Posterior fossa choroidplexus papilloma in the pediatric population: case series and literature review / Papiloma de plexo coroide na fossa posterior na população pediátrica: série de casos e revisão da literatura

Abstract Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are rare benign neoplasms which are particularly uncommon in the posterior fossa in children. We herein present a case series of five patients treated at a tertiary care hospital. A comprehensive literature review was also carried out. The patients treated at the tertiary care hospital were aged between 4 and 16 years. Gross total resection (GTR) was initially achieved in two patients. All patients showed clinical improvement. Moreover, 27 articles published between 1975 and 2021 were selected for the literature review, totaling 46 patients; with the 5 patients previously described, the total sample was composed of 51 cases, With a mean age was 8.2 years. The lesions were located either in the fourth ventricle (65.3%) or the cerebellopontine angle (34.7%). Hydrocephalus was present preoperatively in 66.7% of the patients, and a permanent shunt was required in 31.6% of the cases. The GTR procedure was feasible in 64.5%, and 93.8% showed clinical improvement. For CPPs, GTR is the gold standard treatment and should be attempted whenever feasible, especially because the role of the adjuvant treatment remains controversial. Neuromonitoring is a valuable tool to achieve maximal safe resection. Hydrocephalus is common and must be recognized and promptly treated. Most patients will need a permanent shunt. Though there is still controversy on its efficacy, endoscopic third ventriculostomy is a safe procedure, and was the authors' first choice to treat hydrocephalus.

Resumo Os papilomas do plexo coroide (PPCs) são neoplasias benignas raras e, na população pediátrica, são particularmente incomuns na fossa posterior. Apresentamos uma série de casos de cinco pacientes atendidos em um hospital terciário. Além disso, foi realizada uma ampla revisão da literatura. Os pacientes atendidos no hospital terciário tinham entre 4 e 16 anos. Ressecção macroscópica total (RMT) foi inicialmente realizada em dois pacientes. Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora clínica. Além disso, 27 artigos publicados entre 1975 e 2021 foram selecionados para a revisão da literatura, totalizando 46 pacientes. Somados à série de casos atuais, encontramos 51 pacientes, com média de idade de 8,2 anos. As lesões localizavam-se no quarto ventrículo (65,3%) ou no ângulo pontocerebelar (34,7%). Hidrocefalia estava presente no pré-operatório em 66,7% dos pacientes, e derivação ventricular permanente foi necessária em 31,6% dos casos. A RMT foi possível em 64,5%, e 93,8% tiveram melhora clínica. Para os CPPs, a RMT é o tratamento padrão-ouro e deve ser tentado sempre que possível, especialmente porque ainda existem controvérsias quanto ao papel do tratamento adjuvante. A neuromonitorização é uma ferramenta importante para se atingir a máxima ressecção segura. A hidrocefalia é comumente vista nesses pacientes e deve ser identificada e tratada. A maioria dos pacientes irá precisar de uma derivação permanente. Apesar de persistirem controvérsias sobre sua eficácia, a terceiro-ventriculostomia endoscópica foi a primeira escolha para tratar a hidrocefalia na experiência dos autores e é uma opção segura.

Choroid plexus papilloma in a mature cystic teratoma of ovary: A rare case report

Mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is the most common type of germ cell tumor. It constitutes approximately 20% of all ovarian neoplasms. As a rare occurrence, however, several types of benign and malignant tumours developing secondarily in dermoid cysts have been reported. Those of central nervous origin are almost exclusively gliomas of astrocytic, ependymal or oligodendroglial lineage. Choroid plexus tumors are unusual intracranial tumors which comprised of only 0.4?0.6% of all brain tumors. These are neuroectodermal in origin and similar in structure to a normal choroid plexus in the form of multiple papillary fronds mounted on a well vascularized connective tissue stroma. The present case report highlights the presence of a choroid plexus tumor in a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 27?year?old woman who came for safe confinement and cesarean section.

Infratentorial atypical choroid plexus papilloma in an adult: A case report and literature review

Atypical choroid plexus papilloma is classified as WHO (World Health Organization) Grade II subtype of choroid plexus tumor, and it has intermediate pathological features, prognosis, and clinical outcome rates between choroid plexus papilloma and choroid plexus carcinoma. These tumors are more common in children compared with adults and are usually located in the lateral ventricles. We present a case of an adult with atypical choroid plexus papilloma located in the infratentorial region. A 41?year?old woman underwent evaluation for headache and dull aching neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a well?defined intraventricular mass lesion in the fourth ventricle and foramen of Luschka. She underwent craniotomy and gross total excision of the lesion. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of atypical choroid plexus papilloma (WHO Grade II). We discuss the various treatment options for this condition and review the relevant literature.

The expression of adhesion molecules in Z310 cells induced by combined exposure to black carbon and lead / 中国职业医学

Objective: To investigate the effects of combined exposure to black carbon and lead on the expression of cell adhesion molecules and their regulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in the rat choroid plexus epithelial Z310 cells. Methods: i) Z310 cells were randomly divided into control group, black carbon exposure group, lead exposure group and combined exposure group. The lead exposure group and black carbon exposure group were treated with 10 μmol/L lead acetate and 10 mg/L black carbon, respectively, and the combined exposure group was treated with both in the above doses. After 12.0 hours, the expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in Z310 cells was detected by Western blotting. The expression of miR-326, miR-328-3p and miR-542-3p which regulated ICAM-1 was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ii) Z310 cells or Z310 cells transfected with miRNA-326 mimic were randomly divided into control group, miRNA-326 transfection control group, combined exposure group and miRNA-326 transfection combined exposure group. Cells in the two control groups were not treated. The two combined exposure groups were treated with 10 mg/L black carbon and 10 μmol/L lead acetate for 12.0 hours. The expression of ICAM-1 was detected by Western blotting. Results: i) The relative expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 in the cells of black carbon exposure group and ICAM-1 in the lead exposure group was higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The relative expression of ICAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 in the combined exposure group was higher than those in the other three groups (all P<0.05). The relative expression of VCAM-1 in cells of combined exposure group was higher than those in the control group and lead exposed group (all P<0.05). The relative expression of miR-326 in cells of the lead exposure group and black carbon exposure group was lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The relative expression of miR-326 in the combined exposure group was lower than that in the other three groups (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference between miR-328-3p and miR-542-3p in the four groups (all P>0.05). ii) The relative expression of ICAM-1 in cells of the miR-326 transfection control group cells was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), while in the cells in the combined exposure and miRNA-326 transfection combined exposure group, it was higher than that in the control and miRNA-326 transfection control groups (all P<0.05), and lower in the miRNA-326 transfection combined exposure group than in the combined exposure group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Black carbon or lead exposure can upregulate the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 in Z310 cells. Black carbon and lead combined exposure lead to a synergistic effect on upregulation of ICAM-1 and MAdCAM-1 expression, particularly ICAM-1. The combined exposure of black carbon and lead may upregulate the expression of ICAM-1 by downregulating the expression of miR-326.

Malignant congenital orbital teratoma: Glioblastoma multiforme with primitive neuronal pattern and choroid plexus papilloma: A rare diagnosis at an unusual age

Childhood orbital teratomas are usually congenital lesions that are most often present at birth with progressive, massive unilateral proptosis. During the routine controls of 27-year-old woman between 26–27th weeks of pregnancy her fetal ultrasonography (USG) revealed a mass in the eye of the fetus, and termination was recommended. The family refused the termination option and in the 37th week of pregnancy, vaginal delivery is performed in an external medical center. The mass in the baby's eye was surgically removed. Microscopic examination revealed disorganized ocular tissues, adipose tissue, microcalcification, nerve plexuses as well as areas of neuronal nodules including hypercellular areas, palisatic necrosis, and microvascular proliferation. The immunprofile––patchy GFAP staining in the areas of cellular epithelioid and spindled cells that also show an focal and sparse expression p53 staining and a high proliferation rate in Ki67 staining––confirmed the hematoxylin–eosin (HE) impression of a teratoma with a component of glioblastoma (GBM). In this unique presentation of a malignant orbital teratoma with a GBM, we have identified three tumor components: (1) GBM component, (2) nodules of neuroglial tissue with mature neurons and BRAF mutation, and (3) papillary proliferation possibly representing a choroid plexus papilloma.

Prevalence of pineal gland and choroid plexus calcification among iraqi patients attending CT scan units / Prevalencia de calcificación de la glándula pineal y del plexo coroideo entre pacientes iraquíes que asisten a las unidades de tomografía computarizada

SUMMARY: Pineal gland calcification is the most common physiological intracranial calcification followed by the choroid plexus calcification. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of the pineal gland and choroid plexus calcification among the Iraqi population attending computed tomography scan units in Baghdad, estimate the mean diameters of the pineal gland calcification, and to detect any correlation between these calcifications with age and sex. This multi-centric cross-sectional study examined 485 CT scans of Iraqi patients between the ages of 1 and 100 years attending CT scan units in the period 1 December 2018 to 1 April 2019. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The prevalence of pineal gland calcification was found to be 68 % with the 30-39 age group and male sex predominance. It was found to increase after the first decade of life without real consistency. The mean for pineal gland calcification anterior-posterior diameter was 4.55±2.13 and the mean of the right-left diameter was 3.95±1.54. These diameters were found to differ according to sex and age. Choroid plexus calcification was found to have a prevalence of 53.6 %. In most cases, choroid plexus calcification was found bilaterally (77.3 %). There was no difference in sex, but choroid plexus. In conclusion, calcification was noticed to increase gradually according to age. Both pineal gland and choroid plexus calcification have a relatively high prevalence. While pineal gland calcification formation was demonstrated to have a close relation to age and sex, choroid plexus calcification formation was noticed to relate only to age.

RESUMEN: La calcificación de la glándula pineal es la calcificación intracraneal fisiológica más común después de la calcificación del plexo coroideo. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de calcificación de la glándula pineal y del plexo coroideo entre la población iraquí que asiste a las unidades de tomografía computarizada en Bagdad, estimar los diámetros medios de la calcificación de la glándula pineal y detectar la posible correlación entre estas calcificaciones con la edad y el sexo. Este estudio transversal multicéntrico examinó 485 tomografías computarizadas de pacientes iraquíes entre 1 y 100 años de edad que asistieron a unidades de tomografía computarizada en el período del 1 de diciembre de 2018 al 1 de abril de 2019. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se encontró una prevalencia de calcificación de la glándula pineal del 68 % con predominio del sexo masculino en el grupo de 30 a 39 años. Se observó que aumentaba después de la primera década de vida sin una coherencia real. La media del diámetro anteroposterior de la calcificación de la glándula pineal fue de 4,55 ± 2,13 y la media del DIÁ- METRO derecho-izquierdo fue de 3,95 ± 1,54; estos diámetros difieren según el sexo y la edad. La calcificación del plexo coroideo tiene una prevalencia del 53,6 %. En la mayoría de los casos, la calcificación del plexo coroideo se encontró de forma bilateral (77,3%). No hubo diferencia de sexo, no obstante en el plexo coroideo se observó que la calcificación aumentaba gradualmente según la edad. Tanto la calcificación de la glándula pineal como del plexo coroideo tienen una prevalencia relativamente alta. Si bien se demostró que la formación de calcificación de la glándula pineal está relacionada con la edad y el sexo, se observó que la formación de calcificación del plexo coroideo se relaciona solo con la edad.

Coagulación de plexo coroideo como procedimiento aislado en el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia / Choroid plexus coagulation as an isolated procedure in the treatment of hydrocephalus

La coagulación de plexo coroideo (CPC) es un procedimiento que nace del intento histórico de tratar la hidrocefalia. Desarrollado en la primera mitad del siglo XX, pero posteriormente abandonado por su baja tasa de éxito y alta tasa de complicaciones. Con el advenimiento de la neuroendoscopía moderna se adapta la idea de la CPC en un intento de dar cabida a alternativas a la derivación de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) como procedimiento estándar para tratar la hidrocefalia. Actualmente su uso se ha difundido mayormente en conjunto con la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica como una opción eficaz, más barata y exenta de los riesgos inherentes de una derivación de LCR. No obstante, se ha reportado su éxito como procedimiento aislado en casos seleccionados como en hidrocefalia comunicante lentamente progresiva, hidranencefalia y un posible rol en el tratamiento de la hiperplasia de plexo coroideo. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar la efectividad de la CPC aislada como tratamiento para la hidrocefalia en diversos escenarios clínicos e identificar las variables asociadas a su éxito.

Choroid plexus coagulation (CPC) is a procedure born of historic attempts to treat hydrocephalus. Developed in the first half of the 20th century, it was later abandoned because of its low success rate and high rate of complications. With the advent of modern neuro-endoscopy the CPC was adapted in an attempt to open the way for alternatives to CSF shunt as the standard procedure for treating hydrocephalus. Its use has spread mainly in conjunction with endoscopic third ventriculostomy as an option which is effective, cheaper and without the risks inherent in a CSF shunt. However, there have been reports of its success as an isolated procedure in selected cases such as chronic progressive communicating hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly and it has a possible role in the treatment of choroid plexus hyperplasia. The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of isolated CPC as treatment for hydrocephalus in various clinical setti ngs and identify the variables associated with its success.

Danshen-Chuanxiongqin Injection attenuates cerebral ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuroinflammation via the TLR2/ TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB Pathway in tMCAO mice / 中国天然药物

Danshen-Chuanxiongqin Injection (DCI) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke in China. However, its underlying mechanisms remain completely understood. The current study was designed to explore the protective mechanisms of DCI against cerebral ischemic stroke through integrating whole-transcriptome sequencing coupled with network pharmacology analysis. First, using a mouse model of cerebral ischemic stroke by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we found that DCI (4.10 mL·kg

El plexo coroideo: historia, estructura, función, etimología y propuesta de cambio terminológico / The choroid plexus: history, structure, function, etymology and proposal for terminological change

RESUMEN: El plexo coroideo es una estructura del sistema nervioso central vinculada con la producción de parte del líquido cerebroespinal. Su conocimiento deriva de los tiempos de Herophilus de Calcedonia a quien se atribuye su nombre, el cual ha perdurado, asumiendo el componente coroideo como la forma de la piel de los animales después del proceso de curtido y preparado para diferentes usos en la industria. Se propone utilizar como nombre, uno estructural: el de plexo ventricular ependimario, para reemplazar el tradicional coroideo que indica similitud al cuero o piel encurtida de los animales.

SUMMARY: The choroid plexus is a structure of the central nervous system linked to the production of part of the cerebrospinal fluid. Its knowledge derives from the times of Herophilus of Chalcedon to whom its name is attributed, which has endured, assuming the choroidal component as the shape of the hide of animals following the tanning process preparing it for various industrial uses. It is proposed to use the structural name of the ependymal ventricular plexus to replace the traditional choroid that indicates similarity to leather tanning or cured animal hide.

Papiloma coroideo atípico en paciente de la tercera edad: Revisión bibliográfica a propósito de un caso / Atypical choroidal papilloma in an elderly patient: A literature review on a case

Introducción: Los tumores del plexo coroideo son raros. Contabilizan del 0,3 a 0,6% de la totalidad de los tumores cerebrales en adultos y del 10 a 20% en infantes; en quienes se ha registrado el 70% de estos y de los cuales al menos un 50% suceden en menores de dos años de edad. Objetivos: Esta publicación consiste en describir un caso de la tercera edad con papiloma atípico del cuarto ventrículo, la forma de resolución seleccionada y revisar la bibliografía del tema. Presentación del caso: Masculino de 71 años de edad que consulta por inestabilidad en la marcha y cefalea holocraneana intermitente. Al examen se muestra desorientado, con trastornos mnésicos, marcha magnética e incontinencia urinaria. Se realiza TC contrastada y posterior RM de cerebro con gadolinio objetivándose lesión espacio ocupante hipo-isointensa de 10 cc. Aprox. ocupando el 4to ventrículo, con realce intenso a la administración de contraste y ventriculomegalia asociada con edema transependimario. Intervención: Se realiza exéresis, logrando resección completa y mejoría clínica. Discusión: El papiloma atípico de plexo coroideo (Grado II) es una entidad intermedia que se distingue fundamentalmente del papiloma de grado I por su actividad mitótica; 2 o más mitosis en 10 campos. Conclusión: Este reporte, aborda una patología quirúrgicamente desafiante, potencialmente curable y clásicamente infantil, pero que también puede presentarse en la población geriátrica.

Introduction: Choroid plexus tumors are rare. They account for 0.3 to 0.6% of all brain tumors in adults and 10 to 20% in infants; in whom 70% of these have been registered and of which at least 50% occur in children under two years of age. Objectives: This publication consists of describing a case of the third age with atypical papilloma of the fourth ventricle, the selected form of resolution and reviewing the bibliography on the subject. Case presentation: 71-year-old male who consulted for gait instability and intermittent holocranial headache. On examination, he was disoriented, with memory disorders, magnetic gait, and urinary incontinence. Contrast-enhanced CT and subsequent MRI of the brain with gadolinium were performed, showing a 10 cc hypo-isointense occupying space lesion. Approx. occupying the 4th ventricle, with intense enhancement to contrast administration and ventriculomegaly associated with transependymal edema. Intervention: Exeresis is performed, achieving complete resection and clinical improvement. Discussion: Atypical choroid plexus papilloma (Grade II) is an intermediate entity that is fundamentally distinguished from grade I papilloma by its mitotic activity; 2 or more mitoses in 10 fields. Conclusion: This report addresses a surgically challenging pathology, potentially curable and classically infantile, but which can also occur in the geriatric population.

Choroid plexus papilloma: case report / Papiloma do plexo coroide: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Choroid plexus papillomas (CPP) are a rare oncological condition. They affect mostly the pediatric population, and the diagnosis is associated with clinical findings, imaging and anatomopathological methods. We report the case of a 49-year-old woman who underwent neurosurgical evaluation for chronic headache and emotional stress. CPP is a rare central nervous system tumor in the adult population. We present, therefore, a case in an adult female, whose diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology methods. Surgical treatment is the gold standard, showing full resolution in almost all cases.

RESUMEN Los papilomas de los plexos coroideos (PPC) son una condición oncológica bastante rara. Acometen mayormente la población pediátrica; su diagnóstico implica un análisis clínico asociado a los métodos de imagen y anatomopatológico. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 49 anos atendida para evaluación neuroquirúrgica con cefalea crónica y estrés emocional. El PPC es un tumor delsistema nervioso central sumamente raro en la población adulta. Así, presentamos un caso raro en una mujer adulta, cuyo diagnóstico fue confirmado por métodos histopatológicos. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el estándar de oro, ya que muestra resolución completa en casi todos los casos.

RESUMO Os papilomas do plexo coroide (PPC) são uma condição oncológica bastante rara. Acometem majoritariamente a população pediátrica; seu diagnóstico envolve uma análise clínica associada aos métodos de imagem e anatomopatológico. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 49 anos atendida no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) para avaliação neurocirúrgica com clínica de cefaleia crônica e estresse emocional. O PPC é um tumor do sistema nervoso central extremamente raro na população adulta. Apresentamos, portanto, um caso raro em uma mulher adulta, cujo diagnóstico foi confirmado por métodos histopatológicos. O tratamento cirúrgico é o padrão-ouro, pois mostra resolução completa em quase todos os casos.

Immunohistochemical Profile of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in the Choroid Plexus of the Rabbit Ventricles with Clinical Implication

The choroid plexus is composed of highly specialized vascularized epithelial tissues present in 4 ventricles of the brain. The central core of the choroid plexus is occupied by blood vessels. The choroid plexus has many functions like CSF production and synthesis of bioactive peptides. Antigen like Proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA, a 36 kd DNA polymerase delta auxiliary protein; is involved in the proliferation of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. PCNA has a role in DNA synthesis and repair. Previous studies reported that the PCNA expression in the cytoplasm of cells can be demonstrated by histochemical stains. Total 50 adult male New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were sacrificed, a sample of lateral and 4th ventricles was prepared for H and E and immunohistochemical stains for PCNA. PCNA expression was more in lateral ventricle than 4th one indicates the higher involvement in biological function. The higher PCNA expression in the choroidal cells of the lateral ventricle suggests the clinical importance and pharmacological role in many neurological diseases. Significance Statement: The study is conducted to study the differences in choroid plexus of the ventricles separately, and to see the clinical importance for that, and also to evaluate the PCNA agent expression in lateral and 4th ventricles.

Choroid Plexus Carcinoma in Adults: Two Case Reports

Choroid plexus tumors are uncommon brain tumors that primarily occur in children. Most of these tumors originate from the intraventricular area, and the most common clinicalpresentation is increased intracranial pressure. Dissemination through the cerebrospinal fluid space is the inevitable natural course of the disease. Here, we present 2 rare cases of adult choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC), each with distinct clinical presentation and progression. The first case was a 40-year-old male who presented with multiple intraventricular masses. After surgical biopsy, radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy failed to elicit any response. The patient progressed with spinal cord dissemination and expired 1 year later. The second case presented with visual disturbance, and brain MRI revealed a large ovoid juxtaventricular mass with peritumoral edema. This 49-year-old female patient underwent craniotomy for what was thought to be a high-grade glioma; however, the mass was connected to the choroid plexus at the operative field. Her pathology specimen was diagnosed as CPC, and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy was administered. She has now been free of recurrence for 10 months. The description of the presentation and progression of these rare adult-onset CPC provides insight for the diagnosis and treatment of other rare instances of choroid plexus tumors.

Correlation between fetal cranial nervous system malformation and chromosome abnormality / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between fetal cranial nervous system malformation and chromosome abnormality.Methods The pregnant women with fetal cerebral nervous system dysplasia were collected from January 2013 to August 2018 at the Prenatal Diagnostic Center of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.The fetus was diagnosed by ultrasonography and karyotype analysis.Results A total of 18 cases of abnormal karyotypes were detected from 85 patient samples,and the abnormal rates were 21.18％.Single cranial nervous system malformation was found in 47 cases,abnormal karyotypes in 4 cases,multiple system malformation in 38 cases,and abnormal karyotypes in 14 cases,and the abnormal karyotype rate of multiple system malformation was higher than that of single cranial nervous malformation (36.84％ vs.8.51％,x2 =10.101,P =0.001 5).And the 88.89％ (16/18 cases) of abnormal karyotypes were founded in the early and middle pregnancy (≤ 28 weeks).The abnormal karyotype detection rates of cranial nervous system malformation associated with cardiovascular,skeletal and limb,facial neck abnormalities were 58.82％ (10/17 cases),50.00％ (6/12 cases) and 50.00％ (9/18 cases),respectively.In the fetal phenotypes,the abnormal karyotype detection rates of choroid plexus cysts were up to 64.29％,followed by arachnoid cysts (50.00％),craniocerebral abnormalities (45.45％) and holoprosencephaly (36.36％).Conclusions Chromosomal aneuploidy or structural abnormalities can lead to abnormal development of the fetal cranial nervous system,in which the rates of abnormal karyotypes on fetal cranial nervous with cardiovascular malformation and choroid plexus cysts are the highest.

Correlation between fetal cranial nervous system malformation and chromosome abnormality / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective@#To investigate the correlation between fetal cranial nervous system malformation and chromosome abnormality.@*Methods@#The pregnant women with fetal cerebral nervous system dysplasia were collected from January 2013 to August 2018 at the Prenatal Diagnostic Center of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University.The fetus was diagnosed by ultrasonography and karyotype analysis.@*Results@#A total of 18 cases of abnormal karyotypes were detected from 85 patient samples, and the abnormal rates were 21.18%.Single cranial nervous system malformation was found in 47 cases, abnormal karyotypes in 4 cases, multiple system malformation in 38 cases, and abnormal karyotypes in 14 cases, and the abnormal karyotype rate of multiple system malformation was higher than that of single cranial nervous malformation (36.84% vs.8.51%, χ2=10.101, P=0.001 5). And the 88.89%(16/18 cases)of abnormal karyotypes were founded in the early and middle pregnancy (≤28 weeks). The abnormal karyotype detection rates of cranial nervous system malformation associated with cardiovascular, skeletal and limb, facial neck abnormalities were 58.82% (10/17 cases), 50.00% (6/12 cases) and 50.00% (9/18 cases), respectively.In the fetal phenotypes, the abnormal karyotype detection rates of choroid plexus cysts were up to 64.29%, followed by arachnoid cysts (50.00%), craniocerebral abnormalities (45.45%) and holoprosencephaly (36.36%).@*Conclusions@#Chromosomal aneuploidy or structural abnormalities can lead to abnormal development of the fetal cranial nervous system, in which the rates of abnormal karyotypes on fetal cranial nervous with cardiovascular malformation and choroid plexus cysts are the highest.

Transfusional Iron Overload and Choroid Plexus Hemosiderosis in a Pediatric Patient: Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings

Hemosiderosis is characterized by the deposition of excess iron in body tissues. The choroid plexus is an important part of the central nervous system that can be the primary site of iron overload. T2*-weighted gradient echo (GRE) sequence provides high sensitivity for demonstrating cerebral microhemorrhagic foci and iron deposition. In the present study, we describe the case of a 15-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in whom repeated transfusion led to iron accumulation in the brain. GRE sequence effectively demonstrated hemosiderin deposition in the choroid plexus.

Clinical Features and Prognostic Risk Factors of Choroid Plexus Tumors in Children / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Decision-making concerning the treatment of choroid plexus tumor (CPT) in pediatric patients remains a topic of considerable debate. The aim of this work was to describe clinical features and prognostic risk factors of CPT in the pediatric population and to provide theoretical opinions regarding clinical decisions for CPT.@*Methods@#The data of 96 patients with CPT and younger than 14 years were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics such as pathological type of CPTs, rate and severity of hydrocephalus, treatment and outcome, and recurrence were investigated. For categorical variables, the Pearson's Chi-square test was performed. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for comparisons between nonnormally distributed parameters. Log-rank test was used for progression-free survival (PFS).@*Results@#The study included 70 choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) cases, 17 atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP) cases, and 9 choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) cases. Compared with patients with CPP or aCPP, patients with CPC had a shorter disease course (median: CPP, 4 months; aCPP, 2 months; CPC, 1 month; H: 23.5, P 0.05). Patients with CPC experienced shorter time for recurrence than those with CPP or aCPP (χ = 40.1, P < 0.0001).@*Conclusions@#Our results indicated that CPP in the fourth ventricle could trigger serious clinical symptoms at an early stage, requiring early intervention. Adjuvant treatment might be necessary for patients with partially resected CPP, aCPP, and CPC to achieve a favorable outcome.

Current status and research progress on diagnosis and treatment of choroid plexus carcinoma / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Choroid plexus carcinoma is a relatively rare primary intracranial malignant tumor which is derived from the choroid plexus epithelium.It is classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade Ⅲ and mainly occurs in children.Currently,maximal surgical resection is still the main therapeutic strategy.The clinical efficacy of postoperative adjuvant therapies remains controversial.Recent studies have promoted that postoperative combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy can enhance the clinical prognosis and prolong the survival time for choroid plexus carcinoma patients undergoing sub-radical resection.In this review,relevant articles published in the recent 15 years were retrieved to summarize the current status and research progress on the diagnosis and treatment of choroid plexus carcinoma.

Expression of Aquaporin 1 and 4 in the Choroid Plexus and Brain Parenchyma of Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalic Rats / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: Aquaporin (AQP) is a recently discovered protein that regulates water homeostasis. The present study examines changes in AQP 1 and 4 in kaolin induced experimental hydrocephalic rats to elucidate the pathophysiology of water homeostasis in the disease. METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced by percutaneous intracisternal injection of kaolin. The brain parenchyma and choroid plexus were obtained at 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after injection. Protein expressions of AQP 1 and 4 were measured by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) stains. RESULTS: In the choroid plexus of the kaolin-induced hydrocephalus group, AQP 1 expression identified by western blot exhibited sharp decrease in the early stage (55% by the 3rd day and 22% by the 7th day), but indicated a 2.2-fold increase in the later stage (30th day) in comparison with control groups. In the parenchyma, a quantitative measurement of AQP 4 expression revealed variable results on the 3rd and 7th days, but indicated expression 2.1 times higher than the control in the later stage (30th day). In addition, the IHC and IF findings supported the patterns of expression of AQP 1 in the choroid plexus and AQP 4 in the parenchyma. CONCLUSION: Expression of AQP 1 decreased sharply in the choroid plexus of acute hydrocephalus rats and increased at later stages. Expression of AQP 4 in the brain parenchyma was variable in the early stage in the hydrocephalus group, but was higher than in the control in the later stage. These findings suggest a compensating role of AQPs in water physiology in hydrocephalus.

Choroid plexus coagulation for pediatric hydrocephalus: review of historical aspects and rebirth

This study aims to review historical aspects and rebirth of the endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation (CPC) for pediatric hydrocephalus. The first CPC procedure goes back to early 1930s. After the development of other treatment methods and the understanding of CSF dynamics, the application of CPC dramatically decreased by 1970s. In 2000s, there was a rebirth of CPC in combination with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), and remains one of the options for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus in selected cases. CPC might provide a temporary reduction in CSF production to allow the further development of CSF absorption in infant, and adding to ETV for infants with communicating hydrocephalus may increase the shunt independent rate thus avoiding the consequence of late complication related to the shunt device. This is important for patients who are difficult to be followed up, due to geographical and/or socioeconomic difficulties. And also adding CPC to ETV for obstructive hydrocephalus in infants younger than 1 year of age may also increase the successful rate. Furthermore, CPC may be an option for cases with high chance of shunt complication such as multiloculated hydrocephalus, extreme hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly. In comparison with the traditional treatment of CSF shunting, the role of CPC needs to be further evaluated in particular concerning the neurocognitive development.