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Exosome is an excellent vesicle for in vivo delivery of therapeutics, including RNAi and chemical drugs. The extremely high efficiency in cancer regression can partly be attributed to its fusion mechanism in delivering therapeutics to cytosol without endosome trapping. However, being composed of a lipid-bilayer membrane without specific recognition capacity for aimed-cells, the entry into nonspecific cells can lead to potential side-effects and toxicity. Applying engineering approaches for targeting-capacity to deliver therapeutics to specific cells is desirable. Techniques with chemical modification in vitro and genetic engineering in cells have been reported to decorate exosomes with targeting ligands. RNA nanoparticles have been used to harbor tumor-specific ligands displayed on exosome surface. The negative charge reduces nonspecific binding to vital cells with negatively charged lipid-membrane due to the electrostatic repulsion, thus lowering the side-effect and toxicity. In this review, we focus on the uniqueness of RNA nanoparticles for exosome surface display of chemical ligands, small peptides or RNA aptamers, for specific cancer targeting to deliver anticancer therapeutics, highlighting recent advances in targeted delivery of siRNA and miRNA that overcomes the previous RNAi delivery roadblocks. Proper understanding of exosome engineering with RNA nanotechnology promises efficient therapies for a wide range of cancer subtypes.
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Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, and inflammatory skin disease induced by multiple factors. Its typical clinical manifestation is scaly erythema or plaques, which can cause various complications such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory arthritis, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. A deep understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis is helpful to discover new therapeutic targets and develop effective new therapeutic drugs, thus having important clinical significance. This manuscript reviews the new advances in the pathogenesis and drug research of psoriasis in recent years.
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OBJECTIVE: The manufacturing site of drugs is a combination of a series of production factors to meet the requirements of drugs production, which is not only the material basis of drugs production, but also the evaluation basis for the review when applying for registration. The purpose of this paper is to preliminarily discuss the definition and extension of production lines for chemical drugs in China, and provide some references for standardizing new drug application. METHODS: The historical requirements for manufacturing site information in application materials of chemical drugs in China were briefly introduced, with daily pharmaceutical evaluation works and specific cases study. RESULTS: AND CONCLUSION: It should make clear the definition and extension of production lines in the application materials, strengthen the effective communication between different regulatory authorities, update the relevant information in time, and should pay continuing attention to the revision progress of the laws and regulations requirements on the production line in China.
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AIM: To provide suggestion for research and development of drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by analyzing the characteristics of the drug clinical trial registration information of COVID-19 in China. METHODS: The clinical trials of COVID-19 were searched from Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and the type, purpose, and design of the studies were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 271 drug clinical trials have been registered till July 1st, 2020. Most of the drugs are marketed ones, including chemical drugs, traditional Chinese medicines, and biologics. Combined applications were adopted in some projects. Randomized or non-randomized parallel control trials were conducted in most projects. Others included single arm, sequential, and factorial design. CONCLUSION: To deal with the epidemic, it is important to conduct emergent drug clinical trials to find out effective drugs as soon as possible. However, some weaknesses and deficiencies on trials design, conduct and supervision were exposed in the drug clinical trials against COVID-19. It is suggested to enhance the scientific evaluation of candidate drugs, standardize the investigator initiated trials, and establish the national multi-subject research and development platform, and the collaborative and innovative key-task tackling mechanism, thus to improve the ability and level of antiviral drug research and development.
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Impurity profiling is one of the most important activities in both assuring drug safety and improving the quality of domestic drugs. Since the basic strategy of impurity profile control was put forward in 2010, a mature control procedure for impurity profile in drugs has been formed in China after nearly ten years of continuous efforts. The progress in impurity profiling before 2010 and from 2010 to 2015 have been reviewed. Since 2015, the concepts, analytical techniques and the application of these techniques in this field have developed rapidly. As a result, the progress in impurity profiling of chemical drugs since 2015 was reviewed in this paper. And the views on future development of impurity profiling in drugs were also put forward.
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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical efficacy of Angong niuhuang pill combined with chemical drug in the treatment of severe craniocerebral injury and its effect on the concentration of Mg2+ in peripheral blood,and to provide evidence-based reference in clinic.METHODS:Retrieved from Chinese Journal Full-text Database,China Science and Technology Journal Database,China Bxdxiology Medicine disc,Wanfang Database,Chinese Clinical Trial Registry,PubMed,Excerpta Media Database,The Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Clinical Trials,and related literatures of intemet searched by Google Scholar,randomized controlled trials (RCT) about Angong niuhuang pill combined with chemical drug (trial group) vs.chemical drug (control group) in the treatment of severe craniocerebral injury and its effects on the concentration of Mg2+ in peripheral blood were collected.After literature screening,data extraction,quality evaluation with modified Jadad scale,meta-analysis of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and Mg2+ concentration in peripheral blood were conducted by using Rev Man 5.3 statistical software after 7 d of treatment.RESULTS:A total of 6 RCTs were included,involving 773 patients.Results of meta-analysis showed that GCS [MD=2.87,95％CI (1.64,4.10),P＜0.01] and Mg2+ concentration in peripheral blood [MD=0.11,95％CI(0.06,0.16),P＜0.01] of trial group were significantly higher than those of control group,with statistical significance.CONCLUSIONS:Therapeutic efficacy of Angong niuhuang pill combined with chemical drug is better than that of chemical drug alone in the treatment of severe craniocerebral injury,can improve clinical symptom and prognosis.
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Chinese materia medica (CMM) in combination with chemical drug is an effective treatment for diseases. CMM sustain moderate effect, including multiple components, multiple targets, multiple pathways and integrated regulation characteristics; While the effect of chemical drug is rapid and shows definite target and single way, the combination of the two can be complementary advantages, synergistic effects and reduce toxicity. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a kind of energy dependent transmembrane transport protein; Its mediated efflux effect is one of important targets for drug delivery. The induction or inhibition of P-gp plays a significant factor in the interaction generated when CMM and chemical drug combined application. In this paper, interaction of CMM combined with chemical drug in P-gp level was briefly reviewed, in order to reveal the role of P-gp in joint use Chinese and Western medicine, and to provide reference for the rational use of drugs to integration of Chinese and Western medicine in clinic.
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Background Immediately ocular rinsing is a key step for the prevention of eye tissue damage after acute chemical bums.A good ophthalmic rinsing solution can neutralize chemical substance and improve the prognosis of patients.Objective This study attempted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of self-made citric aciddisodium hydrogen phosphate buffer and citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate-potassium chloride buffer on corneal chemical burns in mice.Methods Citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer solution (solution 1) and citric acid-disodium hydrogen phosphate-potassium chloride buffer solution (solution2) with the pH 7.4 were prepared.One hundred and twenty clean male C57 mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomized to two groups,and filter papers containing 1 mol/L H2SO4 or 0.15 mol/L NaOH were attached to the central corneas of the right eyes to create the acid or alkali burning models.Then the eyes were immediately rinsed by 40 ml solution 1,tap water or solution 2 according to the grouping and the model eyes without rinsing served as the control group.The corneal opacity was examined by slit lamp microscope and scored in 3,7 and 14 days after modeling.The percentages of corneal fluorescein staining,corneal neovascularization and corneal ulcer were analyzed.The study protocol was approved by Experimental Animal Ethic Commission of Second Military Medical University.Results In the corneal acid burning models,the number of eye with corneal opacity scored 1 in the solution 1 group,tap water group and solution 2 group was significantly more than that in the non-rinsing group in 3,7 and 14 days after modeling (all at P＜0.01);In 3 days after modeling,the numbers of eye scored 1 were more in the solution 1 group than those in the tap water group and solution 2 group (x2 =11.000,P =0.001;x2 =4.000,P =0.046).There were no differences in the eye number of different corneal opacity scores in 14 days after acid burning (all at P＞0.05).In 3,7 and 14 days after corneal alkali burning,the number of eyes with corneal opacity scored 1-2 was significantly increased in the solution 1 group,tap water group and solution 2 group compared with non-rinsing group (all at P＜0.01).The percentage of corneal ulcer in the solution 1 group,tap water group and solution 2 group was 7％,27％ and 13％,respectively,which was significantly lower than 73％ in the non-rinsing group (P =0.000,0.027,0.003),and no significant differences were seen in various time points after corneal alkali burning (all at P＞O.05).Corneal neovascularization occurred in 50％ mice in non-rinsing group in 14 days after acid burning.However,no neovascularization was seen in the mice of the solution 1 group,tap water group and solution 2 group in both acid and alkali burning mice.Conclusions Citric aciddisodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) appears to be an effective emergency rinsing solution for corneal chemical burns and the rinsing solution with or without potassium chloride is not obviously affected to the prognosis of corneal chemical burns in the mice.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between hygroscopicity and water solubility of chemical drugs by using nonparametric test. METHODS: Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis was adopted to determine the hygroscopicity of 515 chemical drugs, and solubility test method was adopted to determine the water solubility of these drugs. All samples were divided into four levels according to their water solubility, and the relationship between hygroscopicity and water solubility was investigated by using Kruskal-Wallis&Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the hygroscopicity of drugs with different levels of water solubility, and the hygroscopicity of level 4 was significantly higher than that of level 1. Hygroscopicity was positively correlated with water solubility. CONCLUSION The hygroscopicity of chemical drugs is interpreted in terms of a physical property in this study, and the results provide an experimental foundation for further studies on the mechanism of hygroscopicity.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore a fair,reasonable and legal management for outpatient chemical drug pharmacy.METHODS:By combining our experiences in outpatient chemical drug pharmacy of our hospital reviewing a considerable literature,the problems occurred in daily pharmacy management were analyzed,and the coping strategies such as flexible shift arrangement system,comprehensive drug control and sustained improvement etc were applied.RESULTS:The scientific management contributed to a reasonable pharmacy management,reduced error rate,ensured the drug quality,greatly shortened the dispensing time,and due to which,high-quality service was available and the allocation of human resources was optimized to some degree.Patients' satisfaction degree raised to 97.8% of Mar.2008 from 80% of Apr.2006.CONCLUSI-ON:A fair,reasonable and legal pharmacy management was achieved by means of scientific,human and standard management,accordingly,the hardware and software in pharmacy brought about a maximal efficiency and effectiveness of management.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the characteristics and precautions for use of Chinese traditional patent medicines containing chemical components and to guide rational and safe use of these medicines in the clinic. METHODS: The data about Chinese traditional patent medicines containing chemical components were collected and analyzed statistically. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The Chinese traditional patent medicines containing chemical components have distinct characteristics, and clinicians and pharmacists should attach great importance to the precautions for use for the sake of rational and safe use of these medicines.