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OBJECTIVE: To improve the pretreatment method for the detection of lead, manganese and their inorganic compounds in workplace air samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. METHODS: In this method, 20.0 mL of 1.0-2.0 mol/L nitric acid solution was used as the digestion solution to digest the microporous membrane sample at 140-160 ℃ to a volume of 0.5-1.0 mL. Samples were cooled and fixed to 10 mL and detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. RESULTS: The lead detection had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.10-3.00 mg/L. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 5, the detection limit and the lower limit of quantification were 0.03 and 0.10 mg/L respectively(calculated by 3 and 10 times of standard deviation respectively). The minimum detection concentration was 0.004 mg/m~3, and the minimum quantitative concentration was 0.010 mg/m~3(collected by 75 L air calculation). The manganese detection had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.05-3.00 mg/L mass concentration. The correlation coefficient was 0.999 8, the detection limit and the lower limit of quantification were 0.015 and 0.05 mg/L respectively(calculated by 3 and 10 times of standard deviation respectively), the minimum detection concentration was 0.002 mg/m~3, and the minimum quantitative concentration was 0.007 mg/m~3(based on collection 75 L air calculation). The recovery rate of standard addition was 97.8%-99.6%, and the relative standard deviation within and between run were 0.4%-2.0% and 0.4%-1.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, the reagent consumption is small, the digestion temperature is low, the precision and accuracy are high. This method is suitable for widespread use.
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To investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) foliar fertilization on yield, dry matter accumulation,Zn and Mn concentrations in leaf and seed of chickpea cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in 2014. Theexperimental design was a split plot in randomized complete block with three replications. The phenological stagesrecorded were as follows: Emergence, flowering, 50% flowering, and harvest maturity. At harvest, economic yieldand its components, biological yield, harvest index, stem, leaf, pod, seed, and total dry weight were measured. TheZn and Mn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated that the spraying ofZn and Mn elements did not have a significant effect on the time from emergence to 50% flowering and the timefrom emergence to maturation. Spraying treatments had a significant effect on dry weight of stems, leaves, pods,seeds, and total plant. In all three cultivars, Zn spraying had the greatest effect on the plant height, number of pods perplant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, and dry weight of leaves, seeds, andtotal plant, while Mn spraying had the greatest effect on the increase in stem and pod dry weight and protein content.
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Abstract A 32 factorial design was employed to develop an in vitro digestion method for estimation of Fe bioaccessible fractions in cooked chicken meat. The effects of sample size and the in vitro bioaccessible fractions of this essential element were evaluated. A sample preparation method employing a microwave assisted digestion with dilute nitric acid was used prior to total Fe determination. For the bioacessibility studies, the optimized procedure employed 7.5 g of sample and 6% w/v of an acid pepsin solution. This procedure was applied to two kinds of chicken meat samples: breast and liver. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used to determine total and bioaccessible (chyme or soluble portion) levels of iron in the samples. With respect to total Fe content, the bioaccessible fractions of Fe found in these samples were around 23% and 56 %, for breast and chicken liver, respectively. The chicken liver sample showed the highest total (400 ± 10 mg kg-1) and bioaccessible Fe contents (223 ± 18 mg kg-1) and stands out as a good source of this micronutrient.
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A new derivative of ordered mesoporous carbon (GSH-CMK-3) has been prepared by chemical modification and functionalization of ordered mesoporous carbon with glutathione. The composite was fully characterized by means of Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GSH-CMK-3 showed favorable chemical stability, thermal stability and excellent adsorption performance toward Cd2+and a maximum adsorption capacity of 87.87 mg/g was achieved. The adsorption kinetic follows pseudo-second-order adsorption model. In a sequential injection mini-column separation system, 0. 006 mol/L sulfourea (in 0. 2 mol/L HNO3) was adopted as eluent and the elution efficiency was 96%. With a sample volume of 1000 μL and 50 μL of eluate, an enrichment factor of 17.3 was obtained. A procedure for on-line selective separation and preconcentration of trace Cd2+was developed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Along with a detection limit of 1.9 ng/L (n=7,3σ) and a linear range of 0.05-0.20 μg/L, a RSD of 2.9% (n=13,100 ng/L) was achieved. The method was validated by analyzing Cd2+in a certified reference material GBW08608.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the contents determination of 5 heavy metals in Ershiwuwei shanhu pills, and to investigate the contents of heavy metals in Ershiwuwei shanhu pills produced by 5 manufacturers from different districts of Tibet. METHODS:Ershiwuwei shanhu pills were digested by HNO3-HClO4(4:1,V/V).The contents of 3 heavy metals as Cu,Pb, Cd in samples were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS). The contents of 2 heavy metals as As,Hg in samples were measured by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry(HG-AAS). RESULTS:5 kinds of heavy metals have good linear relationship in the corresponding mass concentration range(all r≥0.999 1). The limits of detection of Cu,Pb, Cd were 0.001 6,0.041 2,0.036 3 mg/L,and the limits of quantitation were 0.005 3,0.137 3,0.121 0 mg/L;the limits of detection of As,Hg were 0.325 7,0.692 3 μg/L,and the limits of quantitation were 1.085 7,2.307 7 μg/L. RSDs of precision tests were ≤5.54%(n=6);RSDs of stability tests were all≤3.79%;RSDs of reproducibility tests were ≤3.72%. The average recovery rates were 91.34%-110.11%(RSDs were 0.66%-6.80%,n=6). Results of contents determination showed that the contents of Cu in samples from 5 manufacturers were not out of limits,but the contents of Cd and Hg were all out of limits; the contents of Pb in samples from 4 manufacturers were out of limits,and the contents of As in samples from 2 manufacturers were out of limits. CONCLUSIONS:The established method has good accuracy,sensitivity,stability and reproducibility,and it is suitable for contents determination of 5 heavy metals in Ershiwuwei shanhu pills. To some extent,there is a problem of excessive heavy metals in samples from 5 manufacturers.
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Objective To evaluate the method for detection of urinary mercury using a Zeeman atomic absorption mercury analyzer and to provide a reference for selecting a convenient method for mercury detection in experiments and clinical diagnoses. Methods Urinary mercury was detected by Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy (ZAAS) and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS), and the detection limit, accuracy, precision and consistency of the two methods were compared. Results The Data collected by ZAAS and HG-AAS showed a good linear relationship in the range of 0 -1000 ng/mL (ZASS, R2 =1. 0000) and 0 -20 ng/mL (HG-AAS, R2 =0. 9990). The detection limits of ZAAS was 0. 156 ng/mL and that of HG-AAS was 1. 593 ng/mL, indicating that ZAAS is more sensitive. The recovery rate of standard addition of ZAAS was between 97. 5％ and 103. 2％, and that of HG-AAS was between 95. 6％ and 104. 5％. After measurement of 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL mercury standard solutions repeated for 10 times, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of ZAAS was 0. 30％ and 0. 36％ respectively, and the RSD of HG-AAS was 2. 82％ and 1. 11％, respectively. The accuracy and precision of both the two method met the standards of GBZ/T 210. 5-2008, and the precision of ZAAS was better. A total of 30 urine samples were measured by these two methods. The results were compared with paired-samples t-test and showed a non-significant difference (P ＞ 0. 05), indicating a high consistency of these two method (R2 =0. 9961). Conclusions ZAAS is a convenient and accurate method for the detection of urinary mercury, with a relatively low detection limit and better precision.
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Resumen Con el objetivo de medir la influencia que ejercen las actividades mineras de la explotación del carbón sobre la calidad del aire en las comunidades ubicadas en el área de influencia al norte de Colombia, se realizó una medición de los niveles de los metales pesados Cu, Cd, V y Pb en 21 muestras de agua lluvia. Este estudio se realizó por periodo de un año, mediante espectrometría de absorción atómica electrométrica. El promedio de las concentraciones de los metales fueron: Cu 23,47 ± 13,97 µg/L, Cd 4,72 ± 3,29 µg/L y V 11,25 ± 6,75 µg/L. Los resultados sugieren que la atmósfera no se encuentra contaminada por Pb, pero las actividades mineras (las excavaciones y voladuras, la combustión de combustibles fósiles, de crudos de petróleo y gasoil, las fuentes de tráfico vehicular, etc.) afectan significativamente la presencia y los niveles de los demás metales incluidos en el estudio. La contaminación en la zona influye en que el agua lluvia no cumpla con las normas de calidad, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, ya que los parámetros de pH y Cd superan los límites permisibles y por tanto no es apta para el consumo humano.
Abstract To measure the influence of coal mining activities on air quality in northern Colombia, a first approach was made to assess pollution by measuring the levels of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, V, and Pb in 21 samples of rainfall over a one year period, by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The average concentrations of metals in the study area in wet precipitation were: Cu 23.47 ± 13.97 µg/L, Cd4.72 ± 3.29 µg/L y V 11.25 ± 6.75 µg/L. The results suggest that the atmosphere is not polluted by Pb, but mining activities (excavation and blasting, combustion of fossil fuels, crude oil and gas oil, and vehicular traffic sources) may significantly affect the presence and the levels of the other studied metals. Contamination in the area makes rain water infringe the quality standards, both nationally and internationally, since the parameters of pH and Cd exceed the permissible limits, therefore it is not suitable for human consumption.
Resumo A fim de medir a influência que exercem as atividades de mineração de carvão sobre a qualidade do ar nas comunidades localizadas na área de influência ao norte da Colômbia, foram medidos os níveis de metais pesados Cu, Cd, V e Pb em 21 amostras de água da chuva. Este estudo foi feito ao longo de um ano, mediante espectrometria de absorção atômica eletrométrica. As concentrações médias dos metais foram: Cu 23,47 ± 13,97 µg/L, Cd 4,72 ± 3,29 µg/L e V 11,25 ± 6,75 µg/L. Os resultados sugerem que a atmosfera não está contaminada por Pb, mas as atividades de mineração (escavação e detonação, a queima de combustíveis fósseis, petróleo bruto e diesel, e o tráfego de veículos) afetam significativamente a presença e os níveis dos outros metais incluídos no estudo. A poluição faz que a água da chuva não atenda aos padrões de qualidade, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, posto que os parâmetros de pH e Cd excedem os limites admissíveis e, portanto, fazem que à água seja imprópria para consumo humano.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for determining arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) released from pharmaceutical glass packing materials to provide reference for improving the existing quality standard. METHODS: The samples were filled with 4% acetic acid to leach As and Sb. The extracting temperature was 98℃, and the extracting time was 2 h. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used for the determination. RESULTS: As and Sb showed good linear relationship in a certain concentration range with linear correlation coefficients of 0.999 9 and 0.999 5. The recovery rates were 94.7%-106.9% and 100.0%-106.3%. The relative standard deviations of precision were 2.3% and 2.9%. The relative standard deviations of repeatability were 6.5% and 6.9%. The limits of detection were 1.67 and 2.54 ng·mL-1, respectively. The elements were nearly not detected in 16 batches of samples. CONCLUSION: The method is efficient and accurate and can be used for determination of As and Sb released from pharmaceutical glass packing materials, which brings supplementary contents to the existing quality standard.
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Objective To investigate the influence of three different processing methods on contents and speciation of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu and a harmful nonmetallic element As in Cortex Eucommiae. Methods The five elements were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The determination wavelengthes of Pb and Cd was 283.3 and 228.8 nm using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; the determination wavelength of Cu was 324.8 nm using flame atomic absorption spectrometry; the determination wavelengthes of As and Hg were 193.7 and 253.6 nm using flow injection-hydride generation method. Results Heavy metal’s contents in Cortex Eucommiae stir-fried with salt were increased. Contents of heavy metals in Cortex Eucommiae stir-fried and baked were decreased. Heavy metal morphology had no differences between processed products and raw materials. The experimental results showed that main existing form of Pb was in organic matter-bound, and mercury existed in exchange condition and organic matterbound. Copper existed in organic matter-bound and carbonate bound and arsenic mainly existed with residual forms. Cadmium mainly exited in carbonate exchange condition. Conclusion There is a certain effect on the heavy metal content but less effect on the form of heavy metals by different processing methods.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the quality of Gelatin hollow capsule. METHODS:Atomic fluo-rescence spectrometry was used to determine the contents of Hg,As in Gelatin hollow capsule;graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the contents of Cr,Pb,Cd;flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the contents of Cu,Zn;and the contents of 7 elements in 48 batches of commercially available Gelatin hollow capsule were deter-mined. RESULTS:Each element showed good linear relationship in each mass concentration range(Cr,Pb,Cd,As and Hg were respectively 0-10,0-20,0-1.5,0-10,0-1.0μg/L;Cu and Zn were 0-1.8 mg/L)(r≥0.9969). The detection limits of Cr,Pb,Cd, Cu,Zn,Hg and As were 0.065,0.007,0.011,0.004,0.010,0.108,0.004 μg/L,respectively. RSDs of precision tests were no more than 2.5%(n=6);RSDs of reproducibility tests were no more than 7.5%(n=6);average recoveries ranged in 88.6%-109.5%(RSD≤6.7%,n=6). The contents of 7 elements in the 48 batches of samples were in line with the relevant provi-sions in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition,part 4)and pharmacopoeia or standards in other countries or organizations. CON-CLUSIONS:The method shows high sensitivity,high precision with accurate and reliable results,and can be used for the content determination of Cr,Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn,Hg and As in Gelatin hollow capsule. The 48 batches of Gelatin hollow capsule from differ-ent manufacturers have good quality.
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Objective To investigate the influence of three different processing methods on contents and speciation of heavy metals Pb,Cd,Hg and Cu and a harmful nonmetallic element As in Cortex Eucommiae. Methods The five elements were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The determination wavelengthes of Pb and Cd was 283.3 and 228.8 nm using graphite furnace atom?ic absorption spectrometry;the determination wavelength of Cu was 324.8 nm using flame atomic absorption spectrometry;the determi?nation wavelengthes of As and Hg were 193.7 and 253.6 nm using flow injection-hydride generation method. Results Heavy metal′s contents in Cortex Eucommiae stir-fried with salt were increased. Contents of heavy metals in Cortex Eucommiae stir-fried and baked were decreased. Heavy metal morphology had no differences between processed products and raw materials. The experimental results showed that main existing form of Pb was in organic matter-bound,and mercury existed in exchange condition and organic matter-bound. Copper existed in organic matter-bound and carbonate bound and arsenic mainly existed with residual forms. Cadmium mainly exited in carbonate exchange condition. Conclusion There is a certain effect on the heavy metal content but less effect on the form of heavy metals by different processing methods.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the quality of Gelatin hollow capsule. METHODS:Atomic fluo-rescence spectrometry was used to determine the contents of Hg,As in Gelatin hollow capsule;graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the contents of Cr,Pb,Cd;flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the contents of Cu,Zn;and the contents of 7 elements in 48 batches of commercially available Gelatin hollow capsule were deter-mined. RESULTS:Each element showed good linear relationship in each mass concentration range(Cr,Pb,Cd,As and Hg were respectively 0-10,0-20,0-1.5,0-10,0-1.0μg/L;Cu and Zn were 0-1.8 mg/L)(r≥0.9969). The detection limits of Cr,Pb,Cd, Cu,Zn,Hg and As were 0.065,0.007,0.011,0.004,0.010,0.108,0.004 μg/L,respectively. RSDs of precision tests were no more than 2.5%(n=6);RSDs of reproducibility tests were no more than 7.5%(n=6);average recoveries ranged in 88.6%-109.5%(RSD≤6.7%,n=6). The contents of 7 elements in the 48 batches of samples were in line with the relevant provi-sions in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition,part 4)and pharmacopoeia or standards in other countries or organizations. CON-CLUSIONS:The method shows high sensitivity,high precision with accurate and reliable results,and can be used for the content determination of Cr,Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn,Hg and As in Gelatin hollow capsule. The 48 batches of Gelatin hollow capsule from differ-ent manufacturers have good quality.
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Objective To investigate the lead and cadmium contents in different sampling sites from full term neonatal placenta and to explore the role of placental sample in the evaluation of intrauterine heavy metals exposure.Methods The placentas from 30 healthy full term neonates were collected from the West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University during May and June 2016.Each placenta fetal side was divided into the left and right parts with the umbilical vein in the umbilical cord cross-section as the 12 o'clock direction.The villus lobular tissue samples were taken from the 1/4 radius in left part (site A) and 3/4 radius in the right part (site B).The graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to detect the lead and cadmium contents in the samples.The elements contents in the site A and B were performed the paired t-test and correlation analysis.Results The mean contents of lead and cadmium in dry weight sample at placental site A were 91.8 and 66.7μg/kg which at the site B were 88.9 and 64.8 μg/kg respectively.The lead and cadmium contents at these two sites presented the positive correlation,the coefficients were 0.98 and 0.97 respectively,whereas the difference in contents between the tissues from different placental sites had no statistical significance.Conclusion The lead and cadmium contents of villus lobular tissue in the central part of placenta fetal side (1/4-3/4 radius area) are basically consistent,which is a reliable indicator for evaluating the intrauterine heavy metals exposure.
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Objective To apply atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for studying the differences in metal element dissolution (Cr, Cd. Pb and Cu) from Angelica dahurica following different extraction procedures. Methods The above four elements were extracted by water extraction and ethanol extraction methods. The water-soluble fraction and suspension fraction were separated from decocted solution by microporous filtering film; the water-soluble fraction was further divided into organic fraction and inorganic fraction by macroporous adsorption resin. The total contents of Cr, Cd. Pb and Cu and the amounts in different fractions were determined by wet digestion method and AAS. and morphological analysis was conducted. Results The extraction rates for the four elements were in the range of 25. 14%-49. 62 %. with the sample recovery rates ranging 96. 09%- 100. 43 % and the relative standard deviation (RSD) being≤ 3% (n=6). Dissolution rate of metal elements by traditional water extraction method was low. The extraction rates of Pb and Cu by ethanol extraction method were higher than those of the water extraction method. Both in water decoction and ethanol decoction. the contents of four elements in the suspended species and inorganic species were higher than those in the soluble species and organic species. Cu content in organic species in water decoction was higher than that in ethanol decoction (24. 33% vs 13. 57%). Conclusion The metal element dissolution from Angelica dahurica can be decreased by optimizing the extraction method. which finally leads to reduced toxicity.
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Objective:To determine the contents of 5 heavy mental elements , Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, in vacant gelatin capsule shells.Methods:Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Cr , Pb and Cd, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine Cu and Zn .Results: The vacant gelatin capsule shells contained Cr , Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn up to 1.850, 0.404, 0.019, 6.295,5.839 mg· kg-1, respectively.Conclusion:The method can be used for the content determination of Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in vacant gelatin capsule shells , which provides scientific basis for the development of quality standard .
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Abstract A method for determination of trace mercury in water was established. The trace mercury in water was adsorbed quantitatively by activated carbon, and then determined by electrical pyrolysis atomic absorption spectrometry. In comparison with the detection methods of total mercury in water at present, the method avoids the steps of digestion, reduces the mercury pollution and the loss of the mercury, and is simple in operation. The effects of particle size of activated carbon, acid treatment method, acid medium and enrichment time on the enrichment efficiency were investigated. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature and the interfering ions on the determination results was investigated. Three standard addition procedures including activated carbon blank addition, solution blank addition and environmental water samples addition were studied. Regression correlation coefficients of three standard curves drawn by the three methods reached 0 . 9999 . The slope of the three standard curves had no difference by statistical test, indicating that the determination of mercury in environmental water samples under the experiment conditions was not interfered by the coexistent elements, which showed that the activated carbon blank addition method could be directly used for preparing standard curve of the method. The water samples containing 5 ng/L and 50 ng/L mercury were determined by the method, and the relative standard deviation were 7. 2% and 4. 2% (n=11), respectively, with a detection limit of 1. 2 ng/L. The recovery experiment was carried out after adding 10 ng/L mercury to the surface water and tap water samples, and the recoveries were between 92. 0% and 103. 0%. Analysis results were compared with ICP-MS as control and the deviation of the two methods were between 2 . 9% and 3 . 4%, indicating that the method was accurate and reliable, and had good precision.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the contents determination of microelements in Chrysanthemum indicum from different production fields. METHODS:Graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS) was used to determine the contents of Pb,Cd and As;HGAAS was used to determination the content of Hg;and FAAS was used to determine the contents of Cu,Fe, Mn,Ca,Mg and Zn. RESULTS:The linear range was 0-50 μg/L for Pb(r=0.999 9),0-10 μg/L for Cd(r=0.999 2),0-50 μg/L for As(r=0.999 0),0-20 μg/L for Hg(r=0.999 5),0-5 μg/L for Cu(r=0.999 3),0-15 μg/L for Fe(r=0.999 8),0-2 μg/L for Mn (r=0.999 9),0-50 μg/L for Ca(r=1.000 0),0-20 μg/L for Mg(r=0.999 9)and 0-2 μg/L for Zn(r=0.999 8);RSDs of precision, stability and reroducibility tests were lower than 3%;recoveries were 94.25%~97.43%(RSD=1.07%)、94.97%~99.46%(RSD=1.68%)、96.25%~99.46%(RSD=1.09%,n=6)、96.61%~99.91%(RSD=1.26%,n=6)、94.11%~98.41%(RSD=1.68%,n=6)、93.11%~99.59%(RSD=2.73%,n=6)、93.11%~99.48%(RSD=2.63%,n=6)、93.01%~99.85%(RSD=2.49%,n=6)、95.13%~99.75%(RSD=1.58%,n=6)、94.08%~97.37%(RSD=1.18%,n=6),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproducible,and can be used for the contents determination of microelements in C. indicum from different pro-duction fields.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for determination of trace platinum in zolpidem tartrate. METHODS:Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS)was adopted for direct determination after dissolving sample in 1% Hydrochloric acid solution. Horizontal platform graphite tube was performed with detection wavelength of 244.79 nm,slit width of 0.2 nm and current intensity of hollow cathode lamp of 6 mA. The mode of background correction was zeeman effect,the peak height was used as measurement pattern,and the injection volume was 20 μl. RESULTS:The linear range of platinum was 0-100 ng/ml(r=0.999 0);RSDs of precision and reproducibility tests were no more than 2.0%;recovery was 97.78%-103.07%(RSD=1.6%,n=9);the detection limit was 1.48 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS:This method is simple and rapid with good precision and accuracy,and can be applied for the determination of trace platinum in zolpidem tartrate.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a methodology to dilute blood sample with compound matrix modifier,and to determine the blood level of nickel using improved graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry( GFAAS). METHODS: The blood samples( 100. 00 μL) were diluted 5 times in 0. 12 g / L mass concentration of palladium chloride combined with 1. 00 %(V /V) Triton X-100 and 0. 10%(V /V) nitric acid,and the blood level of nickel was detected by GFAAS. RESULTS: The good linearity range of nickel mass concentration in blood was 0. 30-25. 00 μg / L,the correlation coefficient was 0. 999 7,the detection limit was 0. 30 μg / L,the minimum detectable mass concentration was 1. 50 μg / L,the recovery rate was99. 00 %-102. 75 %. The within-run and between-run relative standard deviations were 1. 43 %-3. 70 % and 2. 20 %-5. 03 %,respectively. Blood samples can be stored for at least 7 days at 4 ℃. CONCLUSION: This method is simple for operation,with high accuracy and precision,which is suitable for determination of nickel in blood in normal individuals and workers with occupational exposed to nickel.
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OBJECTIVE: To improve the standard detection method of tin and its compounds in the air of workplace.METHODS: During the sample preparation,the amount of sulfuric acid for air filter membrane digestion was reduced from its original 0. 5 m L( the standard method of flame atomic absorption spectrometry) to 0. 2 m L and no acid-driving after the membrane was digested. The amount of sulfuric acid given to the series of standards was the same as that of the membrane digestion. The samples were detected by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. RESULTS: The improved method showed a good linear range of tin as 0. 0-80. 0 mg / L,the regression equation was