Duplicación del colédoco asociado a unión biliopancreática anómala: Reporte de caso / Common bile duct duplication associated with anomalous biliopancreatic junction: A case report

Introducción. La duplicación del colédoco es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente. En la mayoría de los casos este defecto se asocia a cálculos en la vía biliar, unión pancreatobiliar anómala, pancreatitis, cáncer gástrico o colangiocarcinoma. Por esta razón, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano son importantes para evitar las complicaciones descritas a futuro. Métodos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 30 años, con antecedente de pancreatitis aguda, con cuadro de dolor abdominal crónico, a quien se le realizaron varios estudios imagenológicos sin claro diagnóstico. Fue llevada a manejo quirúrgico en donde se documentó duplicación del colédoco tipo II con unión pancreatobiliar anómala. Resultados. Se hizo reconstrucción de las vías biliares y hepatico-yeyunostomía, con adecuada evolución postoperatoria y reporte final de patología sin evidencia de tumor. Conclusión. El diagnóstico se hace mediante ecografía endoscópica biliopancreática, colangiorresonancia o colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. El tratamiento depende de si está asociado o no a la presencia de unión biliopancreática anómala o cáncer. Si el paciente no presenta patología neoplásica, el tratamiento quirúrgico recomendado es la resección del conducto con reconstrucción de las vías biliares.

Introduction. Double common bile duct is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. This anomaly may be associated with bile duct stones, anomalous biliopancreatic junction, pancreatitis, bile duct cancer, or gastric cancers. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment is important to avoid complications. Clinical case. We report a rare case of double common bile duct associated with an anomalous biliopancreatic junction in a 30-year-old female, with prior history of acute pancreatitis, who presented with chronic abdominal pain. She underwent several imaging studies, without clear diagnosis. She was taken to surgical management where duplication of the type II common bile duct was documented with anomalous pancreatobiliary junction. Results. Reconstruction of the bile ducts and hepatico-jejunostomy were performed, with adequate postoperative evolution and final pathology report without evidence of tumor. Conclusion. Diagnosis is usually performed by an endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancrea-tography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Treatment depends on the presence of anomalus biliopancreatic junction or concomitant cancer. In cases without associated malignancy, resection of bile duct and biliary reconstruction is the recommended surgical treatment.

Myricetin attenuates renal fibrosis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress / 药学学报

This paper investigates the effect of myricetin (MYR) on renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and common bile duct ligation (CBDL) in mice and its mechanism. The animal experiment has been approved by the Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University (NO: 2022-10-020). Thirty-five ICR mice were divided into control, UUO, UUO+MYR, CBDL and CBDL+MYR groups. H&E and Masson staining were used to detect pathological changes in kidney tissues. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in renal tissue, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity detection kit (WST-8) was used to detect the changes of total SOD in renal tissue of CBDL mice. In vitro, HK-2 cells and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1, 10 ng·mL-1) were used to induce fibrotic model, and high glucose (30 mmol·L-1) was used to induce oxidative stress model, and then treated with different concentrations of MYR, WB was used to detect the expression of fibrosis and oxidative stress-related proteins, while NIH/3T3 cells were treated with different concentrations of MYR, and their effects on cell proliferation were detected by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (Brdu). The results showed that the renal lesions in UUO group and CBDL group were severe, collagen deposition was obvious, the expression of collagen-Ⅰ (COL-Ⅰ), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), vimentin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein was up-regulated, and the activity of SOD enzyme in CBDL group was significantly decreased. MYR partly reversed the above changes after treatment. MYR inhibited the proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells but had no effect on the proliferation of HK-2 cells, and decreased the upregulation of PAI-1, FN and vimentin in HK-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β1. MYR can also up-regulate the down-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in HK-2 cells stimulated by high glucose. To sum up, MYR can improve renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, probably by inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway to inhibit oxidative stress.

Clinical significance of determining the level of biliary calprotectin in patients with cholangiocarcinoma or choledocholithiasis / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the difference in the level of biliary calprotectin between patients with cholangiocarcinoma and those with choledocholithiasis. MethodsClinical data and bile samples were collected from 34 patients with cholangiocarcinoma and 78 patients with choledocholithiasis who were diagnosed and treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from May 2021 to September 2022. Fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay was used to measure the levels of calprotectin， hemoglobin， and lactoferrin in bile. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups， and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups； the Spearman correlation test was used for correlation analysis； the DeLong test was used for comparison of the area under the ROC curve （AUC）. ResultsCompared with the choledocholithiasis group， the cholangiocarcinoma group had significant increases in the levels of calprotectin ［4 795.50 （2 286.79‍ ‍—‍ ‍20 179.73） ng/mL vs 411.16 （67.03‍ ‍—‍ ‍1 991.88） ng/mL， Z=5.572， P<0.001］ and fluoride ［115.70 （109.10‍ — ‍125.50） mmol/L vs 106.60 （98.60‍ ‍—‍ ‍114.40） mmol/L， Z=2.702， P=0.007］. The patients with cholangiocarcinoma were further divided into high cholangiocarcinoma group and low cholangiocarcinoma group， and there was no significant difference between the two groups in the level of calprotectin ［3 867.71 （2 235.66‍ — ‍26 407.40） ng/mL vs 4 795.50 （2 361.15‍ — ‍13 070.53） ng/mL， Z=0.129， P>0.05］. Biliary calprotectin level was correlated with white blood cell count， hemoglobin concentration， and lactoferrin concentration in bile （r=0.316， 0.353， and 0.464， all P<0.05）. The ROC curve analysis showed that biliary calprotectin （with a sensitivity of 79.4% and a specificity of 75.6%）， blood CA19-9 （with a sensitivity of 82.4% and a specificity of 78.2%）， and their combination （with a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 73.1%） had good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. ConclusionThere is an increase in the level of biliary calprotectin in patients with cholangiocarcinoma， and therefore， it might become a biomarker for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma.

Association of TP53 germline variant and choledochal cyst among clinically diagnosed Filipino pediatric patients

@#Background and Objective. Choledochal cysts (CC) are rare congenital, cystic dilations of the biliary tree occurring predominantly in Asian populations and in females. Patients are usually children presenting with any of the following: abdominal pain, palpable abdominal mass, and jaundice. Its congenital nature hints at a potential genetic cause. A possible causal gene is TP53, a tumor suppressor with a germline variant called rs201753350 (c.91G>A) that changed from a G allele to an A allele, decreasing the cell proliferation suppressing activity of its functional protein. Currently, there is no information on the TP53 rs201753350 germline variant available for the Filipino population. This study determined the prevalence of rs201753350 and the association between the functional G allele, the rs201753350 germline variant A allele, and the occurrence of CCs in Filipino pediatric patients in a tertiary government hospital. Methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of pediatric patients clinically diagnosed with CC. Controls were DNA samples collected from a previous study. The samples underwent PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. Results. A total of 109 participants (22 cases and 87 controls) were included in the study. The A allele (22.94%) occurs at a lower frequency than the G allele (77.06%) among both cases and controls. More individuals have a homozygous G/G genotype (54.13%) than a heterozygous A/G genotype (45.87%) while the homozygous A/A genotype was not observed. The estimated risk of choledochal cyst occurrence is significantly lower in individuals with the A allele (PR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01 – 0.55) and the A/G genotype (PR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01 – 0.40). Conclusion. There is no significant evidence to suggest an association between the TP53 rs201753350 germline variant and the occurrence of choledochal cysts in Filipinos. It is recommended that other mutations within and beyond the TP53 gene be investigated for possible associations with choledochal cyst occurrence.

Previsores de falha da colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica na limpeza de cálculos do ducto biliar durante o procedimento inicial - Um estudo prospectivo / Predictors of failure of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in clearing bile duct stones during index procedure - a prospective study

ABSTRACT Background: Common bile duct (CBD) stones are known to complicate 10-15% of gallstone diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the therapeutic modality of choice for bile duct clearance in CBD stones but may fail to achieve stone clearance. This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. Objective: This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. Methods: All consecutive patients with bile duct stones undergoing ERCP at a tertiary care center were prospectively included from October 2020 to October 2021. The study's primary outcome was to identify and analyze factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance. Results: A total of 120 patients (50.8% males, median age: 53.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure was achieved in 70% of patients. At a cut-off stone diameter of >10.5 mm and CBD diameter of >12.5 mm, the AUC was 0.890 and 0.884, respectively, to predict failed clearance of CBD. On multivariate analysis, stone diameter ≥15 mm [odds ratio (OR) 16.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.629-176.785], location of stones in hepatic ducts (OR 7.74, 95%CI: 2.041-29.332), presence of stricture distal to stone (OR 6.99, 95%CI: 1.402-34.726) and impacted stone (OR 21.61, 95%CI: 1.84-253.058) were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. Conclusion: Stone size and location are independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. The endoscopist should consider these factors while subjecting a patient to biliary ductal clearance to plan additional intervention.

RESUMO Contexto: Cálculos do ducto biliar comum (CDC) são conhecidos por complicar 10-15% das doenças de cálculos biliares. A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é a modalidade terapêutica de escolha para a limpeza do CDC, mas pode falhar na sua remoção. Objetivo: Este estudo prospectivo foi realizado para identificar os previsores de falha na limpeza do CDC com CPRE. Métodos: Pacientes consecutivos com cálculos no ducto biliar submetidos a CPRE em um centro de atendimento terciário foram incluídos prospectivamente de outubro de 2020 a outubro de 2021. O principal resultado do estudo foi identificar e analisar fatores que poderiam prever a falha na limpeza completa do CDC. Resultados: Um total de 120 pacientes (50,8% homens, idade média: 53,5 anos) foram incluídos na análise final. A limpeza bem-sucedida dos cálculos de CDC durante o procedimento inicial foi alcançada em 70% dos pacientes. Com um diâmetro de corte de cálculos >10,5 mm e de diâmetro de CDC de >12,5 mm, a AUC foi de 0,890 e 0,884, respectivamente, para prever a falha na limpeza do CDC. Na análise multivariada, diâmetro da cálculos ≥15 mm [razão de chances (OR) 16,97, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC): 1,629-176,785], localização dos cálculos nos ductos hepáticos (OR 7,74, IC95%: 2,041-29,332), presença de estreitamento distal ao cálculo (OR 6,99, IC95%: 1,402-34,726) e cálculo impactado (OR 21,61, IC95%: 1,84-253,058) foram previsores independentes de falha na limpeza do ducto biliar. Conclusão: O tamanho e a localização dos cálculos são previsores independentes de falha na limpeza do ducto biliar. O endoscopista deve considerar esses fatores ao submeter um paciente à limpeza ductal biliar para planejar intervenção adicional.

Bile duct injury repair in a patient with situs inversus totalis / Tratamento de lesão de via biliar em paciente com situs inversus totalis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bile duct injury (BDI) causes significant sequelae for the patient in terms of morbidity, mortality, and long-term quality of life, and should be managed in centers with expertise. Anatomical variants may contribute to a higher risk of BDI during cholecystectomy. AIMS: To report a case of bile duct injury in a patient with situs inversus totalis. METHODS: A 42-year-old female patient with a previous history of situs inversus totalis and a BDI was initially operated on simultaneously to the lesion ten years ago by a non-specialized surgeon. She was referred to a specialized center due to recurrent episodes of cholangitis and a cholestatic laboratory pattern. Cholangioresonance revealed a severe anastomotic stricture. Due to her young age and recurrent cholangitis, she was submitted to a redo hepaticojejunostomy with the Hepp-Couinaud technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BDI repair in a patient with situs inversus totalis. RESULTS: The previous hepaticojejunostomy was undone and remade with the Hepp-Couinaud technique high in the hilar plate with a wide opening in the hepatic confluence of the bile ducts towards the left hepatic duct. The previous Roux limb was maintained. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, the drain was removed on the seventh post-operative day, and the patient is now asymptomatic, with normal bilirubin and canalicular enzymes, and no further episodes of cholestasis or cholangitis. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical variants may increase the difficulty of both cholecystectomy and BDI repair. BDI repair should be performed in a specialized center by formal hepato-pancreato-biliary surgeons to assure a safe perioperative management and a good long-term outcome.

RESUMO RACIONAL: As lesões de via biliar (LVB) impõem sequelas significativas ao paciente em termos de morbidade, mortalidade e qualidade de vida a longo prazo, devendo ser manejadas em centros especializados. Variantes anatômicas podem contribuir para um maior risco de LVB durante colecistectomia. OBJETIVOS: Relatar paciente com lesão de via biliar associado a situs inversus totalis. MÉTODOS: Paciente do sexo feminino, 42 anos, com histórico prévio de situs inversus totalis e LVB inicialmente reparada simultaneamente à lesão, há 10 anos, por um cirurgião não especializado. Ela foi encaminhada a um centro especializado devido a episódios recorrentes de colangite e um padrão laboratorial colestático. Colangiressonância revelou uma grave estenose anastomótica. Devido à sua idade jovem e colangites recorrentes, foi submetida a uma revisão cirúrgica da hepaticojejunostomia com técnica de Hepp-Couinaud. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro relato de reparo de LVB em um paciente com situs inversus totalis. RESULTADOS: A hepaticojejunostomia realizado prèviamente foi desfeita e refeita empregando a técnica de Hepp-Couinaud, alta na placa hilar, com uma ampla abertura na confluência dos ductos biliares em direção ao ducto hepático esquerdo. A alça de roux anterior foi mantida. A recuperação pós-operatória transcorreu sem intercorrências, o dreno foi removido no sétimo dia pós-operatório, e a paciente está agora assintomática, com bilirrubina e enzimas canalículares normais, e sem mais episódios de colestase ou colangite. CONCLUSÕES: Variantes anatômicas podem aumentar a dificuldade tanto da colecistectomia quanto do reparo de LVB, o qual deve ser realizado em um centro especializado por cirurgiões hepatobiliares para garantir um manejo perioperatório seguro e um bom resultado a longo prazo.

Colangiopatía hipertensiva portal por transformación portal cavernomatosa de origen no cirrótica: a propósito de un caso

La colangiopatía portal hace referencia a anomalías colangiográficas que se producen en pacientes con cavernomatosis portal, siendo progresiva, cursando con enfermedad biliar sintomática y anomalías graves de las vías biliares. Y, representa una complicación infrecuente de la hipertensión portal. Se describe el caso de un hombre de 53 años, con historia de larga data de hipertensión portal nocirrótica y cavernomatosis portal, quien presentó un episodio de enfermedad biliar obstructiva sintomática, y en estudios se documentó tejido fibrótico de extensión periportal ascendente con compresión extrínseca del colédoco distal y dilatación de la vía biliar extra e intrahepática. Por lo que se procedió a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, realizándose tratamiento paliativo, con papilotomía pequeña y colocación de endoprótesis biliar plástica, siendo exitoso por ausencia de complicaciones procedimentales, y mejoría clínica y parámetros bioquímicos. Finalmente, recibiendo de alta con indicación de seguimiento prioritario para recambios periódicos de endoprótesis biliares, y valoración por hepatología. La colangiopatía portal es una entidad rara que debe sospecharse en sujetos con hipertensión portal de origen no-cirrótico, con hallazgos imagenológicos de estenosis, angulaciones o dilataciones segmentarias, su tratamiento debe ser individualizado, y la terapia endoscópica es de elección en enfermedad biliar sintomática.

Portal cholangiopathy refers to cholangiographic abnormalities occurring in patients with portal cavernomatosis, being progressive, presenting with symptomatic biliary disease and severe biliary tract abnormalities. And, it represents an infrequent complication of portal hypertension. We describe the case of a 53-year-old man with a long history of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and portal cavernomatosis, who presented an episode of symptomatic obstructive biliary disease, and studies documented fibrotic tissue of ascending periportal extension with extrinsic compression of the distal common bile duct and dilatation of the extra and intrahepatic biliary tract. Therefore, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed, and palliative treatment with small papillotomy and placement of a plastic biliary endoprosthesis was successful due to the absence of procedural complications, and clinical improvement and biochemical parameters. Finally, the patient was discharged with indication of priority follow-up for periodic replacement of biliary stents, and evaluation by hepatology. Portal cholangiopathy is a rare entity that should be suspected in subjects with portal hypertension of non-cirrhotic origin, with imaging findings of stenosis, angulations or segmental dilatations, its treatment should be individualized, and endoscopic therapy is of choice in symptomatic biliary disease.

Carcinoma de vías biliares intrahepáticas: análisis de defunciones según sexo, grupo etario y regiones en Chile entre 2017-2021 / Intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma: analysis of deaths according to sex, age group, and regions in Chile between 2017-2021

Introducción: el colangiocarcinoma intrahepático es un cáncer agresivo de células epiteliales de los conductos biliares intrahepáticos y su desarrollo se asocia a inflamación crónica del árbol biliar. En Chile, su epidemiología es limitada y el presente estudio tiene por objetivo describir su tasa de mortalidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional transversal y ecológico de las defunciones por carcinoma de vías biliares en Chile durante 2017 y 2021 según sexo, grupo etario y región de residencia. Resultados: la tasa de mortalidad nacional de personas mayores a 20 años durante el periodo estudiado fue de 1,56 por cada 100.000 habitantes. La tasa de mortalidad más alta del sexo masculino se observó en 2020, siendo de 2,61. La mayor mortalidad se encontró en personas mayores a 80 años en el sexo masculino con una tasa de 24,38. A nivel regional, en Magallanes se observó la mayor tasa de mortalidad con 5,66, mientras que Tarapacá presentó la menor tasa con un valor de 0,96. Finalmente, el índice de Swaroop fue igual o mayor al 92% en todas las regiones del país. Conclusión: la mayor mortalidad por colangiocarcinoma intrahepático se presenta en personas de edad avanzada y de sexo masculino. Interesantemente la mayor mortalidad por esta causa se concentra en la zona sur de Chile. Dada la magnitud del problema que representa esta enfermedad en la salud pública nacional es que futuros estudios son necesarios para establecer medidas de prevención y/o tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

Introduction: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer of epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile ducts, and its deve-lopment is associated with chronic inflammation of the biliary tree. In Chile, its epidemiology is limited, and the present study aims to describe its mortality rate. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, and ecological study of deaths from bile duct carcinoma in Chile between 2017 and 2021 was performed according to sex, age group, and region of residence. Results: the national mortality rate of people over 20 years old during the study period was 1.56 per 100,000 inhabitants. The highest mortality rate for the male sex was observed in 2020, with a value of 2.61. In turn, the highest mortality rate was found in people over 80 years old in the male sex, with a rate value of 24.38. On a regional level, Magallanes had the highest mortality rate, with a rate value of 5.66, while Tarapacá had the lowest rate, with a value of 0.96. Finally, Swaroop's index was equal to or greater than 92% in all regions of the country. Conclusion: the highest mortality from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma occurs in older people and males. Interestingly, the highest mortality from this cause is concentrated in the southern zone of Chile. Given the magnitude of the problem that this disease represents for national public health, future studies are necessary to establish both prevention measures and treatments

Litiasis masiva de la vía biliar intra y extra hepática. Reporte de 2 casos / Massive intra- and extra-hepatic bile duct lithiasis. Report of 2 cases

Resumen La presencia conjunta y masiva de cálculos biliares de la vía biliar, tanto intra como extra hepática, es una rara entidad dentro de la población occidental. A continuación, se presentan 2 casos, los cuales debutan con cuadro clínico de dolor en hipocondrio derecho y con datos clínicos y de laboratorio de obstrucción de la vía biliar, y que mediante estudio de colangio resonancia, se evidencian múltiples litos endoluminales de la vía biliar de manera global, además se muestra del tratamiento de uno de los casos mediante CPRE con evacuación exitosa de los cálculos biliares.

Abstract The joint and massive presence of gallstones from the bile duct, both intra and extra hepatic, is a rare entity within the western population. Two cases are presented below, which debuted with a clinical picture of pain in the right hypo chondrium and with a clinical picture of pain in the right hypochondrium and with clinical and laboratory data of bile duct obstruction, and that by means of a resonance cholangiography study, multiple endoluminal stones of the bile duct are evidenced. Overall, it also shows the treatment of one of the cases by ERCP with successful evacuation of the gallstones.

Cholestatic Jaundice Secondary to Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy Regarding a Case of Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein

Portal hypertensive biliopathy comprises the anatomical and functional abnormalities of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract, cystic duct, and gallbladder in patients with portal hypertension. The compromise of the bile duct usually occurs in portal obstruction due to the cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). We present a case of a young patient with a recent history of portal hypertension and CTPV who presented with an episode of cholestatic hepatitis. Studies documented an image of nodular appearance with extrinsic compression of the distal bile duct compatible with a tumor-like cavernoma. Effective endoscopic treatment was performed using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), sphincterotomy, and biliary stenting.

La biliopatía hipertensiva portal comprende las anomalías anatómicas y funcionales del tracto biliar intra- y extrahepático, el conducto cístico y la vesícula biliar en pacientes con hipertensión portal. El compromiso de la vía biliar suele presentarse en obstrucción portal debido a transformación cavernomatosa de la porta. Presentamos un caso de un paciente joven, con historia reciente de hipertensión portal y cavernomatosis de la porta, que presentó un episodio de hepatitis colestásica y en estudios se le documentó una imagen de apariencia nodular con compresión extrínseca de la vía biliar distal compatible con tumor-like cavernoma. En este caso se realizó un tratamiento endoscópico efectivo mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), esfinterotomía y stent biliar.

Presiones de la vía biliar en pacientes con y sin colelitiasis

Introducción: El reflujo de enzimas pancreáticas hacia la vía biliar extra-hepática y la vesícula biliar es un fenómeno anormal que tiene un rol en la litogénesis y carcinogénesis. Debido a que la presión de la vía biliar depende entre otros factores, de las presiones del esfínter de Oddi. La disfunción de éste se vería reflejada en presiones elevadas de la vía biliar en pacientes con colelitiasis. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es el de medir las presiones de la vía biliar extra-hepática en pacientes con y sin colelitiasis y relacionarlas con la presencia de reflujo pancreáticobiliar. Material y Método: Se diseñó un estudio pros-pectivo de casos y controles. La muestra está constituida por todos los pacientes operados con gastrectomía total por cáncer gástrico estadios I y II durante 30 meses. La medida de resultado primaria fue establecer diferencias en las presiones de la vía biliar entre pacientes con y sin colelitiasis. Resultados: Las presiones de la vía biliar extra-hepática en pacientes con colelitiasis fueron más elevadas (16,9 mmHg) que en los pacientes sin colelitiasis (3,3 mmHg) (p < 0,0001). Estas presiones se correlacionan con la presencia de amilasa y lipasa en la bilis de la vesícula; se encontraron niveles elevados de enzimas pancreáticas en pacientes con colelitiasis (p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: Las presiones de la vía biliar en pacientes con colelitiasis fueron, significativamente, mayores comparadas con las presiones de la vía biliar en pacientes sin colelitiasis. En los pacientes con colelitiasis, la presión elevada de la vía biliar se asocia a la presencia de reflujo pancreáticobiliar.

Background: The reflux of pancreatic enzymes into the bile duct and the gallbladder is an abnormal phenomenon that plays a role in lithogenesis and carcinogenesis. Because the pressure of the common bile duct depends on the pressures of the sphincter of Oddi, its dysfunction would be reflected in an increase in the pressure of the common bile duct in patients with cholelithiasis. Aim: The objective of this study was to measure the pressures of the common bile duct in patients with and without cholelithiasis and to relate them to the presence of pancreatobiliary reflux. Material and Method: A prospective case-control study was designed. The universe was constituted by all patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer stages I and II during 30 months. The primary outcome measure was to establish differences between common bile duct pressures in patients with and without cholelithiasis. Results: Common bile duct pressures in patients with gallstones showed a significant elevation (16.9 mmHg) compared to patients without gallstones (3.3 mm Hg) (p < 0.0001). These pressures correlated with the levels of amylase and lipase in gallbladder bile; higher levels were found in patients with gallstones compared to patients without gallstones (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Common bile duct pressure in patients with cholelithiasis was significantly higher compared to patients without cholelithiasis leading to pancreatobiliary reflux.

Influence of effective liver drainage volume on overall survival in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction: a multicenter study / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To investigate the influence of liver drainage volume on overall survival time in patients with unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction.Methods:Data of 633 patients with unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction (BismuthⅡ-Ⅳ) who underwent endoscopic stent drainage in 3 endoscopy centers from January 2002 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Main observation indicators included clinical success rate, stent patency, overall survival, the effective liver drainage volume, and complication incidence.Results:The clinical success rates of patients with liver drainage volume <30%, 30%-50%, and >50% were 56.8% (25/44), 77.3% (201/260) and 84.2% (277/329) respectively. The incidences of early cholangitis were 31.8% (14/44), 18.8% (49/260) and 16.1% (53/329). The median stent patency time was 4.5 (95% CI: 1.8-7.2) months, 5.6 (95% CI: 5.0-6.2) months and 6.6 (95% CI: 5.2-8.0) months. The overall survival time was 2.4 (95% CI: 1.8-3.0) months, 4.0 (95% CI: 3.4-4.6) months and 4.9 (95% CI:4.4-5.4) months, respectively. The clinical success rate ( χ 2=8.28, P=0.012), median stent patency period ( χ 2=18.87, P=0.015) and overall survival time ( χ 2=6.93, P=0.024) of 30%-50% liver drainage volume group were significantly higher than those of <30% group. Further multivariate cox regression analysis showed that the disease type (hepatocellular carcinoma VS hilar cholangiocarcinoma: HR=1.50, 95% CI:1.18-1.91, P=0.001; gallbladder carcinoma VS hilar cholangiocarcinoma: HR=1.45, 95% CI:1.14-1.85, P=0.002; metastatic cholangiocarcinoma VS hilar cholangiocarcinoma: HR=1.48, 95% CI:1.08-2.04, P=0.015), bilirubin level >200 μmol/L ( HR=1.35, 95% CI:1.14-1.60, P<0.001),metal stents ( HR=0.67, 95% CI:0.56-0.79, P<0.001), liver drainage volume (volume 30%-50% VS <30%: HR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.45-0.90, P=0.010; volume>50% VS <30%: HR=0.58, 95% CI:0.41-0.81, P=0.002) and anti-tumor therapy ( HR=0.51, 95% CI:0.42-0.61, P<0.001) were independent predictors for overall survival time of patients with unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction. Conclusion:When endoscopic stent drainage is performed for patients with unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction, at least 30% liver volume is required for better overall survival. In addition, the use of metal stent drainage and anti-tumor therapy may increase survival benefits.

Evaluating and repairing biliary injury during normothermic liver perfusion / 中华器官移植杂志

A widening gap between demand and availability of donor livers for transplantation has stimulated the use of extended-criteria donor(ECD)livers, including donation after circulatory death liver grafts.However, these types of donor livers carry an elevated risk of developing such postoperative complication as ischemic type biliary lesions(ITBL).Although the pathogenesis of ITBL has remained elusive, severity of histological bile duct injury(BDI)at the time of transplantation has been identified as a strong predictor of the development of ITBL post-transplantation.In recent years, significant advances have been achieved in the field of liver machine perfusion.Normothermic machine perfusion(NMP)is primarily utilized for determining the quality of ECD organs.To evaluate the extent of biliary injury during NMP, some reliable criteria of BDI are required.This review focused upon different approaches of assessing damage to biliary tree and current understandings of potential effects of NMP on biliary system and biliary injury.Also it offered an overview of novel biomarkers and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with normal-sized common bile duct exploration for cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate laparoscopic choledocholithotomy in patients with cholecystolithiasis and normal sized common bile duct(CBD) with choledocholithiasis.Methods:The clinical data of 393 patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis treated by LC combined with LCBDE at the Department of General Surgery of Hefei Second People's Hospital from Mar 2014 to Jul 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:There were 280 CBD calculi cases in which CBD diameter >8 mm which was included into CBD dilated group, and 113 cases of CBD calculi with normal diameter (5 mm≤CBD diameter ≤8 mm). There was no difference in operative time and postoperative complications in the small diameter group. During the follow-up period, 1 case in the dilated group experienced biliary tract stenosis and treated by stenting. There was no statistical significance in biliary tract stenosis in both groups ( P>0.05).Stone recurrence occurred in 3 cases (2.7%) in the normal diameter group, all of which were removed by ERCP lithotomy. Stone recurrence occurred in 8 cases (2.9%) in the CBD dilated group, 7 were removed by ERCP stone extraction and 1 refused further treatment. Conclusion:It is safe and feasible to perform LC+LCBDE in patients with cholecystolithiasis complicating normal sized CBD stones.

Prognostic factors of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct: analysis based on SEER database / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To explore prognostic factors of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct (IPMN-B) patients.Methods:Clinical data on 227 patients with IPMN-B between 2004 and 2015 were retrospectively collected from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database. There were 126 male and 101 female patients with the age at diagnosis of 69(58, 77) years old. IPMN-B patients were divided into two groups based on whether surgical treatment was performed. There were 129 patients in the surgery group and 98 patients in the non-surgery group. The survival analyses were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses and log-rank test was used to compared survival rate. The univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were applied to find independent prognostic factors of the survival in IPMN-B patients.Results:The tumor size of 227 IPMN-B patients from the SEER database was 25(18.5, 45.0) mm. The differences of tumor size, grade of defferentiation, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, T stage, M stage chemotherapy were statistically significant respectively in surgery group and non-surgery group (all P<0.05). The median overall survival time (OS) of patients with IPMN-B was 14 months and the overall 1-year survival was 53.4%. The median overall survival time of IPMN-B patients in surgery group was 27 months, which was better than 5 months of patients in non-surgery group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001). Univariate Cox analysis found AJCC stage, T stage, N stage, M stage and surgery were prognostic factors in patients with IPMN-B. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that M1 stage ( HR=2.125, 95% CI: 1.472-3.066, P<0.001) was independent risk factor of prognosis while surgery ( HR=2.983, 95% CI: 2.106-4.224, P<0.001) was independent protective factor of prognosis. Conclusion:The AJCC staging system is an important predictor for evaluating the prognosis of IPMN-B patients. Surgery could significantly improve the prognosis of patients with IPMN-B.

Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) refers to adenocarcinoma originating from the secondary bile ducts and their branches within the liver, with high malignancy and poor prognosis. Radical surgical resection is currently the only possible way to cure ICC, but only some patients meet the surgical standards, and even with surgical resection, about 60% of patients will relapse within 1~2 years. Neoadjuvant therapy and adjuvant therapy are important perioperative treatment methods for ICC, with the aim of reducing postoperative recurrence and improving postoperative survival. This article aims to elaborate on the current status and research progress of neoadjuvant therapy and adjuvant therapy for ICC.

Effect of percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation combined with rigid choledochoscopy in the treatment of benign hepatic bile duct strictures / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation (PTOBF) combined with rigid choledochoscopy in the treatment of benign hepatic bile duct strictures.Methods:The clinical data of 46 patients with hepatic ductal stenosis and stones undergoing PTOBF combined with rigid choledochoscopy at the First Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between September 2016 and September 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 20 males and 26 females, aged (48.5±17.6) years. The location of stones and strictures, stone retrieval rate, postoperative complications, stricture release rate, stone recurrence rate, and reoperation rate were analyzed to access the safety and effectiveness of this procedure.Results:A total of 58 sites of stenoses were found in 46 patients, and PTOBF lithotripsy combined with rigid choledochoscopy were performed for 77 times. The early postoperative complication rate was 19.6% (9/46), and the stenosis release rate was 93.5% (43/46). The mean follow-up time was (28.1±19.6) months, the complete stone retrieval rate was 91.3% (42/46), the stone recurrence rate was 19.6% (9/46), the reoperation rate was 8.7% (4/46), and the long-term postoperative complication rate was 6.5% (3/46).Conclusion:PTOBF combined with rigid choledochoscopic stenoplasty for benign hepatic duct strictures is a safe and feasible procedure to reduce the stone recurrence and long-term postoperative complications.

Value of extrahepatic bile duct and main pancreatic duct segment patterns on MRCP to differentiate the periampullary carcinoma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of the extrahepatic bile duct and main pancreatic duct segment patterns on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) for differentiating the periampullary carcinoma (PAC).Methods:The clinicopathologic data of 125 patients with PAC who were admitted to Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital from June 2013 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 72 males and 53 females, aged (64.9±8.6) years. According to its anatomy, the extrahepatic bile duct (B) was divided into suprapancreatic and intrapancreatic (including ampullary) segments, and the main pancreatic duct (P) was divided into tail-body and head segments. MRCP patterns: i. the extrahepatic bile duct or main pancreatic duct visible without dilatation, ii. cutoff of the distal extrahepatic bile duct or main pancreatic duct with upstream dilatation, iii. cutoff of the intrapancreatic or head segment with upstream dilatation and remnant intrapancreatic or head segments invisible, iv. cutoff of the intrapancreatic or head segment with upstream dilatation and nondilated remnant intrapancreatic or head segments, were represented as 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Segment patterns of B1/P0+ B1/P1, B0/P2+ B0/P3+ B2/P2+ B2/P3+ B3/P3, B3/P0, and B0/P0+ B2/P0 on MRCP were compared in PAC patients.Results:Of the 125 patients, there were 57 (45.6%) with pancreatic head carcinoma, 36 (28.8%) with ampullary carcinoma, 20 (16.0%) with distal cholangiocarcinoma, and 12 (9.6%) with periampullary duodenal carcinoma. Segment patterns of B0/P2+ B0/P3+ B2/P2+ B2/P3+ B3/P3 were found in 52 patients with pancreatic head carcinoma (91.2%, 52/57), with a significant difference between PAC (χ 2=110.66, P<0.001). Segment patterns of B1/P0+ B1/P1were found in 36 patients with ampullary carcinoma (100.0%, 36/36), fallowed by 11 (91.7%, 11/12) with periampullary duodenal carcinoma, with a significant difference between PAC (χ 2=129.95, P<0.001). Segment pattern of B3/P0 presented in 16 patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma (80.0%, 16/20), with a significant difference between PAC (χ 2=62.45, P<0.001). The segment patterns of B0/P0+ B2/P0 were only seen in 3 of 57(5.3%) patients with pancreatic head carcinoma. Conclusion:On MRCP, cutoff of the head segment with upstream dilatation and remnant head segment invisible or nondilated indicates the pancreatic head carcinoma. Cutoff of the intrapancreatic segment with upstream dilatation, remnant intrapancreatic segment visible, and main pancreatic duct nondilated, indicates the distal cholangiocarcinoma. And cutoff of the distal extrahepatic segment with upstream dilatation and main pancreatic duct dilatation or not, indicates the ampullary or periampullary duodenal carcinoma.

Research advances in the diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder disease / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Benign gallbladder diseases are common in general surgery practice, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the standard treatment for these conditions. With the widespread adoption of LC and the improved understanding of gallbladder disease, it is necessary to re-evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder disease. Based on the latest expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of benign gallbladder disease, this review aims to provide an overview of the diagnostic and treatment strategies for benign gallbladder diseases. Specifically, it focuses on enhancing our understanding of the role of benign gallbladder diseases in the development of gallbladder cancer, the impact of congenital biliary anomalies on the diagnostic and treatment processes of benign gallbladder diseases, and the significance of the preoperative examinations.

Analysis of 17 cases of Vaterian system adenomyomatous hyperplasia / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To study the features of adenomyomatous hyperplasia (AH) of the Vaterian system (common bile duct and ampulla of Vater) to help in the diagnosis and management of this disease.Methods:A retrospective analysis on the data of 17 patients who had a postoperative pathological diagnosis of AH of the Vaterian system treated from January 2005 to December 2021 at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital was carried out with 12 males and 5 females, aged (58.4±11.3) years. The clinical presentations, treatment and postoperative pathology of these patients were analyzed. Patients with dysplasia of the tubular mucosal epithelium in the non-cancerous area around the AH under microscopy were included in the AH with dysplasia group ( n=8), and those without dysplasia were included in the control group ( n=9). The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. Results:The main clinical symptoms were abdominal pain in 8 patients, jaundice in 7 patients and fever in 2 patients. Preoperative imaging showed 10 cases of occupying lesions and 6 cases of abnormally dilated intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts without obvious lesions or stones or biliary tract injury stenosis. Sixteen patients underwent radical pancreaticoduodenectomy, and 1 patient underwent extrahepatic biliary resection combined with choledochojejunostomy for bile duct obstruction due to biliary stones, 3 patients had combined malignant tumors, 1 patient had a carcinoma of AH origin at the ampulla of Vater, and the other 2 patients had neoplastic lesions in the mucosal epithelium adjacent to the AH (cholangiocarcinoma and ampullary carcinoma, respectively). There were no significant differences in age, gender, bile duct stones, cholangitis, combined carcinoma and liver function indexes between the two groups of patients with AH of the Vaterian system (all P>0.05). Conclusion:Adenomyomatous hyperplasia of the Vaterian system was difficult to distinguish preoperatively from malignant tumors basing on its clinical presentations or imaging findings. Such patients are recommended to be treated surgically.