Producción de carotenoides en levaduras nativas aisladas de sistemas acuáticos en Cali, Colombia / Carotenoids production in wild yeasts isolated from aquatic systems in Cali, Colombia

Introducción: Los carotenoides son fuente importante de actividades biológicas funcionales, tales como antioxidantes o antimicrobianas, además de tener gran impacto a nivel industrial, ya sea en cosmética o suplementación animal en acuacultura. Se han reportado varias moléculas novedosas a partir de aislamientos en Latinoamérica, principalmente en la Patagonia, Argentina. Sin embargo, no hay reportes en Colombia que evalúen la producción de carotenoides en levaduras nativas pigmentadas. Objetivo: Se evaluó la capacidad de producción de carotenoides en levaduras nativas aisladas de lagos, ríos y aguas residuales de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se caracterizaron 30 levaduras provenientes de dos colecciones. De estas se obtuvo su biomasa, rendimiento de carotenoides totales y producción de ß-caroteno. Las cepas promisorias fueron identificadas secuenciando la región ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Resultados: El mayor rendimiento en la extracción de pigmentos se obtuvo para las cepas P11A (84,36 ± 5,24 µg/g) y Rhodotorula paludigena CS13 (56,26 ± 7,08 µg/g), mientras que las concentraciones más altas de ß-caroteno fueron 10,2 µg/mL (R. paludigena CS13) y 9,7 µg/mL (R. mucilaginosa/alborubescens P10A). La cinética de crecimiento y producción de pigmentos durante cinco días fue óptima para la cepa P11A, ya que hubo un aumento en el rendimiento de carotenoides totales 10 veces mayor (48 h: 109,62 µg/g, 120 h: 1403,10 µg/g). Conclusiones: En este estudio se encontró que levaduras aisladas de sistemas acuáticos son promisorias para la producción de pigmentos carotenoides (incluyendo ß-caroteno), siendo su extracción y caracterización viable para futuros estudios biotecnológicos.

Introduction: Carotenoids are an important source of biological activities, such as antioxidant or antimicrobial. Also, carotenoids impact the cosmetic or food supplement industry, mainly in aquaculture. Several reports in Latin America showed novel molecules, mainly in isolated strains in Patagonia, Argentina. However, in Colombia, there are not reports about carotenoid production from pigmented wild yeasts. Objective: We assessed the carotenoid production ability in wild yeasts isolated from lakes, wastewater and rivers located in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: 30 yeasts were selected from two collections, each of them was characterized by the biomass, yield of total carotenoids and ß-carotene production. Promisor strains were identified with sequence analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. The highest yield in pigment extraction was obtained by strains P11A (84,36 ± 5,24 µg/g) and Rhodotorula paludigena CS13 (56,26 ± 7,08 µg/g), while higher concentrations of ß-carotene were 10,2 µg/mL (R. paludigena CS13) and 9,7 µg/mL (R. mucilaginosa/alborubescens P10A). The kinetics of growth and pigment production for five days was optimal for the P11A strain, where we found an increasing 10-fold higher (48 h: 109,62 µg/g, 120 h: 1403,10 µg/g). Conclusions: We suggest that yeasts isolated from aquatic systems are promising for the production of carotenoid pigments (including ß-carotene), making their extraction and characterization viable for future biotechnological studies.

The effect of foliar fertilization with organic products on some nutritional value during post-harvest storage of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum mill)

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of foliar fertilization with organic products on the nutritional quality of fruits stored. The time between harvest and consumption of fruits and vegetables, may be up to several weeks. In this regard, the storage capacity of tomato fruits at three hybrids has been studied: Antalya, Chocolat and Tiger. The culture was founded in a greenhouse in the south-west of Romania. The fruits were stored at a temperature of 15°C ± 0.5°C and a relative atmospheric humidity of 82% for a period of 42 days. In order to assess the nutritional fruit value during storage, biochemical analyzes were carried out at 7, 21, 35 and 42 days. Experimental results have shown that the best variants of organic manure and storage time, which positive influenced the content of carotene and vitamin C were variants with humic acids + Vitis vinifera seeds extract and humic acids + extract from the seeds of Vitis vinifera + Boro(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue observar el efecto de la fertilización foliar con productos orgánicos sobre la calidad nutricional en los frutos almacenados. En este sentido, la capacidad de almacenamiento de los frutos de tomates ha sido sometida a tres híbridos: Antalya, Chocolat y Tiger. Los tomates han sido cultivados en un invernadero, en la parte sur-oeste de Rumanía. Los frutos se han guardado a una temperatura de 15°C ± 0.5°C y a una humedad atmosférica relativa de 82%, durante un período de 42 días. Para la evaluación nutricional de los frutos durante el periodo de almacenamiento, se realizaron análisis bioquímicos a los 7, 21, 35 y 42 días. Los resultados de los experimentos mostraron que las mejores fórmulas empleadas en la fertilización orgánica, así como el tiempo de almacenamiento, que han influido positívamente en el contenido de carotenos y vitamina C, han sido: la fórmula con ácidos húmicos + extracto de semillas de Vitis vinifera y la fórmula con ácidos húmicos + extracto de semillas de Vitis vinifera + Boro(AU)

Ocorrência de isômeros do beta-caroteno em raízes de cinco cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crants) do Estado de São Paulo / Beta-carotene isomers in roots of five manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars of São Paulo State

Raízes de cinco cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), provenientes do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, a saber: Branca de Santa Catarina (SRT-59), Pioneira (SRT-13l0), Ouro do Vale (SRT-797), IAC-576-70 e IAC 289-70. As análises visaram a identificação dos principais carotenóides presentes nas raízes dos cultivares de mandioca produzidos no Estado de são Paulo, bem como a determinação da atividade pró-vitamínica A dos mesmos. Pelo cozimento das raízes ou a transformação em farinha, foi possível avaliar as perdas do teor vitamínico A de correntes do processamento. As análises foram realizadas no período de julho/86 a janeiro/87, sendo, desta maneira, possível avaliar as prováveis perdas decorrentes do armazenamento. Os resultados das análises permitiram concluir que os principais carotenóides presentes nas raízes dos cultivares de mandioca estudados foram o neo-ß-caroteno B, o ß-caroteno todo¬-trans e o neo-ß-caroteno U. |Os teores de vitamina A nas mandiocas estudadas, expressos em equivalentes de retinol/l00g, variaram de 2,8 a 13,9 para as amostras cruas e de 0,4 a 10,7 para as amostras processadas, sendo que o cozimento promoveu uma diminuição da atividade pró-vitamínica A, que variou de 20 a 55%. Dos cultivares estudados o IAC 289-70 foi o que apresentou menor porcentagem de perda de atividade pró-vitamínica A com o cozimento. Quanto ao armazenamento, foi possível observar que a mandioca crua com casca armazenada por 6 meses em freezer a –20°C não apresentou perdas na sua atividade pró-vitamínica A enquanto que o armazenamento das farinhas à temperatura ambiente, ao abrigo da luz, pelo mesmo período de tempo, apresentou total degradação de seus carotenóides

Roots of five following cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" were analyzed: "Branca de Santa Catarina" (SRT-59), "Pioneira" (SRT-1310), "Ouro do Vale" (SRT-797), "IAC 576-70" and "IAC 289-70". The analyses were made for the identification of the main carotenoids present in roots of the cassava cultivars produced in São Paulo State, as well as for determination of their pro-vitamin A activity. The cooking of the roots or their transformation as flour made possible to evaluate the loss of the pro-vitamin A value which occurs with processing. The analyses were made from July/1986 to January/1987. This permitted to evaluate the possibility of losses during storage. The results of the analyses allowed to conclude that the main carotenoids present in roots of the studied cassava cultivars were neo-ß-carotene B, all-trans-ß-carotene and neo-ß-carotene U. The vitarnin A values in these cassava expressed as retinol equivalents/lOOg varied from 2,8 to 13,9 for the raw samples; and with cooking, a diminution of the pro-vitarnin A activity occurred, which varied from 20 to 55%.Of all the studied cultivars, the "IAC 289-70" was the one that showed the greatest percentages of loss of pro-vitamin A activity with the cooking. The raw cassavas stored at –20°C for 6 months didn't show losses of their pro-vitamin A value, while the storage of the flour, at room temperature with no light, for the same period of time, showed total degradation of their carotenoids

Factores nutricionales y su rol en la prevención de la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad (DMRE) / Nutriotional factors and their rol in the prevention of Macular Degeneration Related to Age (DMRE)

Una completa nutrición y la adopción de hábitos positivos son los pilares de la medicina preventiva. Hoy se sabe que los factores nutricionales contribuyen en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas y patologías oculares como DMRE y catarata. El presente artículo recopila estudios relacionados con factores nutricionales y Degeneración Macular relacionada con la Edad, para ofrecer recomendaciones que aporten al estilo de vida de nuestros pacientes. La patogénesis de la DMRE involucra Factores nutricionales y ambientales entre otros. Las investigaciones se han concentrado en el estudio del rol de los micro nutrientes en el desarrollo de la DMRE. Recientemente la atención se ha enfocado en la investigación de carotenoides (luteína y Zeaxantina) en la retina humana y se ha propuesto que cumplen una función protectora de los tejidos retinales. También se ha sugerido que la concentración de estos en sangre esta potencialmente asociado con la función visual. De esta forma se ha asociado el consumo de luteína y zeaxantina con un menor riesgo de DMRE aunque no esta completamente probado. El Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) es El único ensayo clínico controlado de tipo prospectivo que ha probado el beneficio de los nutrientes en la reducción del riesgo de padecer DMRE. Aunque es deseable el consumo de nutrientes en los pacientes, los fumadores deben abstenerse de consumir suplementos con beta carotenos por aumentar en ellos el riesgo de cáncer de Pulmón. A través de la evidencia podemos recomendar a los pacientes que estén en riesgo de padecer DMRE: llevar una dieta balanceada, baja en grasa y rica en el consumo de frutas y verduras de hojas verde oscuras. El consumo concomitante de suplementos vitamínicos acordes con las necesidades y el uso de anteojos con protección UV y Gorra.

The pillars of preventive medicine are a wholenutrition and to adopt positive habits. Todayit is know that nutritional factors contribute toprevent chronic illnesses and ocular pathologiessuc as DMRE and cataracts. This article compilesstudies related to nutritional factors and maculardegeneration due to age, to offer recommendationsthat may contribute to the life style of our patients.DMRE pathogenesis includes nutritional andenvironmental factors among others. Researcheshave focused to study the role of micronutrientsin the DMRE development. Recently attention hasbeen focused in researching carotenoides (luteinaand Zeaxantina) in human retina and it is statedthat they have a protective function in retinaltissues. It is also suggested that the concentrationof these in blood is potentially associated withvisual function. Thus, the consumption of luteinaand Zeaxantina is associated with a low risk ofDMRE although it is not completely proved. TheAge-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) is theonly prospective clinical essay that has provedthe benefits of nutrients in the risk reduction ofsuffering from DMRE. Although it is desirable thenutrient consumption in patients, smokers shouldrefrain from consumption supplements with betacarotenes because they increase lung cancer risk.Through evidence we can recommend patientswith DMRE risk to have a balanced diet, low in fatand rich in fruits and green leaves vegetables, aswell as the consumption of vitamin supplementsaccording to the needs, wear UV protection glassesand a cap.

Bleaching of photosynthetic pigments in Chlorella protothecoides grown in the presence of SANDOZ 9785 (4-chloro-5-dimethylamino-2-phenyl-3 (2H) pyridazinone).

The unicellular green alga Chlorella protothecoides was grown in the presence of various concentrations (30–300 μΜ) of the herbicide SANDOZ 9785 (4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)- 2-phenyl-3 (2H) pyridazinone). When the cells were grown autotrophically in the presence of the herbicide, there was a decrease in chlorophylls and carotenoids estimated on culture volume basis compared to the control. The absorption spectra of carotenes and colourless precursors extracted from photosynthetic particles showed that there was a higher carotenoid precursors/carotene ratio in the treated cells. Similarly the carotenoid precursors/xanthophyll ratio was increased by SANDOZ 9785 treatment. Chlorophyll a synthesis appeared to be inhibited more than chlorophyll b synthesis in SANDOZ 9785 treated cells resulting in a decrease in the chlorophyll a/b ratio.