Riesgos y complicaciones durante la sedación para endoscopía diagnóstica del tubo digestivo sin enfermedad concomitante / Risks and complications during sedation for diagnostic endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract without concomitant disease

Resumen: Durante la sedación en procedimientos endoscópicos del tubo digestivo alto y bajo, es frecuente que se susciten complicaciones ventilatorias y hemodinámicas. Se presenta una revisión de las estrategias para prevenir y tratar las complicaciones ventilatorias más frecuentes: espasmo laríngeo, apnea por fármacos anestésicos endovenosos y broncoespasmo. También se revisan las complicaciones hemodinámicas: reflejo vagal e hipotensión aguda. Se propone un algoritmo de manejo que sintetiza y esquematiza las medidas profilácticas y terapéuticas descritas en la literatura, ordenándolas de acuerdo a su prioridad y eficacia, permitiendo identificar con claridad el nivel de tratamiento necesario y la viabilidad del procedimiento endoscópico.

Abstract: During sedation in endoscopic procedures of the lower and upper digestive tract, it is common for ventilatory and hemodynamic complications to arise. This article presents a review of the strategies to treat and prevent the most common ventilatory complications: laryngeal spasm, apnea due to intravenous anesthetic drugs and bronchospasm. Hemodynamic complications are also reviewed: vagal reflex and acute hypotension. A management algorithm is proposed which synthesizes and schematizes the prophylactic and therapeutic measures described in the bibliography, ordering them by their priority and effectiveness, allowing to clearly identify the degree of treatment necessary and the viability of the endoscopic procedure.

Incidence of post-anesthetic respiratory complications in pediatrics. Observational, single-center study in Medellin, Colombia / Incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias postanestésicas en pacientes pediátricos. Estudio observacional en un hospital en Medellín, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Post-anesthetic complications, particularly respiratory complications, continue to be a source of concern due to their high frequency, particularly in pediatrics. Objective: To describe the incidence of respiratory complications in the post-anesthesia care unit of an intermediate complexity center during a six-month period, and to explore the variables associated with major respiratory complications. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cohort study based on clinical record reviews. The records of the post-anesthesia care unit of an intermediate complexity pediatric institution located in Medellin, Colombia, were reviewed. This center uses a nursing-based care model that includes patient extubation in the post-anesthesia care unit. Results: The records of 1181 patients were analyzed. The cumulative incidences of major complications were bronchospasm 1.44%, laryngospasm 0.68% and respiratory depression 0.59%. There were no cases of cardiac arrest or acute pulmonary edema. A history of respiratory infection less than 15 days before the procedure, rhinitis and female sex were associated with major respiratory complications. Conclusions: A low frequency of respiratory complications was found during care provided by nursing staff trained in anesthesia recovery and pediatric airway in the post-anesthesia care unit.

Resumen Introducción: Las complicaciones postanestésicas, especialmente las respiratorias, siguen siendo causa de preocupación por su alta frecuencia, en particular, en la población pediátrica. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de complicaciones respiratorias en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos de una institución de mediana complejidad, en un período de seis meses y explorar las variables relacionadas con las complicaciones respiratorias mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, basado en la valoración de historias clínicas. Se revisaron los registros de la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos de una institución pediátrica de mediana complejidad ubicada en Medellín. Esta institución utiliza un modelo de atención -basado en enfermería- que incluye la extubación del paciente en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos. Resultados: Se analizaron los registros de 1181 pacientes. La incidencia acumulada de complicaciones mayores fue: broncoespasmo 1,44 %, laringoespasmo 0,68 % y depresión respiratoria 0,59 %. No se presentaron casos de paro cardiaco ni de edema agudo de pulmón. El antecedente de infección respiratoria menor a 15 días, rinitis y sexo femenino se asociaron con complicaciones respiratorias mayores. Conclusiones: Durante la atención en la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos por parte del personal de enfermería entrenado en la recuperación de la anestesia y de la vía aérea de los pacientes pediátricos, se encontró una baja frecuencia de complicaciones respiratorias.

Relação entre BIE, antropometria, qualidade de vida e VO2máx em adolescente / Association between EIB, anthropometry, quality of life and VO2max in adolescents

Este estudo objetivou, por meio de um delineamento transversal, associar broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE), perfil antropométrico, qualidade de vida e aptidão cardiorrespiratória de adolescentes. Para tanto, 202 sujeitos com idades entre 13 e 18 anos participaram da pesquisa. Eles foram submetidos a medidas antropométricas, teste de broncoprovocação, teste de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e responderam a um questionário de percepção de qualidade de vida. A análise dos dados ocorreu mediante análise descritiva, comparação entre grupos (Teste-T de Student) e Correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância foi p < 0,05. Os participantes que não apresentaram BIE obtiveram valores significativamente maiores para circunferência da cintura (72,02 ± 7,89 vs. 68,71 ± 6,65; p = 0,002). Observaram-se correlações significativas negativas entre percentual de queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e IMC (r = -0,138), circunferência da cintura (r = -0,225), VO2máx (r = -0,144) e qualidade de vida (r = -0,189).

The aim of the present study was to associate, using a cross-sectional design, exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), anthropometric profile, quality of life and cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescents. In order to do so, 202 subjects, aged 13 to 18 years, participated in the study. They underwent anthropometric measurements, a test to induce EIB, a cardiorespiratory test, and answered a questionnaire regarding their perception of quality of life. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, group comparison (Student's T-test) and Pearson's Correlation. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Participants who did not present EIB showed significantly higher waist circumference values (72.02 ± 7.89 vs. 68.71 ± 6.65; p = 0.002). In addition, significant negative correlations were found between the percentage of decrease of the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), BMI (r = -0.138), waist circumference (r = -0.225), VO2max (r = -0.144) and quality of life (r = -0.189).

Serum Periostin Level in Asthmatic Children with Exercise Induced Bronchospasm

Background:There are few biomarkers that can be easily accessed in clinical settings and may reflect refractory Th2-eosinophlic inflammation and remodeling of the asthmatic airways. Serum periostin may be one such biomarker to aid our understanding of the patho-bio-physiology of asthma and exercise induced asthma. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between serum periostin level and exercise induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on (90) children both sexes aged from 6 to 15 years including, (60) children with bronchial asthma and (30) children were enrolled as control group in the period from January 2018 to January 2019. Patients were randomly classified into two groups: I) Patient group: divided into 2 groups according to standardized treadmill exercise challenge test: Group A: (30) asthmatic children with positive test. Group B: (30) asthmatic children with negative test. II-Control group: (30) children apparently healthy with no personal or family history of asthma. All children were subjected to the following Investigations: Chest x-ray, pulmonary functions tests (FEV1& PEFR) except controls, Laboratory investigations as CBC and Serum periostin level Results:The mean values of both the percentage of PEFR and FEV1 after exercise in group A were significantly lower than those in group B and the percentage of PEFR and FEV1after exercise in each group were significantly lower than the percentage before exercise in the same group. The mean value of eosinophilic count in group A was significantly higher than (group B and control group) and the mean value of eosinophilic countin group B was significantly higher than control group. The mean value of serum level of periostin in group A was significantly higher than (group B and control group), however, there was no significant difference between group B and control group as regard to serum level of periostin.Chest tightness, cough and wheezes after exercise and eosinophilic count in patients with high serum periostin level were significantly higher than patients with low serum periostin level, and both PEFR and FEV1after exercise in patients with high serum periostin level were significantly lower than patients with low serum periostin level. Also the normal serum periostin levels vary among different age groups.Conclusion:Serum periostin level can be considered as a useful biomarker for diagnosis of Exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB) in asthmatic children especially when lung function test cannot be done However, cautious is required in evaluating serum periostin levels in children because it varies with age.

Aspiración intrabronquial de cuerpo extraño en el niño / Intrabronchial foreign body aspiration in children / Aspiração intrabrônquica de corpo estranho em crianças

RESUMEN La aspiración de cuerpos extraños por vías respiratorias no es una rareza y constituye un problema urgente y grave en la población pediátrica. Se realizó esta investigación con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la aspiración intrabronquial de cuerpos extraños en niños menores de 5 años en el Hospital Hermanos Cordové y elaborar un procedimiento que favorezca la calidad atencional a este grupo de pacientes. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal, con una línea analítica, en menores de 5 años de edad egresados del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente Hermanos Cordové, de Manzanillo, con diagnóstico de aspiración intrabronquial de cuerpos extraños en el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Los factores de riesgos que condicionan la aparición de la aspiración de cuerpos extraños incluyen la edad menor de tres años, del sexo masculino y de procedencia rural. Los cuerpos extraños orgánicos necesitaron de menor tiempo para su diagnóstico y no fue posible establecer una secuencia típica del comportamiento clínico. Se elaboró un procedimiento de actuación ante el accidente para los diagnósticos y conducta a seguir ante la aspiración intrabronquial de cuerpos extraños en niños.

ABSTRACT Aspiration of foreign bodies through the respiratory tract is not a rarity and constitutes an urgent and serious problem in the pediatric population. This research was carried out with the aim of knowing the epidemiological clinical behavior of intrabronchial aspiration of foreign bodies in children under 5 years of age at Hospital Hermanos Cordové and to develop a procedure that favors the quality of care for this group of patients. A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was carried out, with an analytical line, in children under 5 years of age graduated from the Hermanos Cordové Provincial Pediatric Teaching Hospital, in Manzanillo, with a diagnosis of intrabronchial aspiration of foreign bodies in the period from January 2017 to December 2018. The risk factors that determine the appearance of foreign body aspiration include the age of less than three years old, male and of rural origin. Organic foreign bodies needed less time to diagnose and it was not possible to establish a typical sequence of clinical behavior. An accident response procedure was prepared for diagnoses and behavior to be followed when faced with intrabronchial aspiration of foreign bodies in children.

RESUMO A aspiração de corpos estranhos pelo trato respiratório não é uma raridade e constitui um problema urgente e grave na população pediátrica. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de conhecer o comportamento epidemiológico clínico da aspiração intrabrônquica de corpos estranhos em crianças menores de 5 anos no Hospital Hermanos Cordové e desenvolver um procedimento que favoreça a qualidade da assistência a esse grupo de pacientes. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal, com uma linha analítica, em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade, graduadas no Hospital Pediátrico Provincial de Hermanos Cordové, em Manzanillo, com diagnóstico de aspiração intrabrônquica de corpos estranhos no período de janeiro de 2017 a Dezembro de 2018. Os fatores de risco que determinam a aparência da aspiração de corpo estranho incluem a idade de menos de três anos, do sexo masculino e de origem rural. Corpos estranhos orgânicos precisavam de menos tempo para diagnosticar e não foi possível estabelecer uma sequência típica de comportamento clínico. Um procedimento de resposta a acidentes foi preparado para diagnósticos e comportamentos a serem seguidos quando confrontados com aspiração intrabrônquica de corpos estranhos em crianças.

Effect of physical training on exercise-induced bronchospasm in young asthmatics / Efeito do treinamento físico no broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em jovens asmáticos / Efecto del entrenamiento físico en el broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio en jóvenes asmáticos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Although regular physical activity (PA) is considered to be beneficial for the health of asthmatics, especially children and adolescents, it can also be one of the elements that triggers asthma. This is known as exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), and is considered one of the factors that limits asthmatics' participation in PA. Objective: This study aims to review the effects of physical conditioning on EIB in asthmatic children and adolescents. Methods: A systematic review was carried out on the Pubmed, Bireme and Web of Science databases, considering publications from 1998 to April 2019. Results: Eight articles were retrieved; five of the articles presented no significant difference in EIB parameters after physical training, and three demonstrated significant benefits in EIB. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence that physical training helps reduce the frequency and severity of EIB in young asthmatics. There are still few studies that seek to show the effect of a physical training program on the improvement of EIB in children and adolescents. It is suggested that further randomized clinical trials be conducted, to investigate the effects of physical training on EIB parameters in children and adolescents. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review.

RESUMO Introdução: A asma brônquica é a doença crônica mais comum na infância e a sua prevalência tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Apesar da prática regular de atividade física (AF) ser considerada benéfica para a saúde do asmático, especialmente, em crianças e adolescentes, ela também pode ser um dos elementos desencadeantes da asma, conhecido como broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) que é considerado como um dos fatores que limita a participação de asmáticos na AF. Objetivo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo revisar os efeitos do condicionamento físico sobre o BIE em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos. Métodos: Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases Pubmed, Bireme e Web of Science, considerando publicações no período de 1998 a abril de 2019. Resultados: Foram selecionados oito artigos, sendo que cinco não apresentaram diferença significativa nas variáveis do BIE após o treinamento físico e três demonstraram benefícios significativos. Conclusão: Não há evidências suficientes de que o treinamento físico contribua para redução na frequência e/ou gravidade do BIE em jovens asmáticos. Ainda são poucos os estudos que buscam mostrar o efeito de um programa de treinamento físico na melhora do BIE em crianças e adolescentes. Sugere-se a realização de mais ensaios clínicos randomizados que investiguem os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre as variáveis do BIE em crianças e adolescentes. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática.

RESUMEN Introducción: El asma bronquial es la enfermedad crónica más común en la infancia y su prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. A pesar de que la práctica regular de actividad física (AF) sea considerada benéfica para la salud del asmático, especialmente en niños y adolescentes, también puede ser uno de los elementos desencadenantes del asma, conocido como broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio (EIB), que es considerado como uno de los factores que limitan la participación de asmáticos en la AF. Objetivo: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo revisar los efectos del acondicionamiento físico sobre el EIB en niños y adolescentes asmáticos. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Pubmed, Bireme y Web of Science, considerando publicaciones en el período de 1998 a abril de 2019. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados ocho artículos, siendo que cinco no presentaron diferencia significativa en las variables del EIB después del entrenamiento físico y tres demostraron beneficios significativos. Conclusión: No hay evidencias suficientes de que el entrenamiento físico contribuya para la reducción en la frecuencia y/o gravedad del EIB en jóvenes asmáticos. Todavía son pocos los estudios que buscan mostrar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento físico en la mejora del EIB en niños y adolescentes. Se sugiere la realización de más ensayos clínicos aleatorios que investiguen los efectos del entrenamiento físico sobre las variables del EIB en niños y adolescentes. Nivel de evidencia II; Revisión sistemática.

Evaluación del sulfato de magnesio en el tratamiento del broncoespasmo / Assessment of magnesium sulfate in bronchospasm treatment

Introducción: Una de las urgencias más temidas durante la instrumentación de la vía respiratoria es el broncoespasmo. El sulfato de magnesio, administrado por vía endovenosa, tiene un efecto broncodilatador al antagonizar los canales del calcio, inhibir la contracción muscular mediada por el calcio y favorecer la relajación del músculo liso bronquial. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del sulfato de magnesio endovenoso en pacientes con broncoespasmo durante broncoscopias. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en 20 pacientes, con broncoespasmo, desencadenado por manipulación de la vía respiratoria con broncoscopio flexible, tratados con sulfato de magnesio 50 mg/kg, (máximo 2 g), por vía endovenosa durante 5 min. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres entre 50-59 años (75 por ciento), todos los pacientes eran fumadores, 15 pacientes fueron clasificados como estado físico ASA III. Sufrieron broncoespasmo de intensidad moderada 60 por ciento, clasificado según la clínica y monitorización de SpO2. En 75 por ciento de los pacientes cedió el broncoespasmo tras el tratamiento sin administrar otro medicamento. No se registraron efectos adversos. Ningún paciente necesitó intubación orotraqueal para ventilación ni requirió hospitalización por más de 8 h. Conclusiones: El sulfato de magnesio es una buena opción farmacológica para el tratamiento de urgencia del broncoespasmo desencadenado por manipulación de la vía respiratoria(AU)

Introduction: One of the most feared emergencies during the instrumentation of the respiratory tract is bronchospasm. Magnesium sulfate, administered intravenously, has a bronchodilation effect by antagonizing calcium channels, inhibiting muscle contraction mediated by calcium and promoting bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of magnesium sulfate administered intravenously in patients with bronchospasm during bronchoscopy. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out with 20 patients, with bronchospasm, triggered by airway manipulation with flexible bronchoscope, treated with 50 mg/kg of magnesium sulfate, (maximum 2 g), administered intravenously for 5 min. Results: Men between 50-59 years (75 percent) predominated. All patients were smokers. 15 patients were classified with physical state ASA III. They suffered bronchospasm of mild intensity 60 percent, classified according to the clinic and monitoring of oxygen saturation. In 75 percent of the patients, the bronchospasm ceased after the treatment without administering any other medication. No adverse effects were recorded. No patient needed orotracheal intubation for ventilation or required hospitalization for more than 8 hours. Conclusions: Magnesium sulfate is a good pharmacological option for the emergency treatment of bronchospasm triggered by manipulation of the respiratory tract(AU)

A prospective observational study and survival pattern of organo phosphorous poisoning patients with intensive care treatment in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OP’s), used in insecticides, medications and nerve agents. It occurs mostly during suicide attempts in the farming areas, developing world and less by accident. The study is to evaluate the drugs used, respiratory conditions, complications occurred during course of treatment.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted for 9 months in a tertiary care hospital. The study was conducted in a 500 bedded tertiary care hospital in an intensive care unit. The study was conducted for nine months (September 2016 - May 2017).Results: A total of 234 patients who had consumed OPP with known and unknown agents were admitted in the emergency department. Out of which 180 males and 54 females.Conclusions: This study concluded that the patients consumed poison is mainly due to mental disturbances and financial problems. The stress and burden on the life will shows the effect after consumption, the maximum people suffer with respiratory problems due to poison consumption. If the government should take the measures to avoid consumption of poison and availability of poison to the public may overcome the complications and reduce the deaths due to poison.

Respiratory Function and Symptoms Post Cold Air Exercise in Female High and Low Ventilation Sport Athletes

PURPOSE: Cold weather exercise is common in many regions of the world; however, it is unclear whether respiratory function and symptom worsen progressively with colder air temperatures. Furthermore, it is unclear whether high-ventilation sport background exacerbates dysfunction and symptoms. METHODS: Seventeen active females (measure of the maximum volume of oxygen [VO(2max)]: 49.6±6.6 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed on different days in random order 5 blinded running trials at 0℃, -5℃, -10℃, -15℃, and -20℃ (humidity 40%) in an environmental chamber. Distance, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured within each trial; forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% (FEF₂₅₋₇₅), and forced expiratory flow at 50% (FEF₅₀) were measured pre- and post-test (3, 6, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). Respiratory symptoms and global effort were measured post-test spirometry. RESULTS: Mean decreases were found in FEV1 (4%-5% at 0℃, -5℃, -10℃, and -15℃; 7% at -20℃). FEF₂₅₋₇₅ and FEF₅₀ decreased 7% and 11% at -15℃ and -20℃, respectively. Post-exertion spirometry results were decreased most at 3 to 6 minutes, recovering back to baseline at 20 minutes. Respiratory symptoms and global effort significantly increased at -15℃ and -20℃ with decreased heart rate. High-ventilation sports decreased function more than low-ventilation participants but had fewer symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that intense exercise at cold air temperatures up to -20℃ is achievable; however, greater effort along with transient acute bronchoconstriction and symptoms of cough after exercising in temperatures colder than -15℃ are likely. It is recommended that individuals cover their mouth and reduce exercise intensity to ameliorate the effects of cold weather exercise.

Evaluation of frequency of positive exercise-induced bronchospasm between swimmers and sedentary individuals / Avaliação da frequência do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício (BIE) positiva entre nadadores e sedentários

Abstract Introduction: Despite the prevalence of prescribed asthma, there is uncertainty about the incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Objective: Compare the frequency of EIB between swimmers and sedentary individuals, and observe heart rate variability during bronchial activity. Methods: In total, 18 swimmers (group 1) and 18 sedentary individuals (group 2) were included. The participants rested for 30 minutes for evaluation of HRV. Blood pressure (PA), respiratory rate (RR), and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured. The volunteers remained seated for the spirometry test (maneuver of forced vital capacity - FVC). This was repeated 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after the exercise test. The statistical analysis used the Student t, Mann Whitney, and Shapiro-Wilks tests. The significance level was p <0.05. Results: The spirometry findings showed 3 sedentary individuals and 10 swimmers with obstructive ventilatory disorder (OVD). Only 2 of the sedentary and none of the swimmer group demonstrated positive bronchial provocation. A key criterion for diagnosing OVD, the relationship between forced expiratory volume in one second and FVC (FEV1/FVC), was statistically lower in the swimmer group. The measures of the root mean square of the successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals, in a time interval (RMSSD), and the standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval (SDNN) were significantly higher among the athletes. Conclusion: The bronchial provocation test identified a higher prevalence of bronchospasm among sedentary individuals. However, there was a reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio and higher HRV in the group of swimmers.

Resumo Introdução: Apesar da prevalência da asma definida, há imprecisão sobre incidência de broncoespasmo induzido por exercício (BIE). Objetivo: Comparar a freqüência de BIE entre nadadores e sedentários, e observar a variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca durante a atividade de broncoprovocação. Métodos: Incluídos 18 nadadores (grupo 1) e 18 sedentários (grupo 2). Permaneceram por 30 minutos de repouso para a avaliação da VFC. Foi aferida a pressão arterial (PA), frequência respiratória (f) e a saturação de pulso de oxigênio (SpO2). Permaneceram sentados, para o teste de espirometria (manobra da capacidade vital forçada - CVF). Essa foi repetida em 5, 10, 15, 20 e 30 minutos após o teste de esforço. A análise estatística usou os testes t de Student, Mann Whitney de Shapiro-Wilk, com nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: A espirometria evidenciou 3 sedentários e 10 nadadores com distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO). Apenas 2 do grupo sedentário apresentaram broncoprovocação positiva e nenhum do grupo de nadadores. Um critério fundamental para diagnosticar DVO, a relação entre o volume expiratório no primeiro segundo e a CVF (VEF1/CVF) foi estatisticamente menor no grupo de nadadores. As médias da raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo (RMSSD) e no desvio padrão de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo (SDNN), foram estatisticamente maiores entre os atletas. Conclusão: O teste de broncoprovocação identificou maior prevalência de broncoespasmo entre os sedentários. Entretanto, houve redução na relação VEF1/CVF e maior VFC no grupo de nadadores.

The effect of tulobuterol patches on the respiratory system after endotracheal intubation

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia induction may increase airway resistance (R(aw)) and decrease dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn). We hypothesized that prophylactic treatment with a transdermal β2-agonist tulobuterol patch (TP) would help to reduce the risk of bronchospasm after placement of the endotracheal tube. METHODS: Eighty-two American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) category I or II adult patients showing obstructive patterns were divided randomly into a control and a TP group (n = 41 each). The night before surgery, a 2-mg TP was applied to patients in the TP group. Standard monitors were recorded, and target controlled infusion (TCI) with propofol and remifentanil was used for anesthesia induction and maintenance. Simultaneously, end-tidal carbon dioxide, R(aw), and Cdyn were determined at 5, 10, and 15 min intervals after endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in demographic data between the two groups. The TP group was associated with a lower R(aw) and a higher Cdyn, as compared to the control group. R(aw) was significantly lower at 10 min (P < 0.05) and 15 min (P < 0.01), and Cdyn was significantly higher at 5 min (P < 0.05) and 15 min (P < 0.01) in the TP group. A trend towards a lower R(aw) was observed showing a statistically significant difference 5 min after endotracheal intubation (P < 0.01) in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic treatment with TP showed a bronchodilatory effect through suppressing an increase in R(aw) and a decrease in C(dyn) after anesthesia induction without severe adverse effects.

Is Performance of a Modified Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea Test in High Ventilation Athletes Reproducible?

PURPOSE: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common in “high ventilation” athletes, and the Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea (EVH) airway provocation test is the standard EIB screen. Although the EVH test is widely used, the in-test performance in high ventilation athletes as well as the reproducibility of that performance has not been determined. Reproducibility of pre- and post-test spirometry and self-reported atopy/cough was also examined. METHODS: High ventilation athletes (competitive swimmers; n=11, 5 males) completed an atopy/cough questionnaire and EVH testing (operator controlled FiCO₂) on 2 consecutive days. RESULTS: Swimmers achieved 85%±9% and 87%±9% of target FEV1 volume on days 1 and 2, respectively, (P=0.45; ICC 0.57 [0.00-0.86]) resulting in a total ventilation of 687 vs 684 L [P=0.89, ICC 0.89 (0.65-0.97]) equating to 83%±8% and 84%±9% of predicted total volume (ICC 0.54 [0.00-0.85]) between days 1 and 2. FiCO₂ required to maintain eucapnic conditions was 2.5%. Pre-test FEV1 was less on day 2 (P=0.04; ICC >0.90). Day 1 to 2 post-test FEV1 was not different, and 4 swimmers were EIB positive (>10% fall in pre-post FEV1) on day 1 (3 on day 2). CONCLUSIONS: EVH in-test performance is reproducible however required less FiCO₂ than standard protocol and the swimmers under-ventilated by 125 and 139 L/min for days 1 and 2, respectively. How this affects EIB diagnosis remains to be determined; however, our results indicate a post-test FEV1 fall of ≥20% may be recommended as the most consistent diagnostic criterion.

Captopril augments acetylcholine-induced bronchial smooth muscle contractions in vitro via kinin-dependent mechanisms.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors therapy is aassociated with bothersome dry cough as an adverse effect. The mechanisms underlying this adverse effect are not clear. Therefore, influence of captopril (an ACE inhibitor) on acetylcholine (ACh)-induced bronchial smooth muscle contractions was investigated. Further, the mechanisms underlying the captopril-induced changes were also explored. In vitro contractions of rat bronchial smooth muscle to cumulative concentrations of ACh were recorded before and after exposure to captopril. Further, the involvement of kinin and inositol triphosphate (IP3) pathways for captopril-induced alterations were explored. ACh produced concentration-dependent (5-500 μM) increase in bronchial smooth muscle contractions. Pre-treatment with captopril augmented the ACh-induced contractions at each concentration significantly. Pre-treatment with aprotinin (kinin synthesis inhibitor) or heparin (inositol triphosphate, IP3-inhibitor), blocked the captopril-induced augmentation of bronchial smooth muscle contractions evoked by ACh. Further, captopril-induced augmentation was absent in calcium-free medium. These results suggest that captopril sensitizes bronchial smooth muscles to ACh-induced contractions. This sensitization may be responsible for dry cough associated with captopril therapy.

Influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor on the presence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescents / Influência dos polimorfismos no receptor beta 2 adrenérgico na presença de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em adolescentes

To determine the influence of polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) in triggering exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in adolescents. Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups: present EIB (EIB+) (n=45) and absent EIB (EIB−) (n=115). The bronchial provocation test with exercise was performed with a protocol that consisted of walking/running for at least eight minutes at high intensity, i.e., >85% of maximum heart rate, considering EIB+ as a 10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). The genotyping of the ADRB2 gene was performed by the Taqman method, using the Step One Plus system. Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney and Chi-square tests, as well as Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Age, body weight, height, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio were lower in the EIB+ group when compared to EIB− (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the proportion of the allele at position 27 and Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu genotypes between the EIB+ and EIB− groups (p=0.26; p=0.97 and p=0.43, respectively). However, there was a trend toward statistical significance regarding the greater proportion of the Gly16 allele for the EIB+ when compared to the EIB− group (p=0.08). Conclusions: The presence of polymorphisms associated with the Glu27 allele and Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu genotypes had no influence on EIB. However, the statistical trend toward greater frequency of the Gly16 allele in individuals with EIB+ can be considered evidence of the influence of polymorphisms of the ADBR2 gene on EIB in adolescents.

Determinar a influência dos polimorfismos dos receptores adrenérgicos beta 2 (ADRB2) no desencadeamento de broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) em adolescentes. Métodos: Os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos: BIE presente (BIE+) (n=45) e BIE ausente (BIE−) (n=115). O teste de broncoprovocação com exercício foi feito com protocolo que consistiu em caminhar/correr durante no mínimo oito minutos em intensidade superior a 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima, considerando como BIE presente uma queda de 10% do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1). A genotipagem do gene ADRB2 foi feita pelo método Taqman por meio do aparelho Step One Plus. Para análise estatística usaram-se os testes t independente, U de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Idade, massa corporal, estatura, VEF1, CVF e relação VEF1/CVF foram menores no grupo BIE+ em comparação com o BIE− (p<0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas na proporção do alelo na posição 27 e dos genótipos Arg16Gly e Gln27Glu entre os grupos BIE+ e BIE− (p=0,26; p=0,97 e p=0,43, respectivamente). Entretanto, verificou-se uma tendência à significância estatística na maior proporção do alelo Gly16 para o grupo BIE+ comparado com o BIE− (p=0,08). Conclusões: A presença de polimorfismos associados ao alelo Glu27 e os genótipos Arg16Gly e Gln27Glu não influenciam no BIE. Porém, a tendência estatística observada para uma maior frequência do alelo Gly16 nos indivíduos com a presença de BIE pode ser considerado indício da influência de polimorfismos no gene ADBR2 no BIE em adolescentes.

Arcada mitral: causa silente de sibilancias recurrentes en la infancia. Caso clínico / Anomalous mitral arcade: a disguised and silent lesion leading to a recurrent wheezing in children. A case report

El síndrome bronquial obstructivo recurrente o sibilante recurrente constituye uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuentes en pediatría. Entre los diagnósticos etiológicos diferenciales, se encuentran las cardiopatías congénitas. En esta presentación, se describe el caso de un niño de 4 años derivado a nuestra Institución para valoración cardiológica por presentar sibilancias recurrentes. Se trató de un caso de estenosis mitral congénita grave secundaria a arcada mitral. La arcada mitral es una cardiopatía congénita infrecuente. Constituye una variante de obstrucción al tracto de entrada del ventrículo izquierdo, que afecta el aparato subvalvular mitral y genera hipertensión pulmonar retrograda poscapilar y edema intersticial. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante la evaluación clínica, electrocardiográfica, radiológica y, fundamentalmente, ecocardiográfica. Se efectuó una corrección quirúrgica exitosa con remoción completa de la obstrucción mitral.

Recurrent wheezing is a very common clinical ailment throughout infancy and childhood. The most common diagnosis in children with wheezing is asthma. However, some other causes should be considered in the differential diagnosis such as a congenital cardiac defect. We present a case of a four year old boy presenting with recurrent wheezing who was referred to our institution for cardiac evaluation. Severe mitral stenosis secondary to an anomalous mitral arcade was diagnosed by physical examination, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram and mainly transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Anomalous mitral arcade is a rare congenital malformation of the mitral tensor apparatus which comprises the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. This abnormal anatomy leads to increased filling pressure of the left ventricle, a retrograde post capillary pulmonary hypertension and interstitial aedema. The patient was referred to cardiac surgery and underwent a successful procedure with complete removal of the obstructive mitral lesion.

Airway Obstruction and Flattening of Arterial Pressure Wave during Whole Lung Lavage: A Case Report / 대한구급학회지

Whole lung lavage (WLL) is a challenging procedure; because lavage fluid may perturb the respiratory and hemodynamic systems. We observed severe airway obstruction and flattening arterial pressure wave during WLL for treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. The aim of this case report is to discuss the anesthetic requirement in order to prevent bronchospasm during WLL. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of lavage fluid to cause airway obstruction and decrease cardiac outflow through the mass effect.

Anaphylaxis induced by hydroxyethyl starch during general anesthesia: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are synthetic non-protein colloid solutions used to treat hypovolemia. However, their use is not free from the risk of allergic reactions. A 42-year-old male was scheduled to undergo aortic-iliac-femoral bypass surgery for the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans. He had no history of allergy. Two hours after the start of surgery, and within minutes after HES administration, facial erythema, hypotension and bronchospasm developed. HES infusion was discontinued under the estimation of anaphylaxis. The patient received phenylephrine, ephedrine, diphenhydramine and hydrocortisone with hydration. After restoration of vital signs, surgery was performed without complications.

Broncoespasmo induzido por exercício, atividade física e suas limitações em crianças e adolescentes: [revisão] / Exercise-induced bronchospasm, physical activity and its limitations in children and adolescents: [review]

O relato de sintomas respiratórios (chiado no peito, tosse ou dispneia)associados ao exercício físico percebidos pelas crianças ou seus pais,apesar de baixa sensibilidade e especificidade, tem sido frequentementeutilizado para o diagnóstico de broncoespasmo induzido por exercício(BIE) em detrimento da realização do teste formal de broncoprovocaçãocom exercício, o que pode resultar em número excessivo de pacientescom este diagnóstico. Paralelamente a isso, a preocupação com o poucotempo dedicado à realização de atividades físicas (AF) por criançase adolescentes asmáticos tem aumentado e o BIE tem sido apontadocomo um dos fatores limitantes para a prática de AF nesta população. Ospossíveis prejuízos advindos da redução das AF nessa faixa etária alertapara a necessidade de um cuidadoso diagnóstico do BIE e da corretaidentificação daqueles que realmente sofrem limitações pela doença,permitindo a instituição de medidas de controle e a prática segura de AF.Este artigo apresenta uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre o BIE,fatores limitantes das atividades físicas em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos,o papel da história clínica no diagnóstico do BIE e a importânciade um diagnóstico confiável.

Respiratory symptoms complaints (wheezing, cough, dyspnea)associated with exercise, despite low sensitivity and specificity, hasoften been used as a reliable proxy for the diagnosis of exercise-inducedbronchospasm (EIB) instead of formal exercise bronchial provocationtest, which can result in over diagnosis. Parallel to this, concerns abouta reduction in time devoted to physical activities (PA) by asthmaticchildren and adolescents are increasing and the diagnosis of EIB has beensuggested as one of the limiting factors associated with lower PA levelsin this population. The possible physical, developmental e psychologicalconsequences of PA reduction in this age group warns about the needfor an accurate EIB diagnosis, allowing the institution of effective controlmeasures and encouragement of a safe PA practice. In this narrativeliterature review the authors discuss EIB, factors associated with PAlimitation in asthmatic children and adolescents, the role of dyspneacomplaints in relation to EIB diagnosis and the importance of a reliablediagnosis.

Bronchospasm during Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery in a Patient with a Mosaic Attenuation Pattern on Lung Computed Tomography: A Case Report / 대한구급학회지

Severe bronchospasm during cardiac surgery is an uncommon, but serious problem. A 52-year-old woman with a mosaic attenuation pattern on the whole lung field was scheduled for repair of an atrial septal defect under minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Bronchospasm developed intraoperatively, but the underlying ventilatory impairment, poor performance of one-lung ventilation and initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass delayed diagnosing and treating the bronchospasm. The bronchospasm induced severe pulmonary edema that required postoperative ventilatory care.

Lethal pulmonary thromboembolism misdiagnosed as pneumonia: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Although pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is not rare, unfortunately for anesthesiologists, the signs and symptoms of PTE are unreliable and nonspecific. PTE is a potentially lethal condition without an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. We report a case of PTE misdiagnosed as simple pneumonia. A 60-year-old female, not receiving prophylactic anticoagulant therapy, underwent elective surgery for a left proximal tibial fracture. During induction of general anesthesia, a temporary bronchospasm occurred and subsided quickly. Because vital signs were stable and patient monitoring was normal, we did not identify a serious hypercarbic condition. After surgery, a massive hemoptysis occurred and the patient expired due to cardiopulmonary collapse. According to autopsy, the cause of death was a PTE originating in deep vein thrombosis.