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1.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 51(1): e20190838, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1133340

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: One of the biggest challenges in intercropping of two or more crops is to maintain their productivity as that of their sole counterparts. In order to obtain sustainable intercropping systems in a semi-arid environment, this study evaluated the agro-economic advantage and sustainability of intercropped systems of carrot and cowpea, optimizing the green manuring and spatial arrangements. Experiments were conducted in the period from July to October 2017 and 2018, using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments included four amounts of M. aegyptia incorporated into the soil (20, 35, 50, and 65 t ha-1 on dry basis) with three spatial arrangements (2:2, 3:3, and 4:4) between the components cultures formed from cowpea rows alternated with carrot rows. The agro-economic advantage indices evaluated in the intercropping systems were: land equivalent ratio (LER), area-time equivalent ratio (ATER), score of the canonical variable (Z), actual yield loss (AYL), intercropping advantage (IA), gross income (GI), net income (NI), rate of return (RR), and profit margin (PM). The highest agro-economic advantages of the carrot and cowpea intercropping were obtained for LER, ATER, NI, and RR of 2.60, 4.16, US$ 8,720.99 ha-1, and US$ 2.21, respectively, for M. aegyptia biomass amounts of 46.42, 47.82, 32.60 and 31.51t ha-1 added to the soil. The 2: 2 spatial arrangement was the one with the best productive performance, with higher net income and rate of return in the intercropping of carrot-cowpea.


RESUMO: Um dos maiores desafios no consórcio de duas ou mais culturas é manter sua produtividade como a de suas únicas contrapartes. Com o objetivo de obter sistemas de consórcio sustentáveis ​​em ambiente semiárido, este estudo avaliou vantagem agroeconômica e a sustentabilidade de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e feijão-caupi, otimizando a adubação verde e os arranjos espaciais. Experimentos foram conduzidos no período de julho a outubro de 2017 e 2018, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos incluíram quatro quantidades de M. aegyptia incorporadas ao solo (20, 35, 50 e 65 t ha-1 em base seca) com três arranjos espaciais (2: 2, 3: 3 e 4: 4) entre as culturas componentes formadas a partir de fileiras de feijão-caupi alternadas com fileiras de cenoura. Os índices de vantagem agroeconômica avaliados nos sistemas de consorciação foram: índice de uso eficiente da terra (UET), razão de área equivalente no tempo (RAET), escore da variável canônica (Z), perda de rendimento real (PRR), vantagem do consórcio (VC), renda bruta (RB), renda líquida (RL), taxa de retorno (TR) e margem de lucro (ML). As maiores vantagens agroeconômicas do consórcio de cenoura e feijão-caupi foram obtidas para UET, RAET, RL e TR de 2,60, 4,16, US$ 8.720,99 ha-1 e US$ 2,21, respectivamente, para as quantidades de biomassa de M. aegyptia de 46,42, 47,82, 32,60 e 31,51 t ha-1, adicionadas ao solo. O arranjo espacial 2: 2 foi o de melhor desempenho produtivo, com maior receita líquida e taxa de retorno no consórcio entre feijão-caupi e cenoura.

2.
Herald of Medicine ; (12): 1442-1447, 2017.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-667677

ABSTRACT

Improving the spatial agglomeration level of regional pharmaceutical industry is an important measure to promote the competitive ability of national industry.We used three evaluation indicators,Spatial Gini Coefficient,Location Concentration Ratio and Agglomeration Index,was to calculate the degree and speed of regional agglomeration of pharmaceutical industry from 2011 to Oct 2015.At present,China's pharmaceutical industry has formed spatial concentration,particularly concentrates in Shandong,Jiangsu and Guangdong.And the chemical pharmaceutical industry mainly concentrates in Shandong, Jiangsu,Guangdong and Beijing;Chinese traditional medicine industry concentrates in Shandong,Sichuan,Jilin and Jiangxi;biopharmaceutical industry concentrates in Shandong,Jiangsu,Henan.From the point of view of development speed,the agglomeration speeds of bio-pharmaceutical and traditional medicine industry are accelerating compared with the shrink of chemical pharmaceutical industry.Three provinces of the greatest growing speed of agglomeration for chemical,traditional medicine and bio-pharmaceutical industry are Jilin,Tibet and Jiangxi, respectively.Agglomeration growth of biopharmaceutical industry in western region is prominent.This paper suggests that the national government should play a leading role in the development of regional cluster for pharmaceutical industry.Some effective measures should be taken which include formulating the supporting policies of enterprise cluster,establishing the incentive system of drug innovation and optimizing the industrial portfolio in order to promote the formation of regional sustainable competitive advantage through agglomeration effect.

3.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 31(2): 333-343, mar./abr. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-963909

ABSTRACT

Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. , Amaranthus hybridus L. e Bidens pilosa L., bem como, a interferência do feijoeiro sobre o crescimento dessas plantas daninhas, além do efeito da mistura herbicida, fomesafen+fluazifop-p-butyl, sobre o desenvolvimento do feijoeiro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 15 dm³, utilizandose o delineamento em blocos casualizados. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se a interferência das plantas daninhas e o efeito da mistura herbicida sobre a cultura, já no segundo avaliou o efeito da interferência do feijoeiro no desenvolvimento das três espécies de plantas daninhas. A competição do feijoeiro com as plantas daninhas ocasionou efeitos negativos no crescimento da cultura, assim como, reduziu o crescimento das plantas infestantes. B. plantaginea e B. pilosa foram às espécies daninhas que mais acarretaram efeito negativo no crescimento da cultura. Todas as plantas infestantes tiveram o seu crescimento afetado negativamente quando em convivência com a cultura. A mistura herbicida ocasionou redução no crescimento radicular da cultura, podendo se refletir em futuras perdas de rendimento em condição de déficit hídrico ou escassez de nutrientes.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of interference Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus hybridus in the growth of bean plants, as well as the interference of bean on the growth of these weeds, plus the effect of the herbicide mixture, fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl, on the development of bean. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in pots of 15 dm ³, using a randomized block design. The first experiment evaluated the effect of weed and the effect of the herbicide mixture on the culture, in the second evaluated the effect of interference of bean in the development of three weed species. The bean competition with weeds caused negative effects on crop growth as well as reduced the growth of weeds. B. plantaginea and B. pilosa were the weeds that have resulted in more negative effect on crop growth. All weeds had negative affected growth of the culture. The herbicide mixture caused reduction in root growth of culture; this fact may be reflected in future income losses in water stress conditions or lack of nutrients.


Subject(s)
Amaranthus , Phaseolus , Bidens , Brachiaria , Plant Weeds , Fabaceae , Crop Production
4.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 29(5): 1111-1119, sept./oct. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-946736

ABSTRACT

Quando plantas estão submetidas à alta competição, as características fisiológicas normalmente são alteradas, o que resulta em diferenças no aproveitamento dos recursos do ambiente, principalmente no uso da água, que influencia de modo direto a disponibilidade de CO2 no mesofilo foliar e a temperatura da folha e, conseqüentemente, a eficiência fotossintética da planta. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características associadas à atividade fotossintética de folhas jovens e maduras em plantas de cafeeiro cultivadas em competição com Mucuna aterrima, Brachiaria plantaginea e Brachiaria decumbens, bem como, o efeito da densidade dessas espécies daninhas na cultura. As folhas mais maduras do cafeeiro se diferenciaram das folhas mais jovens por apresentar maiores valores de taxa fotossintética (A), taxa de transpiração (E), condutância estomática (Gs), consumo de CO2 (C) e a eficiência no uso da água (EUA) (exceto quando a cultura é cultivada na presença de B. decumbens). O aumento da densidade de M. aterrima promoveu o incremento do C e da E das plantas de café, assim como, o cultivo com B. decumbens aumentou a Concentração de CO2 subestomática (Ci) da cultura; já para B. plantaginea não houve influência da densidade nos parâmetros fisiológicos estudados. Pode-se concluir que as plantas de M. aterrima são mais competitivas quando presentes em menores densidades, influenciando negativamente o C, a Gs, a E e a A do cafeeiro, já B. decumbens possui maior habilidade competitiva quando em maior densidade, reduzindo a E, Gs e a A do cafeeiro.


When plants are exposed to high competition, the physiological characteristics of growth and development are usually altered, resulting in differences in the use of environmental resources, especially water use, so that influences directly the availability of CO2 in mesophyll and foliar leaf temperature and, consequently, the photosynthetic efficiency of the plant. Given the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics associated with photosynthetic activity of young and mature leaves in coffee plants grown in competition with Mucuna aterrima, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria plantaginea as well as the effect of the density of these weeds that culture. The leaves mature coffee differ from younger leaves due to the higher values of photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), CO2 consumption (C) and water use efficiency (USA) (except where the crop is grown in the presence of B. decumbens). The increased density of M. aterrima, promoted the increase of C and E of the coffee plants, as well as B. decumbens increased substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) of culture, as for B. plantaginea no influence of density on physiological parameters studied. It can be concluded that the plants M. aterrima are more competitive when present in lower densities, negatively influencing C, Gs, E and A coffee since B. decumbens has greater competitive ability while at higher density, reducing the E, A and Gs coffee.


Subject(s)
Brachiaria , Coffea , Coffea/physiology , Plant Weeds
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