Association of periodontal health with physical and emotional well-being among pre and postmenopausal women in Bangalore: a cross sectional study

Background: Menopausal transition is frequently accompanied by physical, emotional as well as periodontal health changes in pre and postmenopausal women due to the decline in circulating blood oestrogen levels. Aim was to investigate the association of periodontal health with physical and emotional well-being among pre and postmenopausal women aged 35-65 years. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 150 pre and 150 postmenopausal women in Bangalore urban district Women Health Questionnaire was used to assess physical and emotional well-being. WHO Oral Health Assessment form for adults 2013 along with plaque and gingival indexes were used to assess the periodontal health status. Descriptive, bivariate, multiple linear regression analysis were carried out. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age among pre and postmenopausal women were 40.09�24 years and 55.42�7 (p<0.001). The mean scores of depression/anxiety mood; somatic symptoms; memory/concentration; vasomotor symptoms; sleep problem was significantly higher in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal group (p<0.001). The mean number of teeth with gingival bleeding (12.93�0 and 6.94�68); deep periodontal pocket (2.05�61 and 0.44�97) were higher in postmenopausal group in comparison to the other group respectively (p<0.001). Depression was significantly associated with periodontal health of women in both the groups. Conclusions: Women after menopause experienced more physical and emotional changes. Periodontal health status was found to be poor among postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women.

Efecto de talleres de técnica de cepillado monitoreados y supervisados con la técnica "ver-repetir" sobre higiene oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva

Introducción. La salud bucodental de poblaciones vulnerables como aquellas con discapacidad auditiva se enfrenta a barreras de salud por la falta de habilidad para la comunicación resultando en una alta prevalencia de caries, enfermedad periodontal y pérdida dentaria. Objetivo. Disminuir el Índice de O´Leary posterior a talleres de técnica de cepillado monitoreados y supervisados con la técnica "ver-repetir". Materiales y Métodos. Estudio de intervención en estudiantes de una escuela para personas con discapacidad auditiva de Asunción-Paraguay, durante el 2022-2023. Los participantes recibieron entrenamiento de cepillado con la técnica de Bass en modelos y maquetas previo a cada sesión de cepillado. En cada sesión se proveyó a cada participante de cepillo y pasta dental. Se instruyó a padres y maestros para fomentar la técnica en el hogar y en la escuela. Se estableció el Índice de O´Leary previa aplicación de una sustancia reveladora de placa bacteriana. Resultados. Participaron del estudio, 46 niñas y 25 varones entre 4 a 13 años; 12 con dentición temporaria, 41 mixta y 18 permanente. Se realizaron 11 sesiones, siendo 8 la mediana de participación. El índice de O´leary fue al inicio 81,86% ± 26,09% que se redujo significativamente a 11,69% ± 3,94%; en el 100% se redujo a menos de 25%. Los primeros molares permanentes inicialmente cariados fueron restaurados y permanecieron sin recidivas hasta el final. Conclusión. La cantidad de placa bacteriana oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva se puede mantener bajo control siguiendo estrategias de higiene que sean supervisadas y monitoreadas.

Introduction. The oral health of vulnerable populations such as the hearing-impaired face barriers due to lack of communication skills resulting in a high prevalence of caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss. Objective. To decrease O'Leary index after monitored and supervised brushing technique workshops with the "see-repeat" technique. Materials and Methods. Intervention study in students of a school for people with hearing disabilities in Asunción-Paraguay, during 2022-2023. The participants received brushing training with the Bass technique on models and mock-ups prior to each brushing session. In each session, each participant was provided with a toothbrush and toothpaste. Parents and teachers were instructed to promote the technique at home and at school. The O'Leary Index was established after applying a substance that reveals bacterial plaque. Results. 46 girls and 25 boys between 4 and 13 years old participated in the study; 12 with temporary teeth, 41 mixed and 18 permanent. 11 sessions were held, with a median participation of 8. The O'leary index was 81.86% ± 26.09% at the beginning, which was significantly reduced to 11.69% ± 3.94%; in 100% it was reduced to less than 25%. The initially decayed first permanent molars were restored and remained recurrence-free until the end. Conclusion. The amount of oral bacterial plaque in hearing impaired children can be kept under control by following hygiene strategies that are supervised and monitored.

Clinical effect of Piezocision combined with a microporous technique on periodontal tissue reconstruction during anterior displacement of mandibular molars in adults / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical effectiveness of Piezocision combined with a microporous technique in accelerating periodontal tissue reconstruction during the anterior migration of mandibular molars in adults.Methods:A prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted on 30 adult orthodontic patients recruited from Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2020 and September 2022. The inclusion criteria were patients who were unable to retain their first molars due to severe caries or long-term absence and were not suitable for implantation. Using the random number table method, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups: a simple orthodontic control group (Group A, n = 15) and a group that received Piezocision combined with a microporous technique (Group B, n = 15). After treatment, a comparison was made between the two groups in terms of mesial movement distance of the mandibular second molar, plaque index, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss, mesial root resorption of the mandibular second molar, alveolar bone height (measured as the distance from the center of the lower incisor to the anterior margin of the chin, referred to as the LM-AC distance), mandibular bone height (measured by the distance from the distal or mesial surface of the root to the alveolar bone margin, denoted as the CEJ-AC distance), and orthodontic satisfaction. Results:The mesial movement distances of the mandibular second molar in Group A patients were (0.86 ± 0.13) mm, (2.75 ± 0.24) mm, (3.54 ± 0.24) mm, and (4.67 ± 0.13) mm at 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. These values were significantly greater than those observed in Group B, which were (0.43 ± 0.06) mm, (1.27 ± 0.14) mm, (1.85 ± 0.53) mm, and (2.65 ± 0.06) mm ( t = 6.83, 14.13, 18.24, 23.78, all P < 0.001). Prior to treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in plaque index, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival recession, or clinical attachment loss between the two groups (all P > 0.05). After treatment, Group A did not exhibit statistically significant differences in plaque index, gingival index, width of keratinized gingiva, and gingival recession compared with baseline values (all P > 0.05). However, in Group A, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss significantly increased compared with pretreatment levels ( t = -2.57, -7.50, both P < 0.05). After treatment, Group B exhibited significantly increased values for periodontal pocket depth, width of keratinized gingiva, gingival recession, and clinical attachment loss compared with baseline levels ( t = -8.66, -5.57, -45.33, -9.72, all P < 0.001). Furthermore, these values were significantly higher in Group B compared with those in Group A ( t = -4.28, -3.18, 10.00, 10.69, all P < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was also observed between the two groups in terms of mesial root resorption of the mandibular second molar ( t = 4.14, P < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in LM-AC distance between the two groups after treatment ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:The combination of Piezocision and a microporous technique can effectively accelerate the anterior migration of mandibular molars in adults while maintaining the health of periodontal tissues. This approach holds great potential for clinical promotion.

Salivary immunoglobulin levels and periodontal indices in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between salivary immunoglobulins, plaque index, and gingival index in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for the reporting of observational studies was followed. The DM1 group had 38 children, and an equal number of volunteers matched by sex and age were recruited as controls. Clinical examination was performed for plaque index and gingival index determination. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. Concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA test. Data were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests and a multiple linear regression model (p<0.05) was performed. Gingival index was higher in the Control (DM1: 0.16±0.17; Control: 0.24±0.23, p=0.040). In DM1, there was a correlation between IgA and age (rho=0.371, p=0.024), IgM and IgG (rho=0.459, p=0.007), and IgM and gingival index (rho=0.394, p=0.014). In DM1, multiple linear regression showed that age (p=0.041; β=0.363), gingival index (p=0.041; β=0.398), and plaque index (p=0.008; β=-0.506) were good predictors of IgA levels in saliva. Thus, IgA was the only researched immunoglobulin that was directly associated with plaque and gingival indices in Brazilian children with DM1, but not in control subjects.

Enjuagues bucales convencionales y herbales en el tratamiento de la enfermedad periodontal / Conventional and Herbal Mouthwashes in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Introducción: Existen datos controversiales y pocas revisiones acerca del efecto de los enjuagues herbales como complemento en la higiene bucal de pacientes con enfermedad periodontal. La reducción en costos y efectos secundarios de estos enjuagues, en comparación con los convencionales, los colocan en una posición prometedora para el cuidado de la salud. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto de los enjuagues bucales convencionales con los enjuagues herbales en la mejora de los siguientes parámetros periodontales: índice gingival, de placa, sangrado al sondaje, profundidad al sondaje y nivel de adherencia clínica en pacientes adultos con gingivitis o periodontitis. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, BVS y EBSCO, para identificar ensayos clínicos donde se comparen enjuagues bucales comerciales vs. herbales, publicados entre 2018 y 2022. Siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA, se utilizó el sistema PICO para determinar la pregunta clínica y una ecuación de búsqueda con criterios de elegibilidad. Resultados: De 485 estudios identificados inicialmente se analizaron 25 ensayos clínicos, de los cuales la mayoría se realizaron en la India (11) y en pacientes sin problemas sistémicos (23). Las muestras evaluadas fueron desde 19 hasta 318 sujetos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 74 años. El menor tiempo de seguimiento fue de siete días y el mayor de 180 días. Con respecto a los enjuagues evaluados, 20 ensayos usaron clorhexidina y 18 enjuagues a base de plantas herbáceas. Así mismo, seis estudios reportaron efectos adversos y tres reportaron conflictos de interés. Conclusiones: Los aceites esenciales combinados con curcumina redujeron el índice de placa en mayor medida que el enjuague de clorhexidina, que es el estándar dorado. Así mismo, la mayoría de los enjuagues herbales estudiados tuvieron un efecto similar a este último para mejorar los parámetros periodontales(AU)

Introduction: There are controversial data and few reviews about the effect of herbal rinses as an adjunct in oral hygiene in patients with periodontal disease. The reduction in costs and side effects of these rinses, in comparison with conventional rinses, place them in a promising position for health care. Objective: To compare the effect of conventional mouthwashes with herbal rinses in the improvement of the following periodontal parameters: gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and level of clinical adherence in adult patients with gingivitis or periodontitis. Methods: A review was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, BVS and EBSCO databases to identify clinical trials comparing commercial vs. herbal mouthrinses, published between 2018 and 2022. Following PRISMA recommendations, the PICO system was used to determine the clinical question and a search equation with eligibility criteria. Results: Out of 485 studies initially identified, 25 clinical trials were analyzed, of which the majority were conducted in India (11) and in patients without systemic problems (23). The samples evaluated ranged from 19 to 318 subjects, aged 18-74 years. The shortest follow-up time was seven days and the longest was 180 days. Regarding the rinses evaluated, 20 trials used chlorhexidine and 18 used herbal rinses. Also, six studies reported adverse effects and three reported conflicts of interest. Conclusions: Essential oils combined with curcumin reduced plaque index to a greater extent than the gold standard chlorhexidine rinse. Most of the herbal rinses studied had a similar effect to the latter in improving periodontal parameters(AU)

Efficacy of minocycline hydrochloride ointment combined with metronidazole film in the treatment of periodontitis and their effects on C-reactive protein and elastase levels in gingival crevicular fluid / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of minocycline hydrochloride ointment combined with metronidazole film in the treatment of periodontitis and their effects on C-reactive protein and elastase levels in the gingival crevicular fluid.Methods:76 patients with periodontitis who received treatment in Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2019 to January 2020 were included in this study. They were randomly allocated to undergo treatment with metronidazole film (control group, n = 38) or minocycline hydrochloride ointment plus metronidazole film (observation group, n = 38) for 4 weeks. We compared clinical efficacy, periodontal system examination indexes (gingival index, periodontal probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding index, plaque index, loss of attachment), gingival crevicular fluid biochemical markers (C-reactive protein, elastase in the pellet, elastase in the supernatant) measured before and after treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions, and the recurrence rate within half a year after treatment between the two groups. Results:The total response rate was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group [97.37% (37/38) vs. 78.95% (30/38), χ2 = 6.17 , P < 0.05]. Gingival index, periodontal probing pocket depth, gingival bleeding index, plaque index, and loss of attachment measured after treatment were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (all P < 0.001). C-reactive protein, elastase in the pellet, and elastase in the supernatant measured after treatment were (5.31 ± 1.19) μg/L, (0.70 ± 0.20) Abs/mL, (0.48 ± 0.19) Abs/mL respectively in the observation group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group [(7.92 ± 1.27) μg/L, (1.15 ± 0.52) Abs/mL, (1.12 ± 0.31) Abs/mL, t = 9.24, 4.97, 10.85, all P < 0.001]. The recurrence rate within half a year in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group [2.63% (1/38) vs. 20% (6/38), χ2 = 3.93, P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Minocycline hydrochloride ointment combined with metronidazole film is safe and effective in the treatment of periodontitis. The combined therapy help downregulate the levels of C-reactive protein, elastase in the pellet, elastase in the supernatant of the gingival crevicular fluid, alleviate inflammation, improve the periodontal status, and reduce the recurrence rate.

Análisis Comparativo de la Eficacia, Comodidad y Seguridad del Cepillo Eléctrico Oscilante-Rotatorio Oral-B en Pacientes Portadores de Ortodoncia Fija: Un Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado / Comparative Analysis of the Efficacy, Comfort and Safety of the Oral-B Oscillating-Rotary Electric Toothbrush in Patients with Fixed Orthodontia: A Randomized Clinical Trial

La higiene oral es fundamental en pacientes en tratamiento de ortodoncia. Actualmente hay una oferta amplia de cepillos eléctricos con este fin. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue determinar la eficacia y la comodidad del cep illo eléctrico Oral-B® Professional Care 500 en pacientes portadores de ortodoncia. Se realizó un ensayo clínico, randomizado, doble ciego, unicéntrico, con una muestra de 90 pacientes, divididos en dos grupos: 45 pacientes utilizaron cepillo eléctrico y 45 sujetos utilizaron cepillos manuales durante 90 días. Se determinó la efectividad con los índices O'leary, índice de placa de bracket e índice de Eastman al inicio, a los 30 y a los 90 días de uso de los cepillos y se evaluó la comodidad del cepillo eléctrico mediante una encuesta de satisfacción al término del estudio. Al analizar los datos, se observó una disminución significativa en los índices de O'leary y de placa de bracket en ambos grupos,mientras que se observó una disminución significativa en el índice de Eastman sólo en el grupo que utilizó el cepillo eléctrico. El resultado de la encuesta, indica qu e, en opinión de los participantes del estudio, el cepillo eléctrico es cómodo, fácil de usar y recomendable para pacientes con aparatología fija. En conclusión, el cepillo eléctrico Oral-B® Professional Care 500 resultó ser efectivo y cómodo al ser usado por pacientes portadores de ortodoncia fija y puede ser recomendado para este tipo de pacientes.

Oral hygiene is essential in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Currently there is a wide offer of electric brushes for this purpose. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy and comfort of the Oral-B® Professional Care 500 electric toothbrush in orthodontic wearers. A double-blind, single-center clinical trial was carried out, in which the sample was 90 patients, these were randomized into two groups: 45 patients with electric toothbrush treatment and 45 subjects with manual toothbrush treatment. The effectiveness was determined with the O'leary indexes, the bracket plate index and the Eastman index. For the evaluation of comfort, a survey was used. Statistical analysis was performed with the Shapiro-Wilks test and the Mann-Whitney U test, in which a significant decrease was found in the O'leary index and bracket plate index in the group that used the electro-oscillating brush rotary and a greater decrease in the Eastman index was observed in the same group. In conclusion, the electric toothbrush is comfortable and easy to use, recommended for patients with fixed appliances.

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.

"Amar" el índice de O'Leary / The O'Leary index, a.k.a. the "Love" index

La detección y cuantificación de placa dental bacteriana se considera básica en la práctica de la estomatología. El índice O'Leary constituye una herramienta sencilla que mide la cantidad de placa dental bacteriana en los dientes, y resulta uno de los más efectivos en la evaluación de la higiene bucal. La connotación que tiene la higiene bucal en varias esferas de la vida quizás llevó a que este índice fuera bautizado en Cuba como índice de Love (Amor); por lo que nos proponemos esclarecer la conveniencia del empleo de la denominación internacional de este(AU)

Detection and quantification of bacterial dental plaque is considered to be crucial in dental practice. The O'Leary index is a simple tool to measure the amount of bacterial dental plaque on teeth and one of the most effective means to evaluate oral hygiene. The connotation of oral hygiene in several spheres of life is probably the reason why this index is also known in Cuba as the Love Index. We intend to shed light on the advisability of using the international term(AU)

Efficacy of different tooth-brushing methods for removing dental plaque / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to measure the efficacy of different tooth-brushing methods for removing plaque in Korea. METHODS: This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Seoul National University School of Dentistry (S-D20180021). Thirty participants aged between 19 and 30 years, who did not have periodontal disease, were enrolled in this observational study. Participants were given the same type of toothbrush and toothpaste and asked to brush their teeth as they usually would. During brushing, participants were recorded with a camcorder that was attached to a mirror. Participants were aware they were being recorded. After they had finished brushing their teeth, a dental plaque staining and oral plaque index (PI) examination was performed. The PI score was measured using the Turesky modified Quigley Hein Index. Brushing methods were classified as rolling, horizontal, vertical, circling, and oblique. Skipped surfaces were recorded separately. Following this, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Most surfaces of the mouth were skipped. The most commonly used brushing method was the circling method, followed by the vertical, horizontal, rolling, and oblique methods. The most frequently used method on the vestibular surface was circling, with 52.92% of the oral surface skipped. The oblique brushing method had the lowest mean PI score with a mean±SD of 1.73±0.82. The mean PI score of the skipped surfaces was the highest with a mean±SD of 2.52±0.81. We also analyzed the linear mixed model considering the different lengths of time spent brushing. Both the brushing method used and the time spent brushing had a significant effect on the PI score, but no interactions between these were observed. In areas where a horizontal brushing method had been used, the PI score was significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the horizontal brushing method is an efficient tooth-brushing method compared to the other methods. Additionally, tooth-brushing for more than 10 seconds on 3 to 4 teeth area was effective in removing dental biofilm.

Gingivitis and associated factors in preschoolers from community homes in Valle del Cauca / Gingivitis y factores asociados en preescolares de hogares comunitarios del Calle del Cauca

Abstract. Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of gingivitis and associated factors in preschoolers from community homes in 6 municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Methods: analytical transverse study in 982 children from 11 community homes selected by simple random sampling; the presence of gingivitis and the community bacterial plaque index (CBP) were recorded. Results: a gingivitis prevalence of 30.8% and a bacterial plaque index of 41.3% (CI95% 40.4-42.5) were found. A plaque level of 2.2% was considered acceptable. The highest prevalence of gingivitis was related to the Afro-descendant population, preschoolers' poor oral hygiene, and poor oral health knowledge among the mothers from evaluated community homes. Conclusions: A high prevalence of gingivitis was found in connection to high levels of bacterial plaque and the presence of caries, reflecting the health services' poor response to preschoolers' oral problems.

RESUMEN. Introducción: el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la prevalencia de gingivitis y sus factores asociados en preescolares de hogares comunitarios de 6 municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: estudio transversal analítico en 982 niños de 11 hogares comunitarios seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple; se registró la presencia de gingivitis y el índice de placa bacteriana comunitario (IPC). Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de gingivitis de 30,8% y un índice de placa bacteriana de 41,3% (IC95% 40,4-42,5). El nivel de placa considerado como aceptable fue de 2,2%. La mayor prevalencia de gingivitis estuvo relacionada con población afrodescendiente, mala higiene bucal de los preescolares y deficientes conocimientos en salud bucal por parte de las madres comunitarias de los hogares evaluados. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta prevalencia de gingivitis relacionada con altos niveles de placa bacteriana y con la presencia de caries, lo que refleja la poca respuesta de los servicios de salud a los problemas bucodentales de los preescolares.

Impact of Three Different Education Methods on Oral Hygiene and Theoretical Knowledge of Schoolchildren

Objective: To evaluate the impact of three different education methods on the oral hygiene levels of school children using clinical and theoretical findings. Material and Methods: 144 children (72 males and 72 females), whose ages ranged between 8-13, were divided into 12 equal experimental groups according to their ages and gender. They were all considered to have poor hygiene. Only one out of the three different education methods (brochure, model or video) was applied to each group. The percentage change in PI, GI, BOP and theoretical test points from the baseline to the 6th months were evaluated. The data was statistically analysed by using Kolmogorov- Smirnov and One-way ANOVA tests. Results: Reduction in PI, GI and BOP scores was significantly greater (p<0.05) in the video applied groups compared to the brochure groups in the age of 8-10 groups for both genders and in 11-13-year-old males. In 11- 13-year-old females, all methods showed similar results (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in test points in 8-10 and 11-13-year-old female groups (p>0.05), whereas a significant increase in test points was observed in the video and model applied groups compared to the brochure groups in 8-10 and 11-13-year-old male groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: It may be more helpful and effective for children to get the oral hygiene education using the visual methods, especially for those under the age of ten.

Effective professional intraoral tooth brushing instruction using the modified plaque score: a randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the modified plaque score (MPS) for assessing the oral hygiene status of periodontitis patients. METHODS: A total of 116 patients were included in this study. After evaluation of the Löe and Silness gingival index (GI), Silness and Löe plaque index (PlI), O'Leary plaque control record (PCR), and MPS, patients were randomly assigned to either a conventional tooth brushing instruction (C-TBI) group (n=56) or a professional intraoral tooth brushing instruction (P-TBI) group (n=60). The MPS and clinical parameters were re-evaluated after scaling and a series of root planing. The convergent validity of MPS with the PlI and PCR was assessed. The measurement time for MPS and PCR was compared according to the proficiency of the examiner. RESULTS: After root planing, the GI, PlI, PCR, and MPS improved from their respective baseline values in both groups. Three different plaque indices including the MPS, showed significant differences between the C-TBI group and the P-TBI group after root planing. The MPS showed significant concurrence with the PCR and PlI. The mean time for PCR measurement was 2.76±0.71 times longer than that for MPS measurement after 2 weeks of training. CONCLUSIONS: MPS seems to be a practical plaque scoring system compared with the PlI and PCR. These findings suggest that repetitive plaque control combined with an easily applicable plaque index (MPS) may facilitate more effective oral hygiene education and improved periodontal health.

Oral health in patients with cystic fibrosis

The oral health in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is not well studied. Aim: In this context, we describe the frequency of dental problems and performed the description of plaque index and gingival index in patients with CF. Methods: We performed a descriptive study about oral health enrolling 94 patients with CF. Results: The CF diagnosis was done considering the sweat test with chloride values ≥ 60 mmol/L. The permanent dentition was predominant in 57/94 (60.64%) patients with CF ­ 28/57 (49.12%) caries, 57/57 (100%) filled teeth and 1/57 (1.75%) missing tooth. Deciduous teeth occurred in 37/94 (39.36%) patients with CF ­ 22/37 (59.46%) carious, 29/37 (78.38%) exfoliated teeth, 20/37 (54.05%) filled teeth. Also, the plaque index and gingival index had scored less than one in many cases (≥ 50% of the cases). Conclusions: Patients with CF showed oral health problems with prevalence comparable to that of the normal population and low values in the plaque index and gingival index

Prevalencia de caries en preescolares de hogares comunitarios en el Valle del Cauca y factores sociales relacionados / Caries prevalence of preschool age children in community homes of the Cauca Valle and related social factors

Resumen La caries dental es un problema de salud pública debido a su alta frecuencia en la población y los costos que implican para la sociedad. Los estudios realizados en las últimas décadas en la población menor de seis años de edad han encontrado una prevalencia en un rango entre 20 y 70%. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue describir los indicadores de caries como índice y nivel de COP, antecedentes de caries y prevalencia de caries dental en niños en algunos hogares comunitarios de seis municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 982 niños de hogares comunitarios de seis municipios. El índice clásico de la СОР y la COP modificada se registraron de acuerdo con un instrumentó clínico proporcionado por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia. Los estimadores se calcularon teniendo en cuenta el diseño, utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS versión 19. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de caries del 45.6% (caries con o sin cavitación). El COP clásico fue de 1.7 (1С del 95%: 1.5-1.9) en la población de dos a cinco años y aumentó a 2.3 incluyendo la modificación de la caries sin cavitación. En el análisis de regresión simple, el tipo de seguridad social, la condición étnica y la edad se correlacionaron con el nivel de COP. Conclusión: Este estudio encontró una prevalencia y antecedentes de caries en la población preescolar menor que la reportada en el Tercer Estudio Nacional de Salud Oral en la población de cinco años y los resultados reportados en el estudio IV a los tres y cinco años.

ABSTRACT Dental caries represents a public health problem due to its high frequency in population and the cost it represents for society, studies conducted in recent decades in children under the age of six have found prevalence in a 20 to 70% range. Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe caries indicators such as DMF index and degree, caries history and caries prevalence found in children living in some community homes of six municipalities of Valle del Cauca in Colombia. Material and methods: A cross-sectioned study was conducted in 982 children lodged in community homes of six municipalities. Classic index of DMF and modified DMF were recorded according to a clinical instrument provided by the Social Protection Ministry of Colombia. Estimators were calculated bearing in mind the design and using statistical program SPSS, Version 19. Results: A 45.6% caries prevalence was found (caries with or without cavitation). Classic DMF was 1.7 (95% СІ: 1.5-1.9) in the two to five year old population and increased to 2.3 when including the modification of caries without cavitation. In the simple regression analysis, type of social security, ethnicity and age were correlated to DMF teeth. Conclusion: The present study found lesser prevalence and history of caries in pre-school age children than that reported in the third national oral health study in five year old population, as well as results reported in the fourth study for population aged 3-5 years.

The antiplaque and bleeding control effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride and tranexamic acid mouth rinse in patients with gingivitis

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and tranexamic acid (TXA) mouth rinse on patients with gingivitis. METHODS: This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, clinical trial included 45 healthy adults with gingivitis, who were randomized into 2 groups. The experimental group used a 0.05% CPC and 0.05% TXA mouth rinse, and the control group used a placebo mouth rinse. The following clinical indices were assessed at baseline, at 3 weeks, and at 6 weeks: the Turesky-Quigley-Hein plaque index (QHI), the Löe-Silness gingival index (GI), and bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP). The subjects used the mouth rinse during the experimental period for 20 seconds, 4–5 times daily (10 mL each time). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the clinical indices between the groups at baseline. In the experimental group (CPC+TXA), a statistically significant improvement was evident in the QHI, GI, and BOMP at 3 and 6 weeks. These results were similar to those observed in the control group at 3 and 6 weeks, although the change in BOMP was not statistically significant in that group. At 6 weeks, the experimental group had a significantly lower mean score for the QHI than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that a CPC and TXA mouth rinse exhibited significant antiplaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy, and had a positive effect on bleeding control when used daily for 6 weeks.

Comparison of traditional dental plaque indices with real stained plaque area / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare Plaque Percent Index (PPI), calculated by Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI), Rustogi's modification of the Navy Plaque Index (RMNPI), and the Quigley & Hein Plaque Index (QHPI), with visual assessment. METHODS: Ninety-six subjects, aged between 30–65 years, were examined; twenty subjects were included in the final analysis. The subjects' teeth were stained and photographed. Dental coloring and intraoral camera photography were performed by a single examiner. The oral images obtained were analyzed using Image J to measure the area of dental plaque. The values of PHPI, RMNPI, and QHPI were calculated twice. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The results of the correlation analyses of PPI with PHPI, QHPI, and RMNPI were as follows: for PHPI, the correlation coefficient (r)=0.584; for QHPI, r=0.689; and for RMNPI, r=0.729. Further, the kappa indices of PHPI, QHPI, and RMNPI were 0.810, 0.677, and 0.590 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among RMNPI, QHPI, and PHPI dental plaque indices, RMNPI and QHPI showed a high degree of correlation with the actual stained dental plaque area; on the other hand, PHPI showed the highest kappa index.

Effect of Repeated Oral Health Education on the Oral Health of Preschool Children / 치위생과학회지

This study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated oral health education on the oral health of preschool children. This study classified the control group of children of 5~6 years of age where the oral health education was conducted one time, and the experiment group where the oral health education was conducted 4 times. The oral health conditions of each group and their risk of developing dental caries were also assessed. No significant difference was observed in the participants in terms of general characteristics, oral health conditions, risk of developing dental caries, and oral health behavior after oral health education. The two groups did not show a significant difference (p<0.001) in dental plaque index before and after oral health education, and showed a significant difference (p<0.001) according to the number of education sessions. Before oral health education, the participants in both groups were brushing their teeth incorrectly. However, after the third session, 56.7% of the participants in the experimental group and 9.4% in the control group used the correct method of tooth brushing. A significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.05). In addition, when the tooth-brushing time was compared, the two groups showed a significant difference (p<0.001), and a significant difference was observed in terms of the number of education sessions (p<0.05). In summary, repeated oral health education had significant influences on the dental plaque index, tooth-brushing method, brushing occlusal surfaces, and tooth-brushing time. Therefore, when oral health education is carried out, repeated oral health education in children is more effective than one-time oral health education as reflected in the changes in dental plaque index and oral health behavior. Moreover, oral health education is considered effective in changing the oral health behavior of children when conducted at least 3 times.

Comparing Chewable and Manual Toothbrushes for Reducing Dental Plaque: A Pilot Study / 치위생과학회지

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chewable toothbrush and manual toothbrush and provide basic data for recommendation of the chewable toothbrush in specific groups and situations. A total of 20 subjects participated in this study (rolling method, 10; non-rolling method, 10). After professional prophylaxis, participants used the manual toothbrush to brush their teeth for 3 minutes. After a 7-day wash-out period, participants used the chewable toothbrush according to the manufacturer's instructions. Pre- and post-plaque indexing of the teeth was performed. The dental plaque index was assessed using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI) for amount of plaque and Silness-Löe Plaque Index (SLPI) for plaque thickness. The difference between pre- and post-dental plaque index was analyzed using a paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to compare the dental plaque index reduction rates. The dental plaque index differed significantly between the chewable toothbrush and the manual toothbrush. The TMQHPI reduction rate was significantly different between the rolling and non-rolling method groups for the manual toothbrush but not the chewable toothbrush. The difference in SLPI reduction rate between the rolling and non-rolling method groups was significant for the manual toothbrush but not for the chewable toothbrush. Differences in the dental plaque index reduction rates between the chewable and manual toothbrushes were not significant in the non-rolling method group. The results of this study showed higher reduction rates in dental plaque with manual toothbrush use than with chewable toothbrush use. However, the non-rolling method group did not show statistically significant differences according to toothbrush type. The present study showed that a chewable toothbrush can be an alternative to a manual toothbrush for individuals who have difficulty using the generally recommended rolling method.

The correlation of HMGB-1 with the halitosis and chronic periodontitis / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To assess the correlation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) with Organoleptic rating(OR),dental plaque index(PLI) and halitosis with chronic periodontitis.Methods:Serum samples from 20 halitosis patients,20 chronic periodontitis patients with oral malodor and 8 healthy controls were collected.The level of HMGB-1 in the serum was detected by ELISA.The OR and PLI were estimated by organoleptic method and periodontal examination respectively.The data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0.Results:The levels of HMGB1 in the serum from 2 groups of patients was significantly higher than that of the controls(P ＜0.01).The level of HMGB-1 in the patients of halitosis with chronic periodontitis was significantly higher than that of the halitosis patients(P ＜ 0.01).There was no statistical difference of OR between the 2 groups of patients(P ＞ 0.05).The PLI of the chronic periodontitis patients with oral malodor was significantly higher than that of halitosis patients (P ＜ 0.01).The correlation of HMGB1 with OR and PLI of 2 groups of patients were positively correlated(P ＜ 0.05 and 0.01 respectively),the OR of halitosis patients showed no relevant(P ＞0.05).Conclusion:HMGB-1 may be one of the important factors that result in chronic periodontal inflammation and stubborn bad breath.