Prevalence of sexual harassment and its relationship with family birth order among female undergraduates: New findings from institutional-based cross-sectional study in the south east, Nigeria

Family is the microcosm of a larger society that provides care that shapes the behavior of children. However, the different levels of attention children receive from their parents may affect their behaviour and self-esteem, which can lead to them being more vulnerable to sexual harassment. An institutional-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from March ­ August 2021, to assess the relationship between family birth order and prevalence of sexual harassment. The multistage sampling procedure was used to draw 1070 participants. The data was analyzed using percentages, mean, and multivariate logistic regression statistics. The multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The findings revealed prevalence (73.6%) of sexual harassment, and the two forms such as verbal (x= 2.63) and non-verbal sexual harassment (x= 2.56) were high. The multivariate logistic regression odds ratios adjusted shows that the middle born were approximately 2 folds (AOR = 1.62; CI = 1.14 ­ 2.30; P = 0.008 0.05) more likely to predict sexual harassment. The study recommended amongst others that parents in South Eastern Nigeria should refrain from given special attention to a particular child as this may predispose the unfavoured child to sexual harassment

Performance of piglets according to colostrum intake and serum immunoglobulin concentration determined by the immunocrit method / Desempenho de leitões de acordo com o consumo de colostro e sua concentração sérica de imunoglobulinas determinada através da técnica de imunócrito

ABSTRACT: Colostrum is the main source of immunoglobulins for piglets and several studies have shown that colostrum intake by piglets have a significant influence on their immunity as well as their future performance. The aim of this study was to ascertain the correlation between colostrum intake in the first 24 hours and the serum immunoglobulin concentration determined by immunocrit (IR), determine if the birth order of piglets interfered in colostrum intake and the IR, and measure their weight gain up to 42 days of age. One hundred and three piglets were included in the study and divided into two groups according to colostrum intake in the first 24 hours: > 230 g and <230 g. Piglets with an intake of (230 g colostrum at birth had a mean weight of 1.412 ± 0.156 kg (mean ± SEM) while animals with a colostrum intake <230 g weighed 1.317 ± 0.162 kg (P>0.05). The mean IR between colostrum intake groups was 0.075 (<230 g) and 0.096 ((230 g) (p<0.05). The IR differed between the order of birth of the piglets; where piglets born up to ≤7 had an IR=0.096 while those born from >7 presented with an IR=0.079 (p<0.05). Piglets that consumed more colostrum (>230 g) in the first 24 hours after birth had a greater immunocrit and greater weight gain from 7 to 42 days of age (p<0.05). We concluded that the order of birth does not affect the colostrum intake, but the IR has a negative correlation (CORR= -0.3101; p<0,05) with the order of birth. Piglets with intake of more than 230 g of colostrum show greater weight gain up to 42 days of age.

RESUMO: O colostro é uma das principais fontes de imunoglobulinas para leitões neonatos e vários estudos têm demonstrado que a quantidade ingerida pelo leitão tem influência na sua condição imunológica, bem como no seu desempenho futuro. O trabalho teve como objetivo correlacionar o consumo de colostro com a concentração sérica de imunoglobulinas nas primeiras 24 horas, determinada pelo imunócrito (IR), determinar se a ordem de nascimento interfere no consumo de colostro e IR, e o desempenho de ganho de peso até os 42 dias de vida do leitão. Foram utilizados 103 leitões categorizados em dois grupos conforme consumo de colostro nas primeiras 24 horas de vida em (230g e <230g. Leitões que ingeriram (230g de colostro ao nascimento apresentaram peso médio de 1,412±0,156 kg (média±EPM), enquanto que animais que tiveram um consumo de colostro <230g o peso foi 1,317±0,162 kg (P>0,05). O IR médio entre os grupos de ingestão de colostro foi de 0,075 (<230g) e 0,096 ((230g) de colostro (P<0,05). O IR diferiu entre os grupos de ordem de nascimento dos leitões, onde o grupo de leitões nascidos, até ≤7, apresentaram IR 0,096, enquanto os nascidos, a partir >7, apresentaram IR 0,079 (p<0,05). Leitões que consumiram mais colostro ((230 g) nas primeiras 24 horas de vida tiveram um maior imunócrito e maior ganho de peso dos 7 aos 42 dias de vida (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a ordem de nascimento não prejudica o consumo de colostro, porém a taxa de IR possui uma correlação negativa (CORR= -0,3101; p<0,05) em relação à ordem de nascimento. Leitões que consomem uma quantidade superior a 230 g de colostro apresentam maior ganho de peso até os 42 dias de vida.

Epidemiological study on the influence of sex of the first-born child on the adverse birth outcomes of the second-born child / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the incidence of the second child's adverse birth outcome in Shaanxi Province and the relationship between sex of the first-born child and the adverse birth outcome of the second-born child. Methods: Data used in this study were derived from the prevalence and risk factors of birth defects in Shaanxi Province from 2010 to 2013. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of the second-born child's adverse birth outcome. Logistic regression model was employed to do regression analysis of the factors related to the second-born child's adverse birth outcome. Results: Large for gestational age infant and small for gestational age infant accounted for 15.88% and 12.27%, fetal macrosomia and low-birth weight accounted for 7.16% and 4.22%, premature delivery and birth defects accounted for 3.25% and 2.51%, while postmature infant accounted for 2.18%, respectively. Sex differences on large for gestational age infant, small for gestational age infant, fetal macrosomia and low-birth weight existed (P<0.05). Analysis of logistic regression model indicated that for the second-born child, having an elder brother compared with having an elder sister associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age (OR=1.251) and a lower risk of macrosomia (OR=0.808) and large for gestational age (OR=0.873). Conclusion: For the second-born child, having an elder brother compared with having an elder sister is associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age and a lower risk of macrosomia and large for gestational age.

Nacidos vivos con bajo peso al nacer en Bogotá, 2014-2016 / Born alive with low weight at birth in Bogotá, 2014-2016

Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS considera el bajo peso al nacer como un problema de salud pública, dado que esta entidad aumenta el riesgo de padecer enfermedades no transmisibles en etapas posteriores de la vida y es la causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal más frecuente. El bajo peso al nacer trae consigo deficiencia en el desarrollo físico y neurológico del neonatal, tanto a largo como a corto plazo, sea por patologías congénitas, genéticas o por eventos secundarios a la internación en unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales, tales como infecciones asociada al cuidado de la salud, uso de ventilación asistida, consumo de determinados fármacos u otras condiciones que van sujetas a hospitalizaciones prolongadas al recién nacido. Objetivos. Medir la frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer de gestaciones a término y pretérmino e identificar los posibles factores de riesgo relacionados. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en nacimientos ocurridos en la ciudad de Bogotá entre los años 2014 a 2016, basados en datos recolectados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, utilizando medidas de tendencia central para evaluar la frecuencia de peso al nacer bajo. Resultados. El total de nacidos vivos en el periodo estudiado, según las estadísticas vitales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística fue de 349.967, de los cuales 44.817 fueron nacidos vivos con bajo peso, lo que equivale al 12,80% del total de la población. El mayor registro se documentó en el año 2014 con 14.973 casos; las gestantes en las edades extremas, menores de 15 años y mayores de 44 años tienen las tasas más elevadas de bajo peso al nacer 0,18 y 0,25 respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las edades maternas extremas, resulta ser un factor riesgo para desarrollar bajo peso al nacer el intervalo de bajo peso al nacer más frecuente durante el periodo estudiado fue entre los 2.000 y 2.499 gr. El único año en el que se identificó diferencia estadística fue 2016, las edades maternas extremas presentaron las tasas más altas de nacidos vivos con bajo peso fueron en las localidades de Suba y Kennedy.

Introduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers low birth weight a public health problem, since it increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases in later life and is the most frequent cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Low birth weight brings with it a deficiency in the physical and neurological development of the neonatal, both in the long and short term, either due to congenital or genetic pathologies or due to events secondary to hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units, such as infections associated with health care, use of assisted ventilation, use of certain drugs or other conditions that are subject to prolonged hospitalization of the newborn. Objective. To measure the frequency of low birth weight in termand preterm pregnancies and to identify possible related risk factors. Methodology. A retrospective descriptive study was carried out on births that occurred in the city of Bogotá between the years 2014 and 2016, based on data collected by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), using central tendency measures to evaluate the frequency of low birth weight. Results. The total number of live births in the period studied, according to the vital statistics of the National Administrative Department of Statistics was 349.967, of which 44.817 were live births with low weight, equivalent to 12,80% of the total population. The largest record was documented in 2014 with 14.973 cases; pregnant women in the extreme ages, under 15 and over 44, have the highest rates of low birth weight 0,18 and 0,25 respectively. Conclusions. Extreme maternal ages are a risk factor for developing low birth weight. The most frequent low birth weight interval during the period studied was between 2,000 and 2,499 grams. The only year in which a statistical difference was identified was 2016, the extreme maternal ages presented the highest rates of live births with low weight were in the towns of Suba and Kennedy.

A cross-sectional study of psychosomatic condition in children of 8–15 years of age in Rajkot Taluka – A parental perspective

Background: There is wide gap of information about the prevalence of different conditions of mental health in general population except anxiety and depression. And that too among children and adolescents. Hence, a study about one of the important conditions, psychosomatic condition was carried out in this age group, i.e., 8–15 years, a combination representing both child and adolescent population. Considering the difficulties in child inquiries and for unanimity of method among adolescents included in the study, parents’ questionnaire was used. Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To find the prevalence of psychosomatic condition in the age group of 8–15 years in the study area and (2) to find the prevalence of psychosomatic condition in relation to their sex, education, socioeconomic class, and birth order. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using parents’ questionnaire with sampling by probability proportion to sample size method. Chi-square is used to detect if there is any significant difference. Results: The psychosomatic condition is found to be more prevalent in girls (9.42%) as compared to males (7.89%). This is significantly more in rural and slum community (31.25% and 23.08%) than urban area (4.59%). In urban area, psychosomatic condition is found to be higher in males. However, the overall difference between girls and boys for the reporting of this condition was found to be statistically non-significant. Conclusions: The reporting for psychosomatic condition in children is more in rural and slum areas. In these areas also, girls are more reported for the condition. It is most reported at 11–13 years of age. The condition is more common in the joint families, specifically in rural area. Education and birth order do not have any significance to the reporting of psychosomatic condition.

Periodo intergenésico: Revisión de la literature / Intergenesis period: Literature review

RESUMEN ANTECEDENTES: El período intergenésico es importante para la planificación de embarazos subsecuentes a partos, cesáreas y abortos. Actualmente existe falta de consenso en cuanto a las definiciones e importancia clínica de la duración del periodo intergenésico; por lo que se realiza esta revisión de la literatura para definir conceptos. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed y Medline, con periodo de búsqueda del 19992017, con el propósito de identificar publicaciones de relevancia relacionadas a periodo intergenésico. RESULTADOS: Entre los artículos seleccionados, se incluyeron de tipo revisión, originales y guías de práctica clínica. Se considera periodo intergenésico aquel que se encuentra entre la fecha del último evento obstétrico y el inicio del siguiente embarazo. Se sugiere como tiempo recomendado de espera para iniciar un siguiente embarazo mínimo 18 meses (Periodo intergenésico corto, PIC) y no más de 60 meses (Periodo intergenésico largo, PIL), para reducir el riesgo de eventos adversos maternos, perinatales y neonatales. Se debe enfatizar que aunque la dehiscencia de histerorrafia es una grave complicación del PIC menor a 6 meses posterior a una cesárea, no es su única complicación. De igual manera es importante tomar en cuenta el PIL durante la evaluación obstétrica, debido a su asociación con preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONES: Es relevante conocer la terminología adecuada en período intergenésico para evitar complicaciones asociadas a PIC como a PIL. Existe necesidad de estudios clínicos sobre período intergenésico que permitan conocer más consecuencias a corto y largo plazo en nuestra población y tomar medidas para mejorar el desenlace materno-fetal.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Interpregnancy interval is a topic of importance when planning new pregnancies after previous vaginal delivery, cesarean section or abortion. There is currently a lack of consensus in terms of definitions and the clinical importance of interpregnancy interval length, which is the reason to perform a literature review to clarify concepts. METHODS: Published papers from 1999 to 2017 from PubMed/MEDLINE were searched with the purpose of identifying those related to interpregnancy interval. Review articles, original papers, and clinical guidelines in relation to short and long interpregnancy interval were considered. RESULTS: Interpregnancy interval is defined as the period between the last obstetric event and the beginning of the next pregnancy (last menstrual period). Recommended time to initiate the next pregnancy must be at least 18 months (short interpregnancy interval, SII) and no more than 60 months (long interpregnancy interval, LII) to reduce the risk of adverse maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes. It is important to emphasize that even though uterine scar dehiscence is a serious complication of SII less than 6 months after a cesarean section, it is not the only complication. It is important to consider LII during obstetric evaluation, due to its association with preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: It is clinically relevant to know the correct definitions of SII and LII to avoid their complications. There is also a need for clinical trials about interpregnancy interval within our population in order to better understand the consequences of SII and LII, thus taking the necessary measures to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Research progress on pathogenesis factors of solid tumors in children / 中国医师进修杂志

Pediatric solid tumors are mainly mother cell-derived tumors. It is more common in children under the age of 15 and is the main cause of non-accidental death in children. Pediatric solid tumors exist with varying epidemiology. The risk factors that have already been studied regarding to its onset are birth weight, birth order, age of parents at the time of pregnancy, parental smoking, assisted reproduction, abnormal birth, economic status, maternal education, and environmental factors. This paper reviews the current research status of epidemic factors in pediatric solid tumors.

Study on the birth order of patients with gastric cancer in Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To analyze the birth order of gastric cancer patients in Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital,and to explore the relationship between environmental factors,genetic factors and gastric cancer.Methods The Greenwood and Yule,Haldane and Smith birth order methods were used to conduct an epidemiological investigation on 554 patients with gastric cancer surgery from January 2004 to December 2007 in Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital,and the birth order of their siblings was studied.Results Results from the Greenwood and Yule method showed that there was a tendency for patients with gastric cancer in birth order first to third.However,the Haldane and Smith method showed that the results were quite different between actual value and the average theory value of 6A [6A(actual value)=7 644,(x)6A(average theory value)=8 511,x=|6A-(x)6A|/√v6A=4.86,x＞2,P <0.01] which suggested that the birth order had some effects on the occurrence of gastric cancer.In addition,the actual value of 6A was lower than theoretic average value,and the parents at younger productive age or baby at the first birth was easy to develop gastric cancer.Conclusions Gastric cancer patients in Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital is related with the birth order,especially at early order.There are certain effects of environmental risk factors on gastric cancer.

Os arranjos familiares importam no momento de decidir em qual rede de ensino matricular os filhos? / Do family arrangements affect parents' decision of school for their children? / ¿Importan los arreglos familiares a la hora de decidir en qué red de enseñanza matricular a los hijos?

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar se os arranjos familiares (monoparentais ou biparentais) afetam na escolha parental de qual rede de ensino (pública ou privada) matricular os filhos. Utilizando os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2015, os resultados apontaram para dissemelhanças entre os arranjos familiares, as quais podem ser explicadas pelas diferenças nas preferências dos indivíduos, assim como na renda familiar. Verifica-se que existe maior probabilidade de as famílias investirem privadamente no ensino infantil. A evidência pode ser decorrente da oferta reduzida de creches públicas. Segundo a ordem de nascimento, para os arranjos familiares monoparental feminino e casal com filhos, as famílias preferem investir no filho mais velho, em detrimento dos demais filhos. Além disso, verificou-se que o filho do sexo masculino tem menores chances de estudar em uma rede privada caso esteja em um arranjo monoparental feminino. Esse resultado pode mostrar uma preferência da mãe em incentivar o estudo da filha em uma tentativa de empoderá-la.

This study aims to analyze whether family arrangements (single-parent or two-parent) influence the choice of school system (public or private) for children. For this analysis, data from the 2015 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) were used. Results point to dissimilarities among family arrangements which can be explained by differences in individual preferences as well as in family income. We found that families are more likely to invest privately in early childhood education. The evidence may be due to the small number of public day care centers. According to the order of birth, families can invest in their eldest child to the detriment of their other children, in the case of female single-parent and two-parent family arrangements. In addition, we found that male children were less likely to study in a private school in female single-parent arrangement. This result may show mothers' wishes to encourage daughters to study in an attempt to empower them.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si los arreglos familiares (monoparentales o biparentales) afectan la elección parental del tipo de institución (pública o privada) en la cual serán matriculados los hijos. Para este analísis fueron utilizados los datos tomados de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2015. Los resultados apuntan a que las diferencias en la conformación de las familias pueden ser explicadas por las preferencias de los individuos así como por su enta familiar. Se observa que existe mayor probabilidad de que las familias inviertan en educación privada durante la educación infantil. No obstante, esto puede deberse a la falta de oferta de este servicio en la red de instituciones públicas. Asimismo, de acuerdo al orden de los hijos, se prefiere invertir en el hijo mayor en detrimento de los demás hijos, especialmente los arreglos familiares monoparentales femeninos o biparentales en matrimonio. A su vez, se encontró que el hijo de sexo masculino tiene menos oportunidades de estudiar en una institución privada en una familia con arreglo monoparental femenino. Este resultado puede evidenciar la preferencia de la madre a incentivar el estudio en la hija mujer, en una tentativa de buscar su empoderamiento.

Asociación del orden de parto y del componente racial con la prevalencia de mastitis clínica en un hato lechero especializado ubicado en el trópico alto de Colombia / Association of birth order and racial component with the prevalence of clinical mastitis in a specialized dairy herd located in the high tropics of Colombia / Associação da ordem de parto e do componente racial com a prevalência de mastite clínica em um rebanho leiteiro especializado situado no trópico alto da Colômbia

Resumen Introducción: conocer las variables asociadas a la prevalencia de mastitis clínica (PMC) ayuda a diseñar medidas de control más eficientes. Objetivos: cuantificar la PMC en un hato de especialización lechera, de acuerdo con la influencia del orden de parto (OP) y el efecto del componente racial (CR). Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal, mediante el cual se calculó la PMC según el OP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6 o más), la probabilidad condicional (PC), la PMC para cada CR y la PMC según el OP para cada CR. Se realizó prueba de x2. Resultados: se observó una PMC global de 15 %. Se estableció una relación directamente proporcional entre el OP y la PMC. Las prevalencias calculadas fueron 9,9; 10,9; 12,2; 21,6; 21,7 y 21,4 %, para los OP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6 o más, respectivamente, con diferencias estadísticas significativas. La PC varió entre 9 % (1 y 2 OP) y 22,8 % (3 y 4 OP). Se observó una PMC de 16,7 % para la holstein (H), 8,9 % para el F1 de H por blanco orejinegro (BON) y de 9,4 % para la 3/4H x 1/4BON, sin diferencias significativas. No obstante, al comparar la H con los cruces por BON, sin importar el porcentaje del componente racial BON, se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas. Conclusiones: la PMC incrementa con el aumento del OP; por tanto, los programas de vigilancia de la enfermedad deben intensificarse en vacas mayores. La raza BON aporta un factor de rusticidad a sus cruces que disminuye la PMC.

Abstract Introduction: The knowledge of the variables associated with the prevalence of clinical mastitis (PCM) can help to design more efficient control measures. Objectives: To quantify PCM in a specialized dairy herd, according to the influence ofbirth order (BO) and the effect of racial component (RC). Materials and methods: A transversal study was carried out to calculate PCM according to BO (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, or more), conditional probability (CP), PCM for each RC, and PCM according to BO for each RC. The x2 test was performed. Results: An overall PCM of 15% was observed. A directly proportional relationship was established between BO and PCM. The calculated prevalences were 9.9, 10.9, 12.2, 21.6, 21.7, and 21.4% for BO 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 or more, respectively, with significant statistical differences. CP varied between 9% (BO 1 and 2) and 22.8% (BO 3 and 4). A PCM of 16.7% was observed for Holstein (H) cows, 8.9% for Holstein F1 with Blanco Orejinegro cows (BON), and 9.4% for % H x V BON, with no significant differences. However, when comparing H with BON crosses, regardless of the percentage of the BON racial components, significant statistical differences were observed. Conclusions: PCM increases with increased BO; therefore, disease surveillance programs should be intensified in older cows. The BON breed contributes a rusticity factor to its crosses that decreases PCM.

Resumo Introdução: conhecer as variáveis associadas à prevalência de mastite clínica (PMC) ajuda a desenhar medidas de controle mais eficientes. Objetivos: quantificar a PMC em um rebanho de especialização leiteira, de acordo com a influência da ordem de parto (OP) e o efeito do componente racial (CR). Materiais e métodos: se realizou um estudo transversal, mediante o qual se calculou a PMC segundo o OP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 ou mais), a probabilidade condicional (PC), a PMC para cada CR e a PMC segundo o OP para cada CR. Realizou-se exame de x2. Resultados: se observou uma PMC global de 15 %. Se estabeleceu uma relação diretamente proporcional entre o OP e a PMC. As prevalências calculadas foram 9,9; 10,9; 12,2; 21,6; 21,7 e 21,4 %, para os OP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 ou mais respectivamente, com diferenças estatísticas significativas. A PC variou entre 9 % (1 e 2 OP) e 22,8 % (3 e 4 OP). Observou-se uma PMC de 16,7 % para a Holstein (H), 8,9 % para o F1 de H por branco orelhas negras (BON) e de 9,4 % para a 3/4H x 1/4BON, sem diferenças significativas. Não obstante, al comparar a H com os cruzamentos por BON, sem importar a porcentagem do componente racial BON, se observaram diferenças estatísticas significativas. Conclusões: a PMC incrementa com o aumento do OP; portanto, os programas de vigilância da doença devem intensificar-se em vacas mais velhas. A raça BON proporciona um fator de rusticidade aos seus cruzamentos que diminui a PMC.

Tendências da fecundidade dos povos indígenas nos Censos Demográficos brasileiros de 1991 a 2010 / Indigenous population fertility trends according to the Brazilian Demographic Censuses from 1991 to 2010 / Tendencias de la fecundidad de los pueblos indígenas en los censos demográficos brasileños del 1991 al 2010

O artigo aborda a fecundidade das mulheres autodeclaradas indígenas com base nos censos brasileiros de 1991 a 2010. Inicialmente - como uma aproximação das limitações que a qualidade do dado pode impor às análises - observa-se um viés de autodeclaração para 2000 mais acentuado na população urbana, o que compromete as comparações com 2010, mas não invalida o prosseguimento das análises sobre fecundidade. Constata-se que, efetivamente, a fecundidade dos povos indígenas está diminuindo inclusive entre a população rural, isto é, aquela que reside em Terras Indígenas. A fecundidade indígena urbana é altamente diferenciada da rural e as suspeitas de o viés estar contaminando as medidas produzidas evidenciam a necessidade de um investimento maior no estudo desta população: quem são os indígenas urbanos? Estimativas por ordem de parturição e filhos tidos sinalizam acentuadas quedas de fecundidade para o futuro próximo. A fecundidade das mulheres indígenas jovens - sem muitas diferenciações segundo residência urbana ou rural - continua em níveis muito altos se comparados com os de populações contemporâneas. Esta análise clama por estudos multidisciplinares para o melhor entendimento do processo reprodutivo dos povos indígenas brasileiros.

Abstract Fertility of the self-declared indigenous women is analyzed based on Brazilian censuses from 1991 to 2010. Initially, as an approximation to the limitation that the quality of data may impose, population growth captured by these data sources is analyzed. There has been a bias on the self-declaration for 2000, more pronounced for the urban population, which may compromise the comparison with the 2010 data. In any case, this does not invalidate the analyses on fertility trends. Effectively, indigenous population fertility is decreasing even among the rural population living on the formal demarcation Indian lands. Also, urban indigenous fertility is highly differentiated from the rural. In this context, and adding the probable bias that might have contaminated the estimates in 2000, the need for more investment in the study of this population is critical to answer, for instance who are the urban indigenous population captured in the censuses. Estimates of fertility according to birth order and parity indicate sharp fertility declines in the near future. Fertility of young indigenous women, without much differentiation at urban or rural places of residence, remains at very high levels compared to contemporary populations. This analysis calls for multidisciplinary studies to better understand the reproductive process of the Brazilian indigenous population.

Resumen Se considera la fecundidad de las mujeres autodeclaradas indígenas a partir de los censos brasileños de 1991 a 2010. Inicialmente -como una aproximación a la limitación de que la calidad de los datos puede imponer al análisis- se constata un sesgo de autodeclaración para 2000, más pronunciado en la población urbana lo que compromete la comparación con datos del 2010, con todo, esto no invalida la continuación del análisis sobre fecundidad. Son fuertes los indicativos de una disminución de la fecundidad de los pueblos indígenas, incluso entre la población rural, es decir, el que reside en tierras indígenas. La fecundidad indígena urbana es muy diferenciada comparada con el rural; esto, junto con la sospecha de que los sesgos hayan contaminado las medidas producidas, apunta hacia la necesidad de una mayor inversión en el estudio de esta población: ¿quién es la población indígena urbana? Las estimaciones por orden de nacimiento y paridez indican, para un futuro próximo, disminución de la fecundidad. La fecundidad de las mujeres indígenas jóvenes, sin mucha diferenciación entre residencia urbana o rural, se mantiene en niveles muy elevados si comparados con poblaciones contemporáneas. Este análisis clama por estudios multidisciplinarios para comprender mejor el proceso reproductivo de los pueblos indígenas brasileños.

Association between order of birth and chronic malnutrition of children: a study of nationally representative Bangladeshi sample / Associação entre ordem de nascimento e desnutrição crônica em crianças: estudo de uma amostra nacional representativa em Bangladesh / Asociación entre el orden de nacimiento y la desnutrición crónica infantil: un estudio de una muestra representativa Bangladesí a nivel nacional

Abstract This paper examines the net effect of birth order on child nutritional status in Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2011 (BDHS). Analyses were restricted to 4,120 surviving, lastborn singleton children who were younger than 36 months at the time of the survey. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between birth order and child nutritional status. Results indicate 38.1% children are stunted and 8.2% children are fifth or higher order birth. Order of birth is one of the significant predictors of child being stunted. Third order, fourth order, and fifth or higher order children are 24%, 30%, and 72%, respectively, more likely to be stunted after adjusting for all other variables. Besides birth order, results also indicate that child age, size at birth, birth intention, maternal education, maternal body mass index, wealth index, place of residence and mass media access exert strong influences over child malnutrition. Reducing birth rates which limit number of births and birth order as well may reduce child malnutrition in Bangladesh.

Resumo O estudo analisa o efeito ajustado da ordem de nascimento sobre estado nutricional em crianças de Bangladesh, com base em dados do Inquérito Nacional de Demografia e Saúde daquele país (BDHS) em 2011. As análises se limitaram a 4.120 nascidos vivos de parto único, últimos na ordem de nascimento e vivos e com menos de 36 meses de idade no momento do inquérito. A regressão logística foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre ordem de nascimento e estado nutricional. Segundo os resultados, 38,1% das crianças apresentavam baixa estatura para a idade e 8,2% ocupavam quinto lugar ou mais na ordem de nascimento. A ordem de nascimento é preditor significativo de baixa estatura para a idade em crianças de Bangladesh. A terceira, quarta ou quinta posição ou mais na ordem de nascimento mostrou um aumento de probabilidade de 24%, 30% e 72%, respectivamente, de baixa estatura para a idade, depois de ajustar para todas as outras variáveis. Além da ordem de nascimento, os resultados indicam que a idade da criança, comprimento cabeça-nádega ao nascer, intenção da gravidez, escolaridade materna, índice de massa corporal materna, índice de riqueza familiar, lugar de residência e acesso aos meios de comunicação de massa têm forte influência sobre a desnutrição infantil. A redução da taxa de natalidade e consequente limitação do número de nascimentos e da ordem de nascimento podem também reduzir a desnutrição infantil em Bangladesh.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza el efecto neto del orden de nacimiento en el status nutricional infantil en Bangladés, utilizando datos de la Encuesta Demográfica Bangladesí sobre la Salud, 2011 (BDHS). Los análisis se restringieron a los últimos 4,120 bebés nacidos vivos, procedentes de un embarazo único, y que fueran menores de 36 meses en el momento de la realización de la encuesta. Se usó la regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el orden de nacimiento y el estado nutricional infantil. Los resultados indican que un 38.1% de los niños sufren retraso en su crecimiento y un 8.2% de los niños ocupan el quinto o un orden más elevado de nacimiento. El orden de nacimiento es uno de los predictores significativos del retraso en el crecimiento en los niños. Quienes ocupan el tercer, cuarto, quinto o puestos más elevados en este orden son niños que en un 24%, 30% y un 72%, respectivamente, tienen más probabilidad de sufrir retraso en su crecimiento tras ajustar para todos otras variables. Asimismo, los resultados en el orden del nacimiento también indicaban que la edad y tamaño del niño tras el parto, así como el carácter del nacimiento, la educación materna, el índice de masa corporal materna, de riqueza, el lugar de residencia y el acceso a medios de comunicación ejercen fuertes influencias sobre la desnutrición infantil. Reduciendo la tasa de natalidad que limita el número de nacimientos y el orden de nacimientos se podría llegar a reducir la desnutrición infantil en Bangladés.

The role of birth order in outcomes of renal transplantation from siblings / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of birth order on outcomes of renal transplantation from siblings.Method We conducted a retrospective study to examine the immune effect exerted by birth order in kidney transplantation between siblings.227 kidney transplants were included and we stratified the cohort by birth order,old to young parings (group A,104 pairs) and young to old pairings (group B,123 pairs),using old to young parings as reference group.Result During the follow-up period,4 recipients suffered graft failure and 2 died.The survival rate of recipients and grafts was 98％ and 95％,respectively.After adjusting the effect of confounding factors in demography,young to old pairings were found at a higher risk of developing death uncensored graft failure (Hazards ratio,HR =2.77,95％ CI..0.23,33.00),which was not significantly different from group A (P =0.42).And group B had a higher risk of developing death censored graft failure (HR =10.79,95％ CI:0.30-389.43),with no statistically significant difference (P＞0.05).Most rejections occurred in two months after transplantation,and the rejection-free rate in 3 years post-transplantation was 86％.Similarly,no significant difference was detected between the two groups in terms of death censored graft failure,and no benefit of birth order was found in rejection protection (HR =1.266,95％ CI:0.391,4.103,P =0.694).Conclusion Birth order may not be taken into consideration in kidney transplantation between siblings.

Ordem do nascimento e abertura à experiência: comunicação breve / Birth order and openness to experience: brief communication

Ordem do nascimento é definida como a posição ocupada por uma pessoa conforme a sua idade entre seus irmãos e irmãs. Abertura à experiência é uma das cinco dimensões básicas da personalidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre ordem do nascimento e abertura à experiência em uma amostra de 472 estudantes universitários (média de idades = 24,6 anos; DP= 8,8). Os resultados indicaram efeitos distintos para homens e mulheres quanto à influência da ordem do nascimento. Os resultados são discutidos em termos de possíveis particularidades culturais e do delineamento metodológico empregado para a avaliação da personalidade

Birth order is defined as a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Openness to experience is one of five major domains of personality. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between birth order and openness to experience in a sample of 472 university students (mean age = 24.6 years; SD = 8.8). Results showed distinct effects for men and women regarding the influence of birth order. Authors discuss the results in light of possible cultural features and of the personality assessment method employed

Study on the birth order of patients with esophagus cancer in Shanxi province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between esophagus cancer patients and both environmental and genetic factors,through analyzing the data on birth orders from esophagus cancer patients of Shanxi province.Methods Both Greenwood and Haldane methods on birth order were used to study the 1101 cases with esophagus cancer from Shanxi province.All the patients had received surgery and were diagnosed,by pathological evidence.First certificates of the patients were confirmed through the standard genetic epidemiologic investigation.Birth order was investigated on probands of the 1101 cases with esophagus cancer and their 44 siblings.Results Results form the Greenwood method showed that there was a tendency for cases with esophagus cancer in birth orders First to Third.However,the Haldane method showed that the results were quite different between actual value and the average theory value of 6A (6A(actual value)=17 118,(X)6A(average theory value) =19 290,X=∣6A-(X)6A∣/√V6A =7.63,X ＞ 2) which suggested that the birth order had some effects on the occurrence of esophagus cancer.In addition,the actual value of 6A was lower than the theoretic average value,and the parents at younger productive age or baby at the first birth was easy to develop esophagus cancer.Conclusion Esophagus cancer was related with the birth order,especially at early order,which was not consistent with the national reports on esophagus cancer.Results from this study suggested that there were certain effects of environmental risk factors on esophagus cancer patients.

Avaliação da idade materna, paterna, ordem de paridade e intervalo interpartal para fissura lábio-palatina / Maternal and paternal age, birth order and interpregnancy interval evaluation for cleft lip-palate

Fissuras do lábio e/ou palato representam as anomalias congênitas craniofaciais mais comuns. Objetivo: Avaliar fatores de risco ambientais em pacientes com fissuras lábio-palatinas não-sindrômicas, em um Serviço de Minas Gerais. Casuística e método: Realizou-se estudo caso-controle, avaliando 100 crianças com fissuras e 100 crianças sem alterações clínicas. As dimensões de análise (idade, cor de pele, sexo, classificação das fissuras, idade materna e paterna, ordem de paridade e intervalo interpartal) foram obtidas a partir de um questionário, sendo posteriormente construído banco de dados e as análises realizadas pelo programa SPSS 17.0. Os resultados foram analisados com risco relativo para cada variável, para estimar odds ratios com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento seguido de análise bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: Entre as 200 crianças, 54 por cento foram do sexo masculino e 46 por cento do feminino. Com relação à cor da pele, houve predomínio de parda, branca e preta, respectivamente. Entre os tipos de fissuras, as mais comuns foram as fissuras lábio-palatinas (54 por cento), seguidas pela fissura labial (30 por cento) e fissura palatina (16 por cento). Conclusão: Embora com uma população limitada, verificou-se associação entre idade materna e risco aumentado para fissuras lábio-palatinas, porém idade paterna, ordem de paridade e intervalo interpartal não foram significantes.

Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) are the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies. AIM: To evaluate environmental risk factors for non-syndromic CL/P in a reference care center in Minas Gerais. Materials and methods: we carried out a case-controlled study, assessing 100 children with clefts and 100 children without clinical alterations. The analysis dimensions (age, skin color, gender, fissure classification, maternal and paternal age, birth order and interpregnancy interval), obtained from a questionnaire; and later we build a data base and the analyses were carried out by the SPSS 17.0 software. The results were analyzed with the relative risk for each variable, in order to estimate the odds ratio with a 95 percent confidence interval, followed by a bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: among 200 children, 54 percent were males and 46 percent were females. As far as skin color is concerned most were brown, white and black, respectively. Cleft palates were the most common fissures found (54 percent), followed by lip cleft (30 percent) and palate cleft (16 percent). Conclusion: although with a limited sample, we noticed an association between maternal age and an increased risk for cleft lip and palate; however, paternal age, pregnancy order and interpregnancy interval were not significant.

Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Fraternal birth order (FBO) appears as a prenatal cause of 15 percent of homosexual males (gays) through mnemonic maternal anti-male factors. Non-right-handed men seem to be protected from homosexuality. Four hypotheses are proposed: (1) androgenic factors of non-right-handedness neutralize anti-male factors; (2) non-right-handedness and homosexuality are lethal or produce mental impairment; (3) non-right-handed male embryos are insensitive to anti-male factors; (4) mothers of non-right-handed fetuses do not produce anti-male factors. Studies of the sex ratio (SR) of older and younger siblings show: (1) a significant heterogeneity in the SR of siblings of right or non-right handed heterosexual men and women; (2) lesbians are born among siblings with high SR; (3) siblings of right-handed gays show a higher SR than non-right-handed gays that present a low SR. Based on our discovery of maternal tolerance-rejection processes, associated with genetic systems (ABO, Rh), where zygotes or embryos different from their mother induce better pregnancy and maternal tolerance than do those that share antigens with their mothers, I propose a new explanation for sexual relationships, sexual orientation, handedness and sibling SR. Lesbian embryos could induce tolerance from mothers with anti-female factors. Non-right-handedness could induce maternal tolerance, or change the maternal compatibility of "gay" embryos. Alternatively, gay embryos could be poor inducers of maternal tolerance towards male traits.

A influência do gênero e ordem de nascimento sobre as práticas educativas parentais / Gender and birth order as parenting moderators

Este estudo avaliou o gênero e a ordem de nascimento como variáveis moderadoras das práticas educativas parentais e da percepção da preferência parental a partir do ponto de vista dos filhos. Participaram da pesquisa 322 adolescentes entre 13 e 17 anos. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos para a coleta de dados: Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP) e um questionário desenvolvido pelos autores. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística não-paramétrica (Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis). Através da análise dos resultados, constatou-se que: (a) o gênero dos filhos interfere significativamente nos índices de estilo parental; (b) as primogênitas apresentaram significativamente maior risco de sofrer com as práticas parentais negativas e (c) a percepção da preferência parental é influenciada pelo gênero e ordem de nascimento dos filhos. (AU)

This study aimed at assessing gender and birth order influence on parenting and perceived parental favoritism from the children perspective. The participants were 322 adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years old. Two instruments were used to collect data - Parenting Styles Inventory and a questionnaire developed by the authors. Non-parametrical statistics (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) were used to analyze the obtained data. Results have shown that: (a) child gender has significant influence on the score of parenting styles; (b) firstborn girls present significantly higher risk of suffering negative parental practices and, (c) the perceived parental favoritism is significantly modulated by both gender and birth order. (AU)

Prevalência de nascimentos gemelares em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Prevalence of twin births in Pelotas, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a prevalência de nascimentos gemelares em Pelotas, RS, em três períodos da última década e a influência de alguns fatores sobre este processo. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal (série temporal), baseado no banco de dados do Programa de Monitorização de Defeitos Congênitos, onde se encontram registrados todos os nascimentos ocorridos nos cinco hospitais da cidade de Pelotas, nos anos de 1993, 1997 e 2003. RESULTADOS: a taxa média de gêmeos por mil nascimentos foi de 8,95ë (monozigóticos=2,20ë e dizigóticos=6,76ë ). A taxa de triplos ficou em 0,07ë . A taxa total de nascimentos gemelares, assim como de gêmeos monozigóticos e dizigóticos sofreu elevação no período. A média de idade (27,53 anos) e da ordem gestacional (2,35) das mães de gêmeos foi significativamente mais elevada do que das mães de únicos (26,03 anos e 2,14) respectivamente. Verificaram-se números aproximados de partos gemelares e únicos nos diferentes grupos de renda materna analisados. CONCLUSÕES: as mães com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos foram responsáveis pelo aumento da taxa de gêmeos em Pelotas. A média mais elevada de ordem gestacional em mães de gemelares descartou o uso significativo de técnicas de reprodução assistida.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the prevalence of twin births in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during three periods, and the influence of a number of factors on this occurrence. METHODS: a cross-cutting (multiple time series) study was carried out, using the database of the Congenital Defect Monitoring Program, which registers all of the births occurring in the five hospitals of the city of Pelotas, for the years 1993, 1997 and 2003. RESULTS: the mean prevalence of twin births per thousand births (ë )t was 8.95ë (monozygotic=2.20ë and dizygotic=6.76ë ). The prevalence of triplets was 0.07ë . The total prevalence for twin births, in the case of both monozygotic and dizygotic twins rose over the period studied. The mean age of the mother (27.53 years) and the order in the series of gestations (2.35) were significantly higher in cases of twin births than in cases of the birth of a single infant (26.03 years and 2.14 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: mothers aged >30 years were responsible for the increase in the prevalence of twin births in Pelotas. The higher mean position in a sequence of gestations among mothers of twins ruled out the significance of the use of fertility treatment techniques.

Relação entre ordem de nascimento e interesses vocacionais / Relationship between order of birth and vocational interests

As teorias do desenvolvimento humano enfatizam a importância das experiências infantis na formação da personalidade. Acredita-se que o papel assumido pela criança na família tem implicações no comportamento adulto posterior. Adler propôs que a ordem de nascimento tem influência significativa no comportamento vocacional, e pesquisas recentes têm apoiado esta idéia. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar diferenças de interesses vocacionais entre as seguintes categorias de ordem de nascimento: filhos únicos, primogênitos, 'do meio' e caçulas. Participaram 435 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 17 e 56 anos (Média=26,9). Os sujeitos responderam a uma medida de interesses vocacionais e a um questionário demográfico para definição da categoria de ordem de nascimento. Os escores de interesses foram comparados por análises de variância. Os resultados revelaram que filhos únicos têm maior interesse em investigação científica do que filhos 'do meio', e menor interesse empreendedor do que primogênitos. Os filhos 'do meio' revelaram interesse social mais elevado do que filhos únicos e primogênitos. Concluiu-se que filhos únicos, primogênitos, 'do meio' e caçulas desenvolvem processos vocacionais distintos, e recomenda-se o uso de informações sobre ordem de nascimento no aconselhamento vocacional.

Theories of human development emphasize the importance of childhood experiences in the formation of personality. It is believed that the role assumed by the child within the family has implications for his later adult life. Adler proposed that the order of birth significantly influences vocational behavior and recent research has provided support for this idea. The present study has the objective of investigating differences in vocational interests among the following categories, by order of birth: only children, firstborn, middle children and lastborn. The subjects comprised 435 college students of both sexes with ages ranging from 17 to 56 years (Mean=26.9). The subjects answered measures of vocational interests and a brief demographic questionnaire to define the order of birth category. The scores for their interests were compared by means of variance analysis. The results revealed that only children showed greater interest in scientific investigation than middle children and less entrepreneurial interest than the firstborn; middle children displayed greater social interest than only children and firstborn. The results suggest that individuals develop distinct vocational processes depending on the order of birth, and therefore the use of order of birth information is recommended for vocational counseling.