ABSTRACT
Starting with the relationship between mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings as food and metabolites, this study systematically compared the chemical components, screened out differential components, and quantitatively analyzed the main differential components based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and UPLC-Q-TRAP-MS combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA). Moreover, the in vitro enzymatic transformation of the representative differential components was studied. The results showed that(1) 95 components were identified from mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings, among which 27 components only exist in mulberry leaves and 8 components in silkworm droppings. The main differential components were flavonoid glycosides and chlorogenic acids.(2) Nineteen components with significant difference were quantitatively analyzed, and the components with significant differences and high content were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin.(3) The crude protease in the mid-gut of silkworm significantly metabolized neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid, which may be an important reason for the efficacy change in mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings. This study lays a scientific foundation for the development, utilization, and quality control of mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings. It provides references for clarifying the possible material basis and mechanism of the pungent-cool and dispersing nature of mulberry leaves transforming into the pungent-warm and dampness-resolving nature of silkworm droppings, and offers a new idea for the study of nature-effect transformation mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bombyx , Morus/chemistry , Chlorogenic Acid/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
To explore the chemical ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza in Compound Danshen Dripping Pills (CDDP) based on the concept of quality marker (Q-marker). Methods The main salvianolic acids of S. miltiorrhiza and CDDP were determined by UPLC method. According to the extraction process of CDDP chemical transformation of salvianolic acids, including lithospermic acid, salvianolic acids B, E, U, and T were studied. Results Salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid, more than 90.0% and 5.0% of total salvianolic acid, were the main salvianolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza. But in CDDP, eight salvianolic acids (danshensu, protocatechuic aldehyde, salvianolic acids A, B, D, T, and U) were the main salvianolic acids. And the contents of danshensu and protocatechuic aldehyde were higher than the other six salvianolic acids. Through the study on chemical transformation of salvianolic acids, it was proved that lithospermic acid, salvianolic acids B, E, U, and T could transform into other salvianolic acids with smaller molecular weight, and danshensu and protocatechuic aldehyde were the main end products. Conclusion It is scientific to choose salvianolic acid B as the Q-marker of salvianolic acids of S. miltiorrhiza, and danshensu as the primary Q-marker. During the preparation of CDDP, salvianolic acids from S. miltiorrhiza have chemical chages, eight main salvianolic acids of which have been produced. The contens of danshensu and protocatechuic aldehyde are the highest in the eight salvianolic acids. From the chemical composition level, it is scientific and reasonable to choose danshensu as the Q-marker of monarch herb S. miltiorrhiza in CDDP.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To establish a highly effective transformation method of Cryptococcus neoformans. Methods: Special reagents was used to make C. neoformans take in external DNA under given condition. This chemical transformation result was compared with that of electrotransformation. The feasibility of this chemical transformation was tested by plasmid stability test. Results: The efficiency of this chemical transformation was more than 103 transformants/?g plasmid DNA, far more than that of the traditional electrotransformation. Conclusion: An appropriate transformation method is established for C. neoformans transformation, which has high transformation efficiency.