Aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et évolutifs de la tuberculose multifocale à N'djamena / Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Multifocal Tuberculosis in N'djamena

Introduction. La tuberculose est dite multifocale (TMF) lorsqu ́il y a l ́atteinte d ́au moins deux sites extra pulmonaires non contigus associée ou non à une atteinte pulmonaire. Cette étude avait pour but d'étudier les aspects épidémiologiques, diagnostics et évolutifs de la TMF au service de pneumo-phtisiologie du CHU-RN de N'Djamena. Matériels et méthode. Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective à visée descriptive de 5 ans allant de janvier 2018 à décembre 2022. Les variables étudiées étaient, épidémiologiques, cliniques et évolutives. Résultats. Au total, 185 patients étaient inclus sur 2001 cas de tuberculose, soit une fréquence de 9,24%. L'âge moyen était de 34,1 ans avec des extrêmes de 16 ans et 75 ans. Le sex-ratio était de 1,28. Les patients sans-emploi étaient majoritaire soit 47% des cas. La notion de contage tuberculeux représentait 13,5% des cas, et 66,5% des patients étaient vaccinés au BCG avec une séroprévalence VIH de 54,6%. Tous les signes habituels de la tuberculose étaient présents. La localisation pulmonaire était la plus représentée (66,2%) suivie de la localisation ganglionnaire (48,6%). Dans 80% des cas, la localisationétait bifocale. La mortalité était de 21,6% pour un séjour moyen d'hospitalisation de 20,26 jours. Conclusion. La tuberculose multifocale est une forme rare et grave, qui survient généralement chez les patients infectés par le VIH, mais le sujet immunocompétent peut être aussi touché. Un traitement antituberculeux doit être instauré le plus rapidement possible afind'éviter les complications

Introduction. Tuberculosisis called multifocal (TMF) when there is involvement of at least two non-contiguous extrapulmonary sites, whether or notassociated with pulmonary involvement. This study aimed to study the epidemiological, diagnostic and evolutionary aspects of FMT in the pneumo-phthisiology department of the CHU-RN of N'Djamena. Materials and method. This was a 5-year retrospective study with a descriptive aim from January 2018 to December 2022. The variables studied were epidemiological, clinical and progressive. Results. In total, 185 patients were included out of 2001 cases of tuberculosis, i.e. a frequency of 9.24%. The average age was 34.1 years with extremes of 16 and 75 years. The sex ratio was 1.28. Unemployed patients were the majority, i.e. 47% of cases. The notion of tuberculosis contagion represented 13.5% of cases, and 66.5% of patients were vaccinated with BCG with an HIV seroprevalence of 54.6%. All the usual signs of tuberculosis were present. The pulmonary location was the most represented (66.2%) followed by the lymph node location (48.6%). In 80% of cases, bifocal localization. Mortality was 21.6% for an average hospital stay of 20.26 days. Conclusion.Multifocal tuberculosis is a rare and serious form, which generally occurs in patients infected with HIV, but immunocompetent subjects can also be affected. Anti-tuberculosis treatment must be started as quickly as possible to avoid complications.

Maladie thromboembolique veineuse chez la femme au service de cardiologie du CHU de Kati / Venous thromboembolic disease in women in the cardiology department of the Kati university hospital

Introduction : La maladie thromboembolique veineuse (MTEV) regroupe : la thrombose veineuse profonde(TVP) et l'embolie pulmonaire(EP).Ce travail a été initié pour identifier les particularités féminines si elles existent. Matériels et Méthode : il s'agissait d'étude rétrospective, descriptive réalisée dans le service de cardiologie du CHU de Kati sur une période allant du 01 janvier 2014 au 31 décembre 2021. Ont été inclues les patientes hospitalisées durant la dite période pour maladie thromboemboliqueveineuse. Les variables étudiées étaient les données sociales démographiques, les facteurs de risque, les paramètres cliniques et paracliniques, les aspects thérapeutiques et évolutifs. Résultats : Au total nous avons enregistré 68 cas de MTEV dont 40 (58,8%) femmes. Il s'agissait 12 (30%) cas de TVP, 25 (62,5%) d'EP et leur association dans 3 (7,5%) cas. La majorité (82,5%) des patientes était des femmes au foyer.Le post partum représentait 10% des cas. La probabilité clinique, selonle score de Wells était élevée chez 93% des TVP, intermédiaire pour les cas d'embolie pulmonaire avec 50%. L'angioscanner révélait que l'embolie pulmonaire était bilatérale dans 80% des cas. L'héparine et l'AVK ont été les plus utilisés. La mortalité était de 7,5%. Conclusion : les femmes sont plus victime des maladies thromboemboliques veineuses que les hommes. Le post partum est une situationparticulière chez la femme. Les récidives ne sont pas rares

Introduction: Venous thromboembolic disease (MTEV) includes: deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).This work was initiated to identify the female particularities if they exist.Materials and Method: This was a retrospective, descriptive study conductedin the cardiology department of the Kati university hospital over a period from January 01, 2014 to December 31, 2021.Patients hospitalized during the period for venousthromboembolic disease were included.The variables studied were demographic social data, risk factors, clinical and para-clinical parameters, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects. Results: In total we recorded 68 cases of MTEV of which 40 (58.8%) women. There were 12 (30%) cases of deep vein thrombosis, 25 (62.5%) cases of pulmonary embolism and their association in 3 (7.5%) cases.The majority (82.5%) of patients were housewives.Thepostpartum accounted for 10% of cases.The clinical probability according to the Wells score was high in 93% of deep vein thrombosis, intermediate for cases of pulmonary embolism with 50%.Angio-CT showed that pulmonary embolism was bilateral in 80% of cases. Heparin and anti-vitamin K were the most commonly used. Mortality was 7.5%. Conclusion: women are more victims of venous thromboembolic diseases than men. Postpartum is a special situation for women. Recurrences are not uncommon

Research on pricing methods of multi-indication drugs from the perspective of economics / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the pricing methods of multi-indication drugs suitable for China from the economic perspective. METHODS By sorting out the situation and pricing methods of multi-indication drugs in China’s health insurance negotiation in recent years， the experience of typical countries （Sweden， Germany， Britain， Italy， etc.） in the value measurement， access and management of multi-indication drugs were explored with 3 methods， namely， branded pricing， weighted average bidding pricing， and single bidding pricing under the risk sharing agreement. The advantages and disadvantages of the 2 types of multi-indication drug pricing methods， such as single bidding pricing and indication-based pricing， and conditions of use were explored， so as to put forward a pricing method suitable for multi-indication drugs in China. RESULTS＆＆CONCLUSIONS The pricing of multi-indication drugs by single bidding pricing mode has certain disadvantages at this stage， and should be supplemented and improved by agreement pricing. Based on international experience， China can explore a reasonable management mode of drug indications， adopt a pricing mode with agreement pricing as the main mode and multiple pricing modes as the coexisting mode， and promote the development of pharmacoeconomic evaluation and the improvement of drug use information collection mechanism.

Trachéotomie chirurgicale chez l'enfant au centre hospitalier universitaire de Bouaké à propos de 32 cas / Surgical tracheotomy in children at the university hospital center of Bouake about 32 cases

Objectif : déterminer les indications de la trachéotomie chirurgicale chez l'enfant, décrire la technique et les suites opératoires. Matériel et méthode : il s'agit d'une étude descriptive rétrospective portant sur les trachéotomies pédiatriques réalisées au CHU de Bouaké de janvier 2016 à décembre 2022. Les indications de la trachéotomie, la technique opératoire et l'évolution ont été étudiées. Le test exact de Fisher a été utilisé pour évaluer le lien entre le motif de la trachéotomie et les pathologies au seuil α de 5%. Résultats : pendant la période d'étude, 32 enfants ont été trachéotomisés. Leur âge variait entre 9 mois et 15 ans avec un âge moyen de 7,2 ans. Il s'agissait de 22 garçons et 10 filles. L'impossibilité d'intuber le patient (65,62%) et la dyspnée laryngée sévère (25%) constituaient les motifs de la trachéotomie. Les corps étrangers laryngo-trachéaux et la papillomatose laryngée représentaient respectivement 37,5% et 21,87% des pathologies. Nous n'avons pas noté de lien significatif entre le motif de la trachéotomie et les pathologies (p=1,000). L'intervention a été réalisée sous sédation dans 78,12% des cas. L'ouverture trachéale était en forme de « H ¼ et de siège sous-isthmique. Les suites opératoires étaient simples chez 93,75% des patients. La décanulation a été effective dans 24 cas (75%). Conclusion : les principaux motifs de la trachéotomie dans notre expérience sont l'impossibilité d'intuber le patient et la dyspnée laryngée sévère. Les pathologies étaient dominées par les corps étrangers laryngo-trachéaux et la papillomatose laryngée. Les suites opératoires étaient généralement satisfaisantes.

Objective: to determine the indications for surgical tracheotomy in children, to describe the technique and the postoperative course. Material and method: This is a retrospective descriptive study of pediatric tracheotomies performed at the Bouaké University Hospital from January 2016 to December 2022. The indications for tracheotomy, the operating technique and the evolution were studied. Fisher's exact test was used to assess the link between the reason for the tracheotomy and the pathologies at the α threshold of 5%. Results: during the study period, 32 children were tracheotomized. Their age varied between 9 months and 15 years with an average age of 7.2 years. They were 22 boys and 10 girls. The impossibility of intubating the patient (65.62%) and severe laryngeal dyspnea (25%) were the reasons for the tracheotomy. Laryngo-tracheal foreign bodies and laryngeal papillomatosis accounted for 37.5% and 21.87% of pathologies respectively. We did not note any significant link between the reason for the tracheotomy and the pathologies (p=1,000). The intervention was performed under sedation in 78.12% of cases. The tracheal opening was "H" shaped and sub-isthmic. The postoperative course was simple in 93.75% of patients. Decanulation was effective in 24 cases (75%). Conclusion: the main reasons for tracheotomy in our experience are the impossibility of intubating the patient and severe laryngeal dyspnea. The pathologies were dominated by laryngo-tracheal foreign bodies and laryngeal papillomatosis. The postoperative course was generally satisfactory

CHU Hao-ran's experience in treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with acupuncture and moxibustion / 中国针灸

Professor CHU Hao-ran believes that the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with acupuncture and moxibustion should concentrate on the integration of disease and syndrome differentiation. According to the evolution of pathogenesis, this disease is divided into 4 stages, i.e. invasion of exogenous pathogens, liver stagnation and spleen deficiency, spleen and kidney yang deficiency and interaction of cold and heat. Hence, the treatment should be provided by stages. Focusing on regulating the spleen and stomach, a specific acupuncture-moxibustion prescription is proposed, including Tianshu (ST 25), Zhongwan (CV 12), Zusanli (ST 36) and Shangjuxu (ST 37). Additionally, the combination of distal and nearby acupoints is considered and an unique needling manipulation, named the fight between dragon and tiger, is exerted. On the base of syndrome and meridian differentiation, the modern medicine is combined, stressing on the mind regulation and the mutual application of acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment. Eventually, a distinctive treatment system with acupuncture and moxibustion is formed for "regulating the spleen and stomach and differentiating meridians".

Etiologies des pneumopathies bactériennes non tuberculeuses en milieu néphrologique au centre Hospitalo-Universitaire du Point G à Bamako, Mali / Etiologies of non-tuberculous bacterial pneumonitis in a nephrological environment at Point G University Hospital in Bamako, Mali

Contexte + objectif : les signes cliniques et paracliniques en particulier radiologique ne sont pas spécifi ques d'un processus infectieux. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les micro-organismes non tuberculeux en cause au cours des infections respiratoires dans le service de Néphrologie du CHU du Point G. Méthode : il s'agissait d'une étude prospective et descriptive allant du 1er janvier 2018 au 30 juin 2019, soit 18 mois. Etaient inclus, tous les patients en insuffi sance rénale chronique (IRC) souffrant d'une pneumopathie infectieuse diagnostiquée cliniquement, radiologiquement et/ou bactériologiquement. Résultats : Nous avons colligés 35 patients, 21 hommes et 14 femmes. L'âge moyen a été de 46,8 ± 13,9 ans avec des extrêmes de 23 et 76 ans. Les patients âgés de plus de 45 ans étaient majoritaires (54,3%). L'IRC était terminale chez tous nos patients avec un débit de fi ltration glomérulaire moyen de 6,7 ml/min/1,73m2. La radiographie thoracique de face a révélé une pneumopathie alvéolaire (65,7%), une pleuropneumopathie (28,6%) et une pneumopathie cavitaire (5,7%). Les bactéries non tuberculeuses retrouvées à l'examen cytobactériologique des crachats étaient : Klebsiella pneumoniae (25,7%), Escherichia coli (11,4%), Citrobacter frendii, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans soit 5,7% pour chacune, Enterobacter clocae et Enterococcus sp avec 2,9% chacune. Quatre (11,4%) sur 35 présentaient une tuberculose dont 1 cas (2,9%) de coïnfection de germe banal. Conclusion: Le diagnostic de la tuberculose par bacilloscopie entraine des cas de méconnaissance des germes banals associés.

Context and objective. Clinical and paraclinical signs, in particular radiological signs, are not specifi c to an infectious process. The objective of this study was to determine the non-tuberculous microorganisms involved in respiratory infections in the Nephrology department of the CHU du Point G. Methods. This was a prospective and descriptive study from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019, (18 months). Included were all patients with chronic renal failure (CKD) suffering from an infectious pneumonia diagnosed clinically, radiologically and / or bacteriologically. Results. We collected 35 patients, 21 men and 14 women. The mean age was 46.8 ± 13.9 years with extremes of 23 and 76 years. The majority of patients over the age of 45 were 54.3%. IRC was terminal in all of our patients with an average glomerular filtration rate of 6.7 ml / min / 1.73m2. The chest chest X-ray revealed alveolar pneumonitis (65.7%), pleuropneumopathy (28.6%) and cavitary pneumonitis (5.7%). The non-tuberculous bacteria found on cytobacteriological examination of sputum were: Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.7%), Escherichia coli (11.4%), Citrobacter frendii, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, or 5.7% for each , Enterobacter clocae and Enterococcus sp with 2.9% each. Four (11.4%) out of 35 presented with tuberculosis, including 1 case (2.9%) of common coinfection. Conclusion. The diagnosis of tuberculosis by bacilloscopy leads to cases of ignorance of the associated banal germs.

Particularités de l'infection néonatale bactérienne précoce en milieu hospitalier du CHU Gabriel Touré de Bamako / Particularities of early neonatal bacterial infection in the hospital environment of the CHU Gabriel Touré in Bamako

Introduction : L'infection néonatale bactérienne précoce (INBP) est une préoccupation majeure en néonatologie. Au Mali, aucune étude n'avait abordé cet aspect d'où l'initiation du présent travail afin d'étudier le profil épidémio-clinique, biologique et bactériologique de l'INBP. Matériel et méthodes :Il s'est agi d'une étude longitudinale descriptive qui s'est déroulée du 27 juin au 03 septembre 2016 ayant concerné les nouveau-nés d'âge ≤ à 72 heures hospitalisés pour INBP confirmée à l'hémoculture dans le service de néonatologie du département de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Touré de Bamako. Les paramètres étudiés étaient les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et obstétricales des mères, les caractéristiques cliniques, biologiques et bactériologiques des nouveau-nés infectés précocement. Résultats : Sur les 324 hémocultures réalisées, 52 étaient positives soit une fréquence d'INBP de 11,04 %. Le sex-ratio était de 1,3 avec 73,1% de petit poids de naissance. A l'admission, 90,4 % des nouveau-nés avait moins de 24 H de vie et 86, 5%étaient des naissances hors du CHU Gabriel Touré. Les principaux signes cliniques étaient l'hyperthermie ou l'hypothermie et la détresse respiratoire. Les principales bactéries isolées à l'hémoculture étaient Staphylococcus aureus (55,8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13,5 %) et Escherichia coli (07,7 %). La sensibilité à la biantibiothérapie de première intention (ceftriaxone + gentamicine)était faible (63,6%) et celle de l'amikacine était meilleure (100 %). La moitié des nouveau-nés infectés précocement est décédée et 19,2% d'exéat sans accord médical a été enregistrée. Conclusion: L'infection néonatale bactérienne précoce est une cause majeure de morbi-mortalité néonatale. Dans notre contexte, l'amikacine pourrait être une meilleure alternative thérapeutique

Introduction: Early neonatal bacterial infection (ENBI) is a major concern in neonatology. In Mali, no study had addressed this aspect, hence the initiation of this work to study the epidemiological-clinical, biological and bacteriological profile of ENBI. Materials and methods: This were a descriptive longitudinal study that took place from june 27 to september 3, 2016 involving newborns aged ≤ 72 hours hospitalized for ENBI confirmed by blood culture in the neonatology service of the pediatrics department of the Center Hospitalier et Universitaire (CHU) Gabriel Toure in Bamako. The parameters studied were the socio-demographic and obstetrical characteristics of the mothers, the clinical, biological and bacteriological characteristics of newborns infected early. Results: Of the 324 blood cultures performed, 52 were positive, i.e. an ENBI frequency of 11.04%. The sex ratio was 1.3 with 73.1% low birth weight. On admission, 90.4% of newborns had less than 24 hours of life and 86.5% were births outside the CHU Gabriel Toure. The main clinical signs were hyperthermia or hypothermia and respiratory distress. The main bacteria isolated in blood culture were Staphylococcus aureus (55.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.5%) and Escherichia coli (07.7%). Sensitivity to first-line biantibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone + gentamicin) was low (63.6%) and that of amikacin was better (100%). Half of the newborns infected early died and 19.2% of exeat without medical agreement was recorded. Conclusion: Early neonatal bacterial infection is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. In our context, amikacin could be a better therapeutic alternative

Profil épidémiologique et aspect à l'IRM des pathologies hypophysaires au CHU de Brazzaville / Epidemiological profile and MRI appearance of pituitary pathologies at Brazzaville University Hospital

Objectif :Décrire le profil épidémiologique et remnologique des pathologies retrouvées chez les patients adressés pour IRM hypophysaire dans le service d'imagerie médicale du CHU-B. Patients et Méthode :il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive, réalisée au service d'imagerie médicale du CHU de Brazzaville de janvier 2014 à décembre 2018. Tous les patients adressés pour IRM hypophysaire étaient inclus. Les examens ont été réalisés sur une IRM de haut champ de 1,5 Tesla sans et avec injection de produit de contraste. Les données épidémiologiques, l'indication et les résultats retrouvés ont été traitées avec le logiciel Microsoft Excel 2013. Résultats :Cinquante-huit IRM étaient retenues durant la période d'étude. L'âge moyen des patients était de 38,24 ± 11,52 ans avec des extrêmes allant de 12 à 74 ans et un âge médian de 36 ans. Le sexe ratio (F/H) était de 4,8 avec 48 femmes (82,76%). La galactorrhée était le motif de consultation le plus fréquemment retrouvé (21,88% des cas), suivie des aménorrhées (18,75%). L'adénome hypophysaire était la pathologie la plus fréquente devant les selles turciques vides et les kystes de la poche de Rathke. Conclusion :La pathologie hypophysaire est l'apanage du sujet jeune de sexe féminin. Son mode de révélation le plus fréquent est celui de troubles gynécologiques et/ou endocriniens. Les adénomes constituent la quasi-totalité de la pathologie hypophysaire avec une nette prédominance de macroadénome. L'IRM apporte des informations essentielles au diagnostic de cespathologies malgré son accessibilité et sa disponibilité qui restent encore limité.

Analysis of the divergent meridians of twelve meridians / 中国针灸

This paper analyzes the problems existing in the current theory of divergent meridian (""), such as the unclear route of divergent meridian, the controversy in the "---" and the lack of in-depth research on the theory of "", clarifies the source and privides insights. The author analyzed the word "" by means of the four proofreading methods combined with philology method to explore the origin of " ". The divergent meridians is the remnant of the original meridians system in the bamboo and silk documents, which was put into the meridians system after being sorted out by doctors. The twelve meridians are combined in two, forming the "" point, which is located in the neck, and has a great influence on the blood circulation of the head and neck. "" point and theory can guide the differentiation of acupuncture and moxibustion, and has an important guiding significance for the treatment of empirical, emergency and head and face diseases.

Professor 's experience of acupuncture and moxibustion of regulating spleen-stomach and differentiating meridians-collaterals / 中国针灸

Professor - successively followed famous doctors of acupuncture and spleen-stomach disease, such as -, inherited their academic thoughts and clinical experience, and studied the classics to summarize and propose the clinical academic proposition regulating spleen-stomach differentiating meridians-collaterals. In clinical practice, professor focuses on individual differences of patients, carefully examines syndrome and refines acupoint selection; he pays attention to regulating spleen-stomach, and actively uses Zusanli (ST 36); he simultaneously uses acupuncture-moxibustion and acupoints with efficacy; he inherits traditional reinforcing and reducing methods, and extends the scope of acupoint diagnosis and treatment, while he emphasizes keeping spirit and treating spirit, and the combination of mind and , in order to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment effect.

Degradation kinetics of organic matter in dairy industry wastewater by flotation/ozonation processes / Cinética de degradação da matéria orgânica nas águas residuárias da indústria de laticínios pelos processos de flotação/ozonização

This study evaluated the adjustment of four kinetic models and their respective parameters on data of dairy wastewater treatment by the physico-chemical process of flotation and ozonation. The experiment was implemented during the year 2014, with all the tests in triplicate. The treatments were carried out at different pH levels (3.6, 7.0 and 10.4), and flotation/ozonation was catalyzed by manganese (Mn2+) in neutral level (pH 7.0). Best removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD) were obtained in acidic medium, with removals greater than 75% after 20 min of treatment. There was no significant difference with regards to addition of Mn2+ on COD removal by the physicochemical process. The kinetic models that best fit to the experimental data, for all treatments, were the asymptotic (residual) model and that of Chan and Chu. Treatment in acidic medium showed the highest values of the kinetic parameters for the adjusted model, obtaining a k coefficient equal to 0.2394 min-1 for the asymptotic model and kinetic coefficient 1/ of 0.4816 min-1 for the Chan and Chu model, both presenting a determination coefficient greater than 99%.

Neste estudo, avaliou-se o ajuste de quatro modelos cinéticos (modelo de escoamento pistonado, mistura completa, assintótico ou residual e de Chan e Chu e seus respectivos parâmetros, na degradação da matéria orgânica presente no efluente de laticínios pelo processo físico-químico de flotação e ozonização. O experimento foi implementado durante o ano de 2014, com todos os testes em triplicata, os s tratamentos foram realizados sob diferentes pHs (3,6; 7,0 e 10,4), além da flotação/ozonização catalisada pelo manganês (Mn2+) em meio neutro. Observando que em meio ácido ocorreram as melhores eficiências de remoção da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), tendo sido obtida uma remoção superior a 75% em 20 min de tratamento. Não houve diferença significativa em relação à adição de Mn2+ ao processo físico-químico. Os modelos que mais se ajustaram aos dados experimentais, para todos os tratamentos realizados, foram o modelo assintótico e o de Chan e Chu. O tratamento em meio ácido foi o que apresentou os maiores valores dos parâmetros cinéticos para os modelos ajustados, obtendo-se para o modelo assintótico, coeficiente k igual a 0,2394 min-1, e para o modelo de Chan e Chu, coeficiente cinético 1/ de 0,4816 min-1, apresentando para ambos os modelos um coeficiente de determinação superior a 99%.

Textual research of chu, huo, huo, and hua / 中国中药杂志

Origin of Chinese Characters (Shuowen Jiezi) records a large number of drug names, providing rich materials for the study of the history of pharmacy. But in the aftertime circulating process, errors were inevitable, making the ancient scholars disagree on the relationship between some drug names and their referents. This paper would give a textual research on medication names about chu, huo, huo, and hua. Relevant content was analyzed by using Shuowen Jiezi, Er Ya,Yu Pian and previous annotations of these exegesis books, as well as herbal literature. The relationship between the names and referents, as well as their lexical meanings were clarified by comparing textual content in specialized book about Chinese exegetics and previous herbal literature. Their medicinal efficacy was explained, and the value of herbalism in these exegesis books was explored.

Análisis biométrico de restauraciones coronarias totales / Biometric analysis of full crown restorations

Objetivos: observar, analizar y comparar las restauraciones coronarias, a fin de determinar si respetan formas y proporciones de los dientes naturales, por medio de sondas que permiten cuantificar estas dimensiones. Materiales y métodos: con el instrumento T de Chu (Hu Friedy Inc.), se midieron el largo y el ancho de 50 incisivos centrales y laterales superiores, en pacientes de ambos sexos, de entre 25 y 50 años de edad, con salud periodontal, no fumadores, antes del tallado y luego de terminadas las coronas definitivas. Las mediciones previas a las restauraciones se consideraron grupo control. Los valores obtenidos fueron volcados en tablas y analizados estadísticamente con la prueba de Wilcoxon de muestras apareadas. Resultados: se observaron variaciones (p=0,0001) en el largo y el ancho (mm) de los dientes, luego del procedimiento protésico, en comparación a las medidas obtenidas de manera previa a las restauraciones coronarias. Conclusión: el uso del instrumento T de Chu garantiza la elaboración de restauraciones coronarias con proporciones adecuadas, gracias a que estandariza las dimensiones (ancho y largo).

Use of alternative media and different types of recipients in a laboratory culture of Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Reinsch) Korshikov (Chlorophyceae) / Utilização de meios alternativos e diferentes tipos de recipientes no cultivo de Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Reinsch) Korshikov (Chlorophyceae) em laboratório

A laboratory culture of Ankistrodesmus gracilis algae was evaluated by studying the biology of the species and its chemical composition in a traditional medium (CHU12) and in two alternative culture media, NPK (20-5-20) and macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) + NPK, in three different types of recipients (fiberglass, carboy and plastic bag). First peak in the growth curve of Ankistrodesmus gracilis occurred on the ninth day in macrophyte + NPK medium (74.16 x 105 cells mL-1) in a fiberglass recipient. However, highest density (p < 0.01) was reported in medium CHU12 (122.87 x 105 cells mL-1) in a plastic bag on the twelfth day. Cell density was over 70 x 105 cells mL-1 starting on the twelfth day. Growth rate of A. gracilis was similar (p > 0.05) in culture media in the three recipients. Protein and fiber were similar (p > 0.05) in the treatments, but lipids were higher (p < 0.05) in NPK. Nitrate, ammonia, total phosphorus and orthophosphate contents were over 1 mg L-1 in NPK (p < 0.01). Results show that alternative media, such as NPK and macrophyte + NPK, are possible for large-scale culture of A. gracilis cultured in three types of recipients. Costs are low, occupying less space when cultured in plastic bags and in the laboratory.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os aspectos biológicos e a composição química da alga Ankistrodesmus gracilis em laboratório utilizando um meio tradicional (CHU12) e dois meios alternativos, NPK (20-5-20) e macrófita (Eichhornia crassipes) + NPK em três diferentes tipos de recipientes (cuba de fibra de vidro translúcido, garrafões e saco plástico). O primeiro pico de densidade celular de Ankistrodesmus gracilis ocorreu no nono dia da curva de crescimento em meio macrófita+NPK (74,16 x 105 células mL-1) no recipiente de fibra de vidro, porém a maior densidade (p < 0,01) foi observada no meio CHU12 (122,87 x 105 células mL-1) em saco plástico no décimo segundo dia, a partir do qual a densidade celular permaneceu acima de 70 x 105 células mL-1. A taxa de crescimento de A. gracilis foi similar (p > 0,05) nos três recipientes e meios de cultivo. Os teores de proteína e fibra foram similares (p > 0,05) nos tratamentos utilizados, já os de lipídios foram mais elevados (p < 0,05) no meio NPK. Os teores médios de nitrato, amônia, fósforo total e ortofosfato estiveram acima de 1 mg L-1 no meio NPK (p < 0,01). Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam a possibilidade do uso de meios alternativos como o NPK e macrophyte +NPK para o cultivo de A. gracilis em larga escala cultivados nos três tipos de recipientes, porém, em saco plástico o custo é baixo e ocupa menos espaço em cultivo de laboratório.

Problématique de garde-malade au Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brazzaville (CHU-B) / NA

Le Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Brazzaville (C.H.U-B), est l'une des grandes structures sanitaires en République du Congo. Dans ce centre hospitalier, on constate une présence massive des gardes ­ malades, qui interpelle plus d'un observateur au point de s'interroger sur leur nécessité. Celle-ci serait ­ elle l'expression de la solidarité ou du dysfonctionnement des services sous tutelle du C.H.U-B? Pour vérifier nos hypothèses, nous nous sommes parvenus au résultat selon lequel, cette présence des gardes ­ malades dans ce centre hospitalier résulte de la conjonction de ces deux (02) facteurs, c'est ­ à ­ dire la solidarité mécanique et le dysfonctionnement du C.H.U-B. À cela s'ajoute l'inadéquation entre les nouvelles attentes des malades et l'état actuel des structures de ce centre.

The Brazzaville Hospital and University Center (C.H.U-B) is one of the largest health facilities in the Republic of Congo. In this hospital, there is a massive presence of sick keepers, which challenges more than one observer to question the reason of their existence. Would this be the expression of the solidarity or the dysfunction of the services under the supervision of the C.H.U-B? To verify our hypotheses, we arrived at the result according to which, this presence of the sick keepers in this hospital center results from the conjunction of these two (02) factors, that is to say the mechanical solidarity and the dysfunction of the CHU-B. Added to this is the mismatch between the new expectations of the patients and the current state of the structures of this center.

Life and Activities of Chu Hyun Chik / 의사학

Chu Hyun Chik was one of those who graduated first from Jejungwon Medical School in 1908, and had carried on an independence movement as well as religious, educational, and social movement both as a doctor and a Christian. He opened the Inje Hospital in Sunchon, North Pyeongan Province in 1909, and was put in prison on charges of being involved in Incident of '105 People' as he joined in Sinminhoe in which christians(Christians) from Gwanseo showed their initiative. With 3.1 Movement as a momentum, he started to raise funds for an independence movement mainly in North Pyongan Province, as a councilor of the Ministry of Finance of Shanghai Provisional Government of Korea. After he moved into Andong, Manchuria, he continued to support the spread of an independence movement by connecting Shanghai Provisional Government of Korea with the country. In October, 1919, he came to Sanghai as an exile and lead diverse activities as a member of Shin Han young man party and one of the leading men of Korean Christendom, especially related to An Chang Ho and christians around him and joining in Hungsadan. In 1925 when he returned home, he opened the Dongje Hospital and devoted himself to the developments of religious, educational, and social movement as a president of YMCA, Sunchon and an executive of a branch of Suyang Donguhoe in Sunch'?n. By Incident of Suyang Donguhoe he was put in prison, resisting Japanese Imperialism and died in 1942.

Pharmacokinetics of Dehydroevodiamine Following Intravenous Administration in Rats

Dehydroevodiamine (DHED) is one of the bioactive components of the Chinese herbal medicine Wu-chu-yu-tang that has been shown to produce various pharmacological effects. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of DHED after intravenous administration of two doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) in anesthetized rats. The plasma concentration of DHED was measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The mean area under the curve of the time-concentration profile was 21.9 and 53.9 microgram-min/ml after the 2.5- and 5-mg/kg doses, respectively, and the volume of distribution was 1584.9 and 1580.6 ml following 2.5- and 5-mg/kg doses, respectively. Plasma concentration profiles versus time were compatible with a two-compartment model and first-order kinetics. The terminal elimination half-life was 91.8+/-16.6 min and 78.7+/-11.9 min in the dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. This is the first report to study the pharmacokinetics of DHED in animals.

The Effects of Chu-ma Therapy on Decreasing Blood Pressure in Essential Hypertension / 간호학회지

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Chu-ma therapy and to suggest that the therapy is an effective nursing intervention tool to reduce blood pressure. The research design employed was the non-synchronized research method with non- equivalent control group. A total of 30 people with essential hypertension, who were from forty to sixty five years old, participated in the study. The Chu-ma therapy was administered by every day for ten or fifteen minutes for eight weeks from 19, April to 13, June in 1999. In order to evaluate the effects of Chu-ma therapy, blood pressure of the two groups were measured once a week, and physiological parameters (epinephrine, norepinephrine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides) were measured before and after the treatment. Collected data was analyzed by SAS package. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) There were significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the experimental group. 2) There were no significant changes in epinephrine, norepinephrine of the two groups. 3) There were significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides, and HDL- cholesterol increased significantly in the experimental group. 4) The effect of Chu-ma therapy on the measured time on the blood pressure in experimental group was as follows: Both of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased after 5weeks. The result proved that Chu-ma therapy is an effective nursing intervention tool for clients with essential hypertenion. However further research is still necessary to compare the effect with the different periods and number of times for Chu-ma therapy.

Acupuncture effect with the Thermal Video System - No. 1. The epigastrium / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

The acupuncture has been known to induce the changes is not only needling part but also other parts distant from needling part.<br>The histlogical or physiological changes observed in the skin of needling locus have been reported but the changes on the distant part from needling locus have not been known.<br>In the present study, the changes is skin tempreture on epigastrium “hsin hsia pi” (stagnancy under under the hert) caused by needling on loci Left S36, Right S36, Left P6, Right P6, Left LI4, Right LI4, and Right Liv 8 were observed by Thermal Video System.<br>The needling on the these loci induced the increase of skin tempreture in epigastic region. In addition, the needling on Left S36 was most effectve the increase the skin tempreture in epigastic region, and the increasing tempreture was 0.5°C.