP antibodies,and normalized to ?-actin levels.Main Outcome Measures IOP,Western bolt.Results Western blot analysis demonstrated that HSP27 protein levels in the retinas were elevated as much as 197% at 10,20 and 60 days following the induction of ocular hypertension.No changes in protein levels were observed for HSP70 or HSP90 in retina from ocular hypertensive eyes.Conclusions The stress protein HSP27 is upregulated in retinas from ocular hypertensive rats.No changes in HSP70 or HSP90 were observed.The upregulation in HSP27 appears to be a gene specific event associated with elevated IOP,its expression may be a potential relationship associated with optic neuropathy in glaucoma.