Costos directos en el tratamiento del pie diabético Unidad de Pie Diabético. Hospital de Clínicas. Universidad de la República

En el mundo un paciente diabético gasta entre dos y tres veces más que el no diabético. El pie diabético disminuye la calidad de vida, aumenta la morbimortalidad y la carga económica del sistema de salud. Objetivo: comunicar la investigación realizada sobre costos directos en el tratamiento de la úlcera del pie diabético. Material y método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de pacientes asistidos en la Unidad de Pie del Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, entre octubre de 2014 y septiembre de 2016. Se estimaron gastos directos del tratamiento ambulatorio e internación a través de información de la historia clínica. El horizonte de tratamiento fue de tres meses. Se calcularon los gastos en unidades reajustables (UR), pesos y dólares. Los gastos se actualizaron a octubre del 2022 utilizando el índice de precios al consumo (IPC), ajustado a la tasa de inflación acumulada. Resultados: incluimos 49 pacientes, 11 mujeres y 38 hombres, edad promedio 61,5 años. El gasto general fue mayor a 400.000 dólares, con el mayor costo en gastos de internación. El gasto total promedio por paciente fue de 8.799 dólares. El tratamiento convencional fue 3.707,93 dólares, la amputación mayor 32.003,61 dólares y amputación menor 12.385,34 dólares. El gasto en internación fue muy superior al del paciente ambulatorio. En emergencia, 28 pacientes gastaron 4.396 dólares. El incremento de costos al año 2022 fue de 37,45%, suponiendo un gasto general de 16.682.993,4 pesos o 410.830,2 dólares. Conclusión: primera evaluación en nuestro país de estimación de gastos en pie diabético. El costo de la úlcera genera una carga económica notoria y en aumento. La gravedad inicial de la úlcera determina ingresos con elevados costes. Los gastos de internación y amputaciones representan la mayor erogación económica.

On a global scale, a diabetic patient incurs healthcare expenses that are 2 to 3 times higher than those of a non-diabetic individual. Diabetic foot syndrome reduces the quality of life, increases morbidity and mortality, and places an economic burden on the healthcare system. Objective: Communicating the research conducted on direct costs in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Method: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study of patients treated at the Foot Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas (UDELAR) between October 2014 and September 2016. Direct treatment costs for outpatient care and hospitalization were estimated using information from the medical records. The treatment horizon extended over a period of 3 months. Expenses were calculated in readjustable units, Uruguayan pesos (UYU), and United States dollars (USD). Expenses were updated to October 2022 using the Consumer Price Index (IPC) adjusted for the cumulative inflation rate. Results: 49 patients were included in the study: 11 women and 38 men, average age was 61.5 years old. The overall expenditure exceeded 400,000 USD, with the highest cost attributed to hospitalization expenses. The average total expenditure per patient amounted to 8,799 USD. The cost of conventional treatment was 3,707.93 USD, major amputation represented USD 32,003.61, and minor amputation USD 12,385.34. Hospitalization expenses significantly exceeded those of outpatient care. In the emergency department, 28 patients spent USD 4,396. The increase in costs by the year 2022 amounted to 37.45%, resulting in a total expenditure of UYU 16,682,993.4 (Uruguayan pesos) or USD 410,830.2. Conclusions: It was the first assessment in our country to estimate diabetic foot costs. The cost of ulcer management imposes a significant and increasing economic burden. The initial severity of the ulcer results in hospitalization which implies high associated costs. Hospitalization and amputation costs constitute the most substantial economic expenditure.

Em todo o mundo, um paciente diabético gasta entre 2 e 3 vezes mais do que um paciente não diabético. O pé diabético reduz a qualidade de vida, aumenta a morbimortalidade e a carga económica no sistema de saúde. Objetivos: Comunicar os resultados da pesquisa realizada sobre os custos diretos no tratamento das úlceras do pé diabético. Materiais e métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo de pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Pie do Hospital de Clínicas (UDELAR), entre outubro de 2014 e setembro de 2016. Foram estimados gastos diretos com tratamento ambulatorial e internação, por meio de informações do prontuário do paciente. O período de tratamento estudado foi de 3 meses. As despesas foram calculadas em Unidades Ajustáveis, em pesos uruguaios (UYU) e em dólares norte-americanos (USD). As despesas foram atualizadas para outubro de 2022 pelo Índice de Preços ao Consumidor (IPC) ajustado à inflação acumulada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 49 pacientes: 11 mulheres e 38 homens com idade média de 61,5 anos. A despesa global foi superior a US$ 400.000, com o maior custo em despesas de hospitalização. A despesa total média por paciente foi de US$ 8.799. Os custos por tratamento foram: Tratamento convencional US$ 3.707,93 USD, amputação maior US$ 32.003,61 e amputação menor US$ 12.385,34. O gasto com internação foi muito superior ao do ambulatório. No atendimento de emergência 28 pacientes gastaram US$ 4.396. O aumento dos custos até 2022 foi de 37,45%, assumindo uma despesa geral de UY$ 16.682.993,4 ou US$ 410.830,2 USD. Conclusão: Esta é a primeira avaliação de estimativa de gastos com pé diabético realizada no Uruguai. O custo das úlceras gera uma carga económica notável e crescente. A gravidade inicial da úlcera determina internações com custos elevados. As despesas com hospitalização e amputação representam o maior gasto financeiro.

Papel de la neuropatía diabética en la aparición y desarrollo del síndrome del pie diabético / Role of Diabetic Neuropathy in the Onset and Development of Diabetic Foot Syndrome

Introducción: La neuropatía diabética es la complicación más frecuente de la diabetes mellitus y una de sus posibles consecuencias es el síndrome del pie diabético. Los médicos del primer nivel de atención deben conocer el comportamiento clínico de la neuropatía diabética y, sobre todo, como influye en la aparición y desarrollo del síndrome del pie diabético. Objetivo: Describir el papel de la neuropatía diabética en la aparición y desarrollo del síndrome del pie diabético. Métodos: Para la obtención de la información se utilizaron como motores de búsqueda de información científica los correspondientes a Scielo, Pubmed, y Google Académico. Se usaron como palabras clave: diabetes mellitus; neuropatía diabética; pie diabético; síndrome de pie diabético; úlcera de pie diabético; ataque de pie diabético. Se evaluaron diferentes trabajos de revisión, investigación y páginas web, y se excluyeron los artículos que tuvieran más de 10 años de publicados, en idiomas diferentes al español, portugués e inglés y que no se refirieran al tema de estudio a través del título. Esto permitió la cita de 45 referencias bibliográficas. Conclusiones: La neuropatía diabética constituye el principal factor de riesgo en la aparición y desarrollo del síndrome del pie diabético, sobre todo cuando se asocia a artropatía (defectos podálicos), enfermedad vascular periférica y/o sepsis. El control de la glucemia, la detección temprana del pie de riesgo y el cuidado preventivo de los miembros inferiores, repercutirá favorablemente en la salud y bienestar del paciente(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is the most frequent complication of diabetes mellitus and one of its possible consequences is diabetic foot syndrome. First level of care physicians should know the clinical behavior of diabetic neuropathy and, above all, how it influences the appearance and development of diabetic foot syndrome. Objective: To describe the role of diabetic neuropathy in the appearance and development of diabetic foot syndrome. Methods: To obtain the information, SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar were used as search engines for scientific information. The keywords used were: diabetes mellitus; diabetic neuropathy; diabetic foot; diabetic foot syndrome; diabetic foot ulcer; diabetic foot attack. Different review papers, research papers and web pages were evaluated and articles that were more than 10 years old and published in languages other than Spanish, Portuguese and English and that did not refer to the subject of the study through the title were excluded. This allowed the citation of 45 bibliographic references. Conclusions: Diabetic neuropathy constitutes the main risk factor in the appearance and development of diabetic foot syndrome, especially when associated with arthropathy (foot defects), peripheral vascular disease and/or sepsis. Glycemic control, early detection of the foot at risk and preventive care of the lower limbs will have a favorable impact on the patient's health and well-being(AU)

Serum Procalcitonin (PCT) - Is there a Role as an Early Biomarker in Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcer (IDFU) Patients?

@#Introduction: Infected diabetic foot ulcers may lead to serious complications if not recognised in the early stage. Diagnosis of infection is particularly challenging at that stage; thus, a sensitive inflammatory biomarker may be helpful. We aimed to evaluate the role of procalcitonin (PCT) as an early biomarker for infected diabetic foot ulcers (IDFU). Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Klinik Rawatan Keluarga (KRK), Orthopedic clinic and wards in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) from May 2020 to December 2020. A total of 264 participants were recruited and divided into three groups: 50 diabetic patients with no ulcers (control), 107 patients with non-infected diabetic foot ulcers (NIDFU), and 107 patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers (IDFU). The level of PCT was taken for all patients. Total white count (TWC) and Creactive protein (CRP) were taken only for IDFU patients. Diagnosis of infection was based on the Infectious Disease Society of America-International Working Group of Diabetic Foot (IDSA-IMWGDF), and the severity of infection was graded according to the Wagner Classification. Results: The level of PCT was higher in IDFU than in NIDFU and diabetic patient, with a median (IQR) of 0.355 (0.63) ng/mL, 0.077 (0.15) ng/mL and 0.028 (0.02) ng/mL, respectively. PCT and CRP showed moderate positive correlations in IDFU patients (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity were 63.6% and 83.2%, respectively, at the best cut-off at 0.25 ng/mL. Conclusion: PCT is a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of infection; however, it adds little value in the early diagnosis of IDFU in view of its low sensitivity.

Clinical Observation on Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer of Wagner Grade 1-2 by Compound Huangbai Liquid Fomentation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of compound Huangbai liquid fomentation on diabetic foot ulcer of Wagner grade 1-2. MethodPatients were classified into the observation group and control group， with 41 cases in either group. The observation group received routine therapy and compound Huangbai liquid fomentation， while the control group was treated by routine therapy and medical silver nanoparticles-containing dressing. Ulcer area， ulcer depth， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score， ankle-brachial index， transcutaneous oxygen pressure， vascular endothelial growth factor， epidermal growth factor， advanced glycation end product， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein， interleukin-6， erythrocyte sedimentation rate， and adverse events were observed before and after treatment in two groups. ResultAfter treatment， the ulcer area， ulcer depth， TCM syndrome score， vascular endothelial growth factor， epidermal growth factor， advanced glycation end product， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein， interleukin-6（IL-6）， and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were lower than those before treatment in two groups （P<0.05）， and ankle-brachial index， transcutaneous oxygen pressure， vascular endothelial growth factor， and epidermal growth factor were higher than those before treatment in two groups （P<0.05）. After treatment， the ulcer area， ulcer depth， TCM syndrome score， advanced glycation end product， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein， IL-6， and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were lower in the observation group than in the control group （P<0.05）， and ankle-brachial index， transcutaneous oxygen pressure， vascular endothelial growth factor， and epidermal growth factor were higher in the observation group than in the control group （P<0.05）. The clinical efficacy of observation group was better than that of the control group （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events and endpoint events between two groups. ConclusionCompound Huangbai liquid fomentation is effective for diabetic foot ulcer of Wagner grade 1-2， as it is beneficial to the healing of the ulcer. This study provides clinical evidence for the further promotion of Chinese medicine fomentation.

Úlceras de pie diabético y plasma rico en plaquetas / Healing of diabetic foot ulcers with platelet-rich plasma

Introducción: El plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) se encuentra en desarrollo desde los años 80, asociado con aplicaciones en medicina cardíaca, traumatológica y dermatológica. El PRP es una preparación autóloga, con una concentración de plaquetas por sobre el valor normal en sangre periférica, que se obtiene a partir de su centrifugación siguiendo diferentes protocolos que fueron valorados en distintas revisiones sistemáticas. El plasma luego se activa con trombina o cloruro cálcico, o por lisis física (ultrasonido o frizado). El PRP contiene factores de crecimiento, citoquinas y proteínas de adhesión que, al aplicarse en la lesión, favorecen la hemostasia, la síntesis de tejido conectivo y la revascularización. El producto se aplica en solución o gel. Se intentaron diferentes clasificaciones del PRP para estandarizarlo, sin éxito. Se conceptualizó la receta del PRP para aplicación clínica, que presentó las siguientes características: valores altos de plaquetas, disminución de la contaminación de glóbulos rojos, presencia de neutrófilos y leucocitos para el éxito terapéutico. Protocolo y casos: Se presenta el protocolo de preparación de PRP de centrifugación única de 7 minutos a 1400 rpm, con activación por medio de gluconato de calcio según la siguiente proporción: 3 ml plasma/0.4 ml gluconato cálcico. Además, se informan tres casos de úlceras de pie diabético de nuestra institución. Conclusión: El PRP no presenta complejidad en su preparación y aplicación, por lo que es factible de realizar en el primer nivel de atención que cuente con los recursos materiales y profesionales con conocimiento en el abordaje de heridas crónicas.

Introduction: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been under development since the 1980s, associated with applications in cardiac, traumatological, and dermatological medicine. PRP is an autologous preparation with a platelet concentration above the normal value in peripheral blood that is obtained from its centrifugation following different protocols that were evaluated in different systematic reviews. The plasma is then activated with thrombin or calcium chloride, or by physical lysis (ultrasound or friz). PRP contains growth factors, cytokines, and adhesion proteins that, when applied to the lesion, favor hemostasis, connective tissue synthesis, and revascularization. The product is applied in solution or gel. Different classifications of the PRP were used with the intention of standardizing the procedure without success. The PRP recipe for clinical application was conceptualized. It presented the following characteristics: high platelet values, decreased red blood cell contamination, presence of neutrophils and leukocytes for therapeutic success. Protocol and cases: The PRP preparation protocol for single centrifugation for 7 minutes at 1400 rpm with activation through calcium gluconate is presented according to the following ratio: 3 ml plasma/0.4 ml of calcium gluconate. Three cases of diabetic foot ulcers from our institution are reported. Conclusion: The PRP does not present complexity in its preparation and application, so it is feasible to perform it in the first level of care that has the material and professional resources with knowledge in the approach to chronic wounds.

Transcutaneous oxygen tension and ankle brachial pressure index as predictors of outcome in diabetic foot

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer poses a serious threat to patients with Diabetes as the presence of an ulcer further significantly increases the risk of an amputation. Aim and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess: Correlation of transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2) and ankle brachial pressure index (ABI) in outcome of diabetic foot and severity of neuropathy by grades. Materials and Methods: About 30 patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with foot lesions and 30 healthy controls were selected after obtaining informed consent and ethical committee clearance. Subjects were recruited taking into consideration various inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were assessed for the following parameters: Vibration perception, hot, and cold perception along with TcpO2 and ankle brachial pressure index (ABI). The test results were compared within the two groups of cases, that is, Group I: Healed ulcer and Group II-Non-healed ulcer. The results of the two groups were compared with 30 healthy controls also. Results: Males were predominant (66.67%) compared to females (33.33%) in the diabetic foot patients. Severe derangements in the sensory modalities were found as observed by the bilaterally reduced values of vibration perception, hot perception and cold perception tests when diabetic foot patients were compared to controls. The values, however, were not significantly different between the two groups of patients of diabetic foot. The values of TcPO2 and ABI were bilaterally reduced in the cases as compared to controls and amongst the Group I and Group II comparison these values showed a significant difference. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between the TcPO2 and ABI test results in the diabetic foot patients that indicates both are complimentary tests for diabetic foot outcome prediction. Conclusion: Increased duration of diabetes, high value of Hba1c and presence of neuropathy were found to be important risk predictors for diabetic foot. Early and severe derangement of vibration perception indicated early involvement of large nerve fibers. Heat and cold perception is affected late and less severely, indicating late involvement of small nerve fibers in diabetic polyneuropathy. The positive correlation between TcPO2 and ABI indicates both are complementary tests for predicting the outcome of diabetic foot. However, TcPO2 being a better predictor maybe incorporated as a routine screening test for diabetic foot risk and outcome predictor in the diabetic foot clinic.

Costos y resultados del tratamiento con Heberprot-P® en pacientes con pie diabético del Policlínico Ramón López Peña / Costs and Outcomes of Heberprot-P® Treatment in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer from Ramón López Peña Polyclinic

Introducción: Las úlceras del pie diabético constituyen una de las principales causas de morbilidad y discapacidad, con una importante repercusión por la carga económica de la enfermedad y desde el punto de vista social, por la disminución de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar costos y resultado del tratamiento ambulatorio con el Heberprot P® para la atención al paciente con úlcera del pie diabético. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 22 pacientes con pie diabético tratados con Heberprot-P®, en la consulta para tales fines del Policlínico Ramón López Peña en el año 2019. Resultados: El 63,6 por ciento de los pacientes que acudieron a consulta presentaron Pie de Riesgo grado cero; la úlcera neuroinfecciosa fue la de mayor incidencia de presentación (94,5 por ciento). Se obtuvo una efectividad del 95,4 por ciento del total de los casos tratados. La mayoría de los tratados necesitaron entre 3-8 bulbos del medicamento, con un promedio de 5 sesiones de tratamiento por paciente, a un costo promedio de $ 3 549,8 /caso tratado. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con el Heberprot P® es altamente efectivo para la cicatrización de las UPD, evitando en gran medida las amputaciones de los miembros inferiores de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus, con una consiguiente disminución del costo económico que tienen estas intervenciones sanitarias para el país(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the main causes of morbidity and disability, with an important repercussion due to the economic burden of the disease and from the social point of view, due to the decrease in patients' quality of life. Objective: To assess costs and outcomes of outpatient treatment with Heberpro-P® for the care of patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out of 22 patients with diabetic foot treated with Heberprot-P®, in the consultation for such purposes of Ramón López Peña Polyclinic in 2019. Results: 63.6 percent of the patients who came for consultation presented zero risk foot; neuroinfectious ulcer was the one with the highest incidence of presentation (94.5 percent). An effectiveness rate of 95.4 percent of the total of treated cases was obtained. Most of those treated needed three to eight bulbs of the medication, with an average of five treatment sessions per patient, at an average cost of 3549.8 Cuban pesos per treated case. Conclusions: Treatment with Heberprot-P® is highly effective for the healing of diabetic foot ulcers, largely avoiding amputations of lower limbs of patients with diabetes mellitus, with a consequent decrease in the economic cost of these health interventions for the country(AU)

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of lower extremity arterial disease in patients with diabetic foot ulcer / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical characteristics of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) and its risk factors in patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).@*METHODS@#We retrospectively collected the clinical and follow-up data of 650 patients with DFU treated in the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Nanfang Hospital between January, 2017 and December, 2019. We compared the data between patients who had LEAD and those without LEAD and used a multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the risk factors of LEAD in DFU patients.@*RESULTS@#Among the 650 DFU patients, 470 (72.4%) had LEAD. The patients were followed up for a mean of 3.5 months, and the mean healing time of DFU was 2.55 months; healing of DFU occurred in 453 patients and 183 patients received amputation. The patients with LEAD and those without LEAD differed significantly in age, hospitalization costs, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glycated hemoglobin, blood lipid levels, disease course, ankle brachial index, healing time, smoking history, clinical outcomes, Wagner grade and imaging results (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR=1.070, 95% CI: 1.049-1.091), smoking history (OR= 2.013, 95% CI: 1.268-3.195), and a decreased DBP (OR=0.980, 95% CI: 0.963-0.997) as independent risk factors for LEAD in DFU patients. A prolonged healing time was a prominent clinical feature of DFU complicated by LEAD.@*CONCLUSION@#DFU patients have a high incidence of LEAD, which leads to high rates of disability and mortality and is associated with an advanced age, high smoking rate and longer healing time. A decreased DBP is also a risk factor for LEAD in DFU patients.

Plasma rico en plaquetas autólogo tópico para el tratamiento de la úlcera de pie diabético / Autologous platelet rich plasma for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the frequent complications of diabetes. 15% to 25% develop ulcers at some point in their lives. The existing evidence on the efficacy of topical autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers was assessed. Method: A search for randomized controlled clinical trials comparing autologous topical PRP vs standard care and placebo was carried out in Pubmed, Cochrane, Lilacs, and Clinical Trials databases. For dichotomous outcomes, relative risk analysis, 95% CI, and the Mantel-Haenszel method were used; for continuous outcomes, the mean difference and inverse variance method were calculated. Results: The result of the search was 153 studies, 28 duplicates were excluded, 59 by title and abstract, and 52 by reading the article. 14 studies were included in the review, 8 for qualitative review and 6 for quantitative. Six studies with a complete ulcer-healing outcome at the end of the intervention were evaluated, out of a total of 415 participants (relative risk 1.24 CI [1.11, 1.40]). The outcome epithelialized area at the end of the intervention, measured in cm², was not reported. A single study measured quality of life and pain. Conclusion: There is evidence of the beneficial effect of topical autologous PRP for the healing of diabetic foot ulcers, however, studies of higher methodological quality, greater production of clinical trials in Latin America, and assessment of the quality of life and pain are needed.

Antecedentes: La úlcera de pie diabético constituye una de las complicaciones frecuentes de la diabetes. Del 15% al 25% de los pacientes presentan úlceras en algún momento de su vida. Se valoró la evidencia existente sobre la eficacia del plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) autólogo tópico para el tratamiento de úlcera de pie diabético. Método: Se llevó a cabo a partir de datos de Pubmed, Cochrane, Lilacs y Clinical Trials, búsqueda de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados controlados que compararon PRP autólogo tópico frente a cuidados estándar y placebo. Para los resultados dicotómicos se usó el análisis de riesgo relativo, con intervalos de confianza del 95% y el método de Mantel-Haenszel; para los resultados continuos, se calculó la diferencia de medias y método de varianza inversa. Resultados: El resultado de la búsqueda fue 153 estudios, se excluyeron 28 duplicados, 59 por título y abstract y 52 por lectura de artículo. Se incluyeron 14 trabajos en la revisión, 8 para revisión cualitativa y 6 para cuantitativa. Se valoraron 6 estudios con desenlace de curación completa de úlcera al final de la intervención, sobre un total de 415 participantes (riesgo relativo 1.24 [IC 95%: 1.11 a 1.40]). No se informó el desenlace área epitelizada al final de la intervención medida en cm². Un solo estudio midió calidad de vida y dolor. Conclusión: Existe evidencia del efecto beneficioso del PRP autólogo tópico para la curación de úlcera de pie diabético; no obstante, se necesitan estudios de mayor calidad metodológica, mayor producción de ensayos clínicos en Latinoamérica y valoración de calidad de vida y dolor.

Purified novel and new diferuloyl glycerate related phenolic acid from Pandanus odoratissimus flowers shows antioxidant, invertase inhibition and control against diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) causing bacterial pathogens - An in vitro study to establish an effective regulation over type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated diseases are major concern among human population and also responsible for significant mortality rate. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate and correlate the invertase inhibition, antioxidant activity and control against DFU causing bacterial pathogens by Pandanus odoratissimus flowers. Two dimensional preparative thin layer chromatography (2D PTLC) was adopted to purify the phenolic acid component and LC-MS2 was done to predict the phenolic acid structures. Standard spectrophotometry methods were adopted to investigate the in vitro invertase inhibitory and antioxidant (CUPRAC and ABTS) activities. Agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays were used to record the antibacterial property against DFU causing pathogens isolated from clinical samples. Statistical analyses were used to validate the experiments. A new and novel diferuloyl glycerate related phenolic acid (m/z 442) purified from PTLC eluate has recorded satisfactory cupric ion reducing power (ED50= 441.4±2.5 µg), moderate ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50= 450.3±10 µg; 32.5±1.5%), and a near moderate, in vitro, invertase mixed type inhibition (24.5±4.5%; Ki: 400 µg). Similarly, bacterial growth inhibitory kinetics has showed a significant inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus.

Características microbiológicas de los pacientes con úlcera del pie diabético / Microbiologic characteristics of patients with diabetic foot ulceration

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones de las úlceras del pie diabético son comunes, complejas, de alto costo y constituyen la principal causa de amputación no traumática de las extremidades inferiores. Objetivo: Identificar los microorganismos aislados para estimar tanto la sensibilidad a los antibióticos como la coincidencia entre el tratamiento empírico y los resultados microbiológicos en pacientes con úlceras del pie diabético. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva-retrospectiva. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 210 pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" de Matanzas entre junio de 2017 y junio de 2020. Las variables de salida fueron la frecuencia y el tipo de germen, la cantidad de gérmenes por úlcera, la sensibilidad para cada tipo de antibiótico, y el porcentaje de coincidencia entre el tratamiento empírico y el resultado microbiológico. Resultados: Se identificaron 259 gérmenes y se observaron 1,23 gérmenes por úlcera. El 62,5 por ciento de los gérmenes encontrados fueron Gram negativos, pero el germen más representado fue el Staphylococcus aureus. El 58,8 por ciento de los Staphylococcus aureus se mostraron resistentes a la meticillin. La vancomicina y el linezolid resultaron efectivos en el 100 por ciento de los Gram positivos. La amikacina fue el antibiótico más efectivo para los Gram negativos. Se observó coincidencia entre el tratamiento empírico y el resultado del antibiograma en el 27,6 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Resulta necesario un apropiado diagnóstico microbiológico de las úlceras del pie diabético para identificar los gérmenes presentes en las lesiones y diseñar algoritmos de terapia antimicrobiana adecuados(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer infections are common, complex, high cost and are the leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputation. Objective: To identify the microorganisms isolated to estimate both the sensitivity to antibiotics and the coincidence between empirical treatment and microbiological results in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: A descriptive-retrospective investigation was performed. The study population consisted of 210 patients admitted to the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" of Matanzas between June 2017 and June 2020. The output variables were the frequency and type of germ, the number of germs per ulcer, the sensitivity for each type of antibiotic, and the percentage of coincidence between the empirical treatment and the microbiological result. Results: A total of 259 germs were identified and 1.23 germs per ulcer were observed. The 62.5 percent of the germs found were Gram negative, but the most represented germ was Staphylococcus aureus. Of the Staphylococcus aureus, 58.8 percentwere resistant to methicillin. Vancomycin and linezolid were effective in 100 percent of Gram positives. Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic for Gram-negatives. Agreement between empirical treatment and antibiogram result was observed in 27.6 percent of patients. Conclusions: An appropriate microbiological diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers is necessary to identify the germs present in the lesions and to design adequate antimicrobial therapy algorithms(AU)

Stimul W® y Heberprot-P® unidos en el tratamiento de la úlcera del pie diabético / Stimul W® and Heberprot-P® combined for treating diabetic foot ulcer

Introducción: Las úlceras del pie diabético resultan las complicaciones más frecuentes en las personas con diabetes. Se conocen diferentes formas de tratamiento para esta enfermedad, con más o menos efectividad, pero no resuelven el problema en la totalidad de los casos. El estimulador eléctrico Stimul W® y el medicamento Heberprot-P® se han empleado, de manera independiente y con resultados satisfactorios, como alternativas para el tratamiento de estas lesiones. Comprobar si la acción combinada de ambos procedimientos permite alcanzar mejores resultados, permitiría contribuir a resolver un problema de alta prevalencia mundial. Objetivo: Exponer el resultado de la aplicación de la combinación del estimulador Stimul W® y el medicamento Heberprot-P® en el tratamiento de un paciente con úlcera del pie diabético. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 69 años de edad, con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, que presentaba una úlcera del pie diabético en la parte externa del pie derecho, con abundante tejido necrótico en forma de fístula en la base de los dos dedos restantes y falta de granulación. Los tratamientos anteriores no dieron el resultado esperado. Se decidió, como terapia de curación, aplicar durante 12 sesiones la combinación del estimulador Stimul W® y el medicamento Heberprot-P®. Conclusiones: Se logró la cicatrización de la lesión, al obtener un 100 por ciento de tejido de granulación y la disminución significativa de sus dimensiones, lo que mostró que la terapia aplicada constituye una alternativa para el tratamiento de este tipo de úlcera(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcers are the most frequent complications in people with diabetes. Different forms of treatment for this disease are known, with more or less effectiveness; but they do not solve the problem in all cases. The electrical stimulator Stimul W® and the drug Heberprot-P® have been used independently, and with satisfactory outcomes, as alternatives for the treatment of these lesions. Checking whether the combined action of both procedures allows to achieve better outcomes would contribute to solve a problem of high worldwide prevalence. Objective: To present the outcomes of applying the combination of the stimulator Stimul W® and the drug Heberprot-P® for treating a patient with diabetic foot ulcer. Case presentation: A 69-year-old male patient, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who presented with a diabetic foot ulcer on the outside of the right foot, with abundant necrotic tissue in the form of a fistula at the base of the two remaining toes and lack of granulation. The previous treatments did not permit the expected outcomes. It was decided, as a healing therapy, to apply the combination of the stimulator Stimul W® and the drug Heberprot-P® for twelve sessions. Conclusions: Healing of the lesion was achieved by obtaining 100 percent granulation tissue and a significant reduction in its dimensions, which showed that the applied therapy constitutes an alternative for the treatment of this type of ulcer(AU)

Impact of rare bacterial infections on clinical outcome in patients with diabetic foot ulcer / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To analyze the impact of rare bacteria infection on clinical outcome in patients with diabetic foot ulcer(DFU).Methods:A total of 288 cases infected with single strains bacteria were selected. Data were grouped according to the 15 bacteria infection identified. The outcomes of healing, amputation, cardio and cerebrovascular events, and death were collected, and risk factors to the outcome were analyzed.Results:The rare infected bacteria were acinetobacter baumannii, staphylococcus epidermidis, morgan morganella, staphylococcus haemolyticus, streptococcus lactis, streptococcus agalactiae, enterobacter cloacae, and serratia marcescens.There were significant differences in age, albumin, HbA 1C, body mass index, condition of foot ulcer, degree of infection, healing, and minor amputation among these groups. Severe lower extremity arterial disease and age over 70 years were the main risk factors for the healing of ulcers. Wagner grade over 3 and infected with streptococcus lactis were the main risk factors for minor amputation. Severe lower extremity arterial disease, hemoglobin(Hb)≤90 g/L, and albumin(ALB)≤30 g/L were the main risk factors for major amputation. Estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml·min -1·(1.73 m 2) -1 and Hb≤90 g/L were the main risk factors for heart failure. Age over 70 years and ALB≤30 g/L were the main risk factors for death(All P<0.05). Conclusion:There exist significant differences in general condition, foot ulcer, and outcome in DFU patients infected with rare bacteria strains.

A Novel Approach in Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcer With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Case Report

@#Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic levels in Malaysia due to increase in its risk factors such as obesity, dietary and sedentary lifestyle. In patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcer (DFU)is a common complication. Managing diabetic foot infection is often multifactorial and intricate. The management DFU demands multi-speciality approach and often tedious. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a promising adjunctive treatment used to enhance the healing process plus reduces cost and recovery time. This is a case of a 52 years old lady, with underlying poorly diabetes mellitus, who presented with diabetic foot ulcer Wagner IV classification in sepsis. She underwent trans-metatarsal amputation followed by split skin grafting with additional adjunctive HBOT in a tertiary hospital.

A comparative study of vancomycin loaded bone cement in the treatment of Wagner Ⅱ-Ⅳ diabetic foot / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effect of vancomycin bone cement in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) ruptured Wagner gradeⅡ-Ⅳ.@*METHODS@#From March 2019 to April 2021, 32 patients with Wagner gradeⅡ-Ⅳ diabetic foot were divided into vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) group and bone cement group according to different treatment methods. There were 16 cases in VSD group, 8 males and 8 females;the age ranged from 66 to 81 (70.50±7.20) years, and the course of disease ranged from 8 to 40 (27.56±8.55) months;Wagner gradeⅡin 2 cases, grade Ⅲin 7 cases and grade Ⅳin 7 cases;debridement and VSD were used. There were 16 cases in the bone cement group, 9 males and 7 females;the age ranged from 63 to 79 (69.56±7.29) years, and the course of disease ranged from 11 to 39(22.75±11.43) months;Wagner gradeⅡ in 2 cases, grade Ⅲin 5 cases and grade Ⅳ in 9 cases;vancomycin loaded bone cement was used for treatment. The types of bacteria, negative time of bacterial culture, skin healing time, hospital stay, operation times and complications were observed and compared between two groups.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 3 to 6 (4.00±1.07) months. The bacterial negative time, skin healing time and hospital stay in bone cement group were significantly lower than those in VSD group (@*CONCLUSION@#Vancomycin loaded bone cement is effective in the treatment of Wagner grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ diabetic foot ulceration wounds. It can reduce the length of hospital stay, shorten the healing time of skin and kill pathogens as soon as possible. It is one of the effective methods to treat Wagner gradeⅡ-Ⅳdiabetic foot ulceration.

Factores pronósticos de amputación mayor en pacientes con pie diabético sometidos a cirugía / Major amputation´s prognostic factors in patients with diabetic feet undergoing surgery

Introducción: El pie diabético es una causa importante de morbilidad y constituye una complicación crónica de la diabetes mellitus que repercute en la calidad de vida. Los pacientes con pie diabético tienen una tasa alta de amputación, procedimiento quirúrgico que afecta emocional y económicamente a pacientes, familiares, médicos de asistencia y a la sociedad. Objetivos: Identificar los factores pronósticos de amputación mayor en pacientes con pie diabético sometidos a cirugía. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico de corte transversal en 73 pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético: 29 con amputación mayor y 44 con amputación menor. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, tipo de diabetes y su tiempo de evolución, pulsos arteriales, tipo de pie diabético, presencia de úlcera isquémica infectada, absceso, osteomielitis, úlcera neuropática, gangrena digital, necrosis tisular progresiva e infección. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y se asociaron las variables. Resultados: Hubo predominio del sexo masculino (56,2 por ciento) y de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (93,2 por ciento). La necrosis tisular progresiva se observó en 30 pacientes y la úlcera isquémica representó el 30,1 por ciento. Conclusiones: La úlcera isquémica con infección, la gangrena digital y la necrosis tisular progresiva resultaron los factores pronósticos de amputación mayor identificados en los pacientes con pie diabético sometidos a cirugía(AU)

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer is a major cause of morbidity and it is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that impacts quality of life. Patients with diabetic feet have a high amputation rate, a surgical procedure that emotionally and economically affects patients, family members, physicians and society. Objective: To identify the prognostic factors for major amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer undergoing surgery. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 73 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcer: 29 with major amputation and 44 with minor amputation. The variables studied were: age, sex, type of diabetes and its evolution time, arterial pulses, type of diabetic foot, presence of infected ischemic ulcer, abscess, osteomyelitis, neuropathic ulcer, digital gangrene, progressive soft-tissue necrosis and infection. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated, and variables were associated. Results: There was predominance of the male sex (56.2 percent) and of diabetes mellitus type 2 (93.2 percent). Progressive soft-tissue necrosis was observed in 30 patients and the ischemic ulcer represented the 30.1 percent. Conclusions: Ischemic ulcer with infection, digital gangrene and progressive soft-tissue necrosis resulted in the major amputation´s prognostic factors identified in diabetic foot patients undergoing surgery(AU)

Cultivo mediante hisopado superficial versus cultivo de la biopsia de tejidos profundos en la infección del pie diabético / Culture through superficial swab versus deep tissue biopsy in the diabetic foot infection

RESUMEN Introducción: para lograr el adecuado y precoz diagnóstico de la infección en pie diabético, es necesario la obtención de una muestra bacteriológica de calidad para la identificación del germen causal. Objetivo: identificar posibles relaciones entre los resultados obtenidos, en el cultivo realizado mediante hisopado superficial versus el obtenido mediante biopsia de los tejidos profundos en la infección del pie diabético. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio explicativo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo en el Servicio Provincial de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario "Comandante Faustino Pérez", durante un periodo de 3 años desde enero del 2016 hasta diciembre del 2018. Una selección muestral no probabilística determinó una muestra constituida por 138 extremidades en 132 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de pie diabético infectado, que requirieron cirugía para desbridamiento de la lesión. Aceptaron ser incluidos en la investigación y para el aislamiento del germen causal fueron empleados ambos métodos de cultivo: hisopado superficial y biopsia de los tejidos profundos. Resultados: el promedio de microorganismos aislados se incrementó en relación con la severidad de la infección del pie diabético, con mayor incremento en el aislamiento hecho por el hisopado superficial. El hisopado superficial posee pobre correlación con los gérmenes aislados mediante el cultivo de la biopsia de los tejidos profundos. Conclusiones: las muestras deben ser obtenidas preferentemente por curetaje. En el diagnóstico de la infección del pie diabético es de gran utilidad, por su rapidez y concordancia con los resultados del cultivo, efectuar siempre una tinción de Gram a partir del mismo sitio (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: to arrive to an adequate and precocious diagnosis of the diabetic foot infection, it is necessary to obtain a qualitative bacteriological sample to identify the causing germ. Objective: to identify possible relationships between the results obtained both, in the culture made through superficial swab and the culture obtained from deep tissues biopsy in the diabetic foot infection. Materials and methods: a prospective, longitudinal, observational, explicative study was carried out in the Provincial Service of Angiology and Vascular Surgery of Provincial University Clinical Surgical Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez", in a period of three years, from January 2016 to December 2018. A non-probabilistic sampling choose a sample of 138 lower limbs in 132 patients with clinical diagnosis of infected diabetic foot, who required surgery for lesion debridement. They gave their consent to be included in the research; for the isolation of the casual germ were used both culture methods, superficial swab and deep tissues biopsy. Results: the average of isolated microorganism increased in relation to the severity of the diabetic food infection, with higher increase in the isolation obtained by superficial swab. The superficial swab shows poor correlation with the germ isolates by the culture the deep tissue biopsy. Conclusions: the samples should be gathered preferably by curettage. In the diagnosis of the diabetic foot infection, it is very useful, due to its speed and concordance with the culture results, to make always a Gram staining beginning from the same place (AU).

Relationship between Wound Severity, Discomfort, and Psychological Problems in Patients with a Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study / Relação entre gravidade da ferida, desconforto e problemas psicológicos em pacientes com úlcera diabética do pé na Indonésia: um estudo transversal / Relación entre la gravedad de la herida, la molestia y los problemas psicológicos en pacientes con úlcera del pie diabético en Indonesia: estudio transversal

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between wound severity, discomfort, and psychological problems in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study is conducted in three general hospitals and one clinic in Indonesia. The Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool (BWAT), the discomfort evaluation of wound instrument (DEWI), and the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS) are used to measure the variables of interest. Path analysis is performed to evaluate the association between wound severity, discomfort, and psychological problems. Results: Of 140 patients with diabetic foot ulcers who joined this study, the majority experienced immobilization (74.3 %), pain (69.3 %), and sleep disturbance (63.6 %). The means were as follows: discomfort (2.35 ± 0.33), depression (1.34 ± 0.41), stress (1.49 ± 0.48), anxiety (1.43 ± 0.40), and wound severity (31.35 ± 9.96). Discomfort partially mediated the relationship between wound severity and psychological problems, which indirect effect was 0.11. Conclusion: High prevalence of discomfort, both physical and psychological, was found in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer. Discomfort mediates the relationship between wound severity and psychological problems. Integrating comfort into wound care management may help to reduce the psychological burden.

RESUMEN Objetivos: el presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la relación entre la gravedad de la herida, la molestia y los problemas psicológicos en pacientes con úlcera del pie diabético en Indonesia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en tres hospitales generales y una clínica de Indonesia. La herramienta de evaluación de heridas Bates-Jensen (BWAT, por sus siglas en inglés), el instrumento de evaluación de molestia de la herida (DEWI, por sus siglas en inglés) y la escala de depresión, ansiedad y estrés (DASS, por sus siglas en inglés) se utilizaron para medir las variables de interés. Se realizó un análisis de ruta para evaluar la asociación entre la gravedad de la herida, la molestia y los problemas psicológicos. Resultados: de 140 pacientes con úlcera del pie diabético que participaron en este estudio, la mayoría experimentó inmovilización (74,3 %), dolor (69,3 %) y trastornos del sueño (63,6 %). Las medias fueron las siguientes: molestia (2,35 ± 0,33), depresión (1,34 ± 0,41), estrés (1,49 ± 0,48), ansiedad (1,43 ± 0,40) y gravedad de la herida (31,35 ± 9,96). La molestia medió en parte la relación entre la gravedad de la herida y los problemas psicológicos, cuyo efecto indirecto fue de 0,11. Conclusión: se encontró una alta prevalencia de molestias, tanto físicas como psicológicas, en pacientes con úlcera del pie diabético. Además, la molestia media la relación entre la gravedad de la herida y los problemas psicológicos. La integración de la comodidad en el manejo del cuidado de las heridas puede ayudar a reducir la carga psicológica.

RESUMO Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo é identificar a relação entre a gravidade da ferida, o desconforto e os problemas psicológicos en pacientes com úlcera do pé diabético na Indonésia. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal em três hospitais gerais e uma clínica da Indonésia. A ferramenta da avaliação de feridas Bates-Jensen (BWAT, por sua sigla em inglês), o instrumento de avaliação do desconforto da ferida (DEWI, por sua sigla em inglês) e a escala de depressão, ansiedade e estresse (DASS, por sua sigla em inglês) foram utilizados para medir as variáveis de interesse. Uma análise de rota foi realizada para avaliar a associação entre a gravidade da ferida, o desconforto e os problemas psicológicos. Resultados: de 140 pacientes com úlcera diabética do pé que participaram deste estudo, a maioria experimentou imobilização (74,3 %), dor (69,3 %) e transtornos do sono (63,6 %). As médias foram: desconforto (2,35 ± 0,33), depressão (1,34 ± 0,41), estresse (1,49 ± 0,48), ansiedade (1,43 ± 0,40) e gravidade da ferida (31,35 ± 9,96). O desconforto foi o mediador em parte da relação entre a gravidade da ferida e os problemas psicológicos, cujo efeito indireto foi de 0,11. Conclusões: verificou-se alta prevalência de desconforto, tanto físico quanto psicológico, em pacientes com úlcera diabética do pé. Além disso, o desconforto intermedeia a relação entre a gravidade da ferida e os problemas psicológicos. A integração do conforto na gestão do cuidado das feridas pode ajudar a reduzir a carga psicológica.

Recidiva de úlcera del pie en pacientes diabéticos tratados con Heberprot-P® / Foot ulcer recurrence in diabetic patients who received heberprot-p® treatment

Introducción: El Heberprot-P® es un medicamento novedoso y único en su tipo, prescrito para la terapia de la úlcera del pie diabético. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia y las características de la recidiva de úlcera del pie en pacientes diabéticos tratados con Heberprot-P®. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva-retrospectiva. La población estuvo constituida por 16 pacientes con recidiva de úlcera de pie diabético de los 841 tratados con Heberprot-P® en policlínicos y hospitales de la provincia de Matanzas desde enero hasta diciembre de 2018. Las variables revisadas fueron llevadas a una base de datos, y los resultados obtenidos se tabularon y se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Se respetaron las consideraciones éticas requeridas para este estudio. Resultados: El grupo de edades 61-75 años y los diabéticos de tipo 2 fueron los más afectados, y no existieron diferencias entre ambos sexos. El pie diabético neuropático con una severidad Wagner 2 se manifestó con mayor frecuencia. Asimismo, a partir de la primera lesión y la recidiva se observó un gran número de pacientes con la enfermedad entre las 13 y 16 semanas, y al 56,2 por ciento de estos se les administró, durante la primera lesión, de 6 a 12 dosis de Heberprot-P®. El cierre total de la lesión en el desenlace fue lo más encontrado en la población de estudio, y el 1,9 por ciento de los pacientes tratados presentó una recidiva de esta. Conclusiones: Quedaron expuestas la frecuencia y las características de la recidiva de la úlcera del pie en los pacientes diabéticos tratados con Heberprot-P®(AU)

Introduction: Heberprot-P® is a novel medicine, unique among its kind, prescribed for diabetic foot ulcer therapy. Objective: To evaluate frequency and characteristics of foot ulcer recurrence among diabetic patients treated with Heberprot-P®. Methods: A descriptive-retrospective research was carried out. The study population consisted of 16 patients with diabetic foot ulcer recurrence from among the 841 treated with Heberprot-P® in polyclinics and hospitals in Matanzas Province from January to December 2018. The variables reviewed were taken to a database, and the results obtained were represented in charts and expressed in absolute and relative frequencies. The ethical considerations required for this study were respected. Results: The age group 61-75 years and type 2 diabetic patients were the most affected. There were no differences between both sexes. Neuropathic diabetic foot with Wagner 2 severity appeared more frequently. Likewise, after the first injury and recurrence, a large number of patients with the disease were observed at 13-16 weeks, 56.2 percent of whom, were administered, during the first injury, 6-12 doses of Heberprot-P®. The total closure of the lesion was the most found outcome in the study population, and 1.9 percent of the treated patients presented recurrence of this. Conclusions: The frequency and characteristics of foot ulcer recurrence in diabetic patients treated with Heberprot-P® were exposed(AU)

Procedimientos quirúrgicos del pie diabético neuropático / Surgical procedures of neuropathic diabetic foot

Considerar al pie diabético como "la infección, ulceración y/o destrucción de los tejidos profundos asociados a desórdenes neurológicos y varios grados de trastorno vascular periférico en la extremidad inferior", es apropiado, ya que incluye todos los aspectos que lo definen: neuropatía, isquemia y diferentes niveles de interacción bacteria/huésped. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo exponer los principios que deberán tenerse en cuenta para planificar la cirugía en el paciente con pie diabético neuropático, según la experiencia de nuestro grupo de trabajo. De este modo, se establecieron 10 principios básicos que deben observarse en el tratamiento quirúrgico de un paciente con un pie diabético neuropático y que permitirán obtener resultados más satisfactorios(AU)

To consider the diabetic foot as "the infection, ulceration and/or destruction of deep tissues associated with neurological disorders and several degrees of peripheral vascular disorder in lower limbs" is appropriate, since it includes all the aspects that define it: neuropathy, ischemia, and different levels of bacteria-host interaction. The objective of this article was to expose the principles that must be taken into account when planning surgery on the patient with neuropathic diabetic foot, according to the experience of our work group. In this way, 10 basic principles were established that must be observed in the surgical treatment of a patient with a neuropathic diabetic foot and that will allow obtaining more satisfactory outcomes(AU)