ABSTRACT
@#AIM: To observe the therapeutic effects of different dosage regimens of conbercept on clinical significant diabetic macular edema(CSME).<p>METHODS: Totally 65 patients with diabetes and CSME who were admitted to the Ophthalmology Department at Ganzhou People's Hospital between January 2019 and January 2020 were selected as the research subjects, and divided into observation group(<i>n</i>=33, conbercept 5+PRN regimen)and control group(<i>n</i>=32, conbercept 3+PRN regimen)using random number table method. Visual acuity test and optical coherence tomography(OCT)were carried out at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12mo after treatment. Changes in the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA,LogMAR)and central macular thickness(CMT)were compared between the two groups. The mean injection times and complications in the two groups were recorded.<p>RESULTS: The BCVA was improved and CMT thinned in the two groups at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12mo after treatment(<i>P</i><0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in BCVA and CMT between the two groups before treatment, and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12mo after treatment(<i>P</i>>0.05). The mean injection times in observation group was more than that in the control group \〖(5.81±0.54)times <i>vs </i>(4.19±0.41)times\〗(<i>P</i><0.05). In the early stage of postoperative follow-up, there were 30 times(23%)and 15 times(22%)of subconjunctival hemorrhage in observation group and control group, respectively(<i>P</i>>0.05). No other severe complications were observed in the two groups.<p>CONCLUSION:Both conbercept 3+PRN and conbercept 5+PRN are effective in the treatment of patients with diabetes and CSME. Both can significantly improve the patients' visual acuity and reduce CMT, with equivalent effect. The latter may increase the injection times but its adverse reactions are tolerable. In addition, it is safe and reliable.
ABSTRACT
Pinelliae Rhizoma is a toxic traditional Chinese medicine, and its dose differs greatly between at ancient and modern times, so that it is difficult for researchers to determine its dosage during research and development of famous classical formulas. According to the literature research, it is found that the dose of Pinelliae Rhizoma in famous classical formulas has undergone a process from large to small. Based on the principle of " following the classic and conforming to pharmacopoeia" , and in combination with the modern actual situation, the reasonable dose of Pinelliae Rhizoma in the 17 formulas from the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas (The First Batch) is determined. According to the records of the original book, the evolution of past dynasties and the consideration of the current clinical application, dosage regimen and administration methods of the 17 famous classical formulas and so on, the authors suggested that the dosages of Pinelliae Rhizoma in Banxia Houpotang and Maimendong Tang are 15.0 g, its dosages in Wendantang and Sangbaipi Tang are 6.0 g, dosages of Pinelliae Rhizoma in Xuanfu Daizhe Tang, Zhuye Shigaotang, Banxia Xiexintang, Gancao Xiexintang, Huangliantang, Gualou Xiebai Banxiatang, Houpo Mahuangtang and Jinshui Liujunjian are 7.5 g, the dosages of Pinelliae Rhizoma in Zhurutang, Shengyang Yiweitang and Yangweitang are 6.7, 4.5, 5.0 g, respectively, dosages of Pinelliae Rhizoma in Banxia Baizhu Tianma Tang and Huopo Xialing Tang are 5.6 g.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To optimize the clinical dosage regimen of amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium extended release ( ER) tablets based on the PK/PD parameters. Methods:Totally 30 healthy subjects ( half male and half female) were randomly divided into three groups, and orally administered the ER tablets respectively under fasting condition, before the meal and after the meal, and the optimal administration time was determined by comparing the pharmacokinetic characteristics. The subjects in the three groups were ad-ministered the ER tablets respectively at low, medium and high dosage, and the optimal dosage and dosing interval were determined based on the PK/PD parameters. Results:Under fasting condition, the AUC of amoxicillin [(32.2 ±15.0) μg·h·ml-1] was sig-nificantly lower than that before the meal [(41.7 ±1.92) μg·h·ml-1] and that after the meal [(42.6 ±17.7) μg·h·ml-1]. In contrast, the AUC of clavulanate acid after the meal [(1.89 ±0.54) μg·h·ml-1] was significantly lower than that under fasting condition [(2.55 ±0.76) μg·h·ml-1] and that before the meal [(2.58 ±0.76) μg·h·ml-1] (P MIC) in 12 h was 5. 5, 7 and 10 h, and the percentage was 46%, 58% and 83%, respectively, and T> MIC in 12 h was 4. 5, 6 and 8 h, and the percentage was 38%, 50% and 67%, re-spectively when MIC was 4. 0μg·ml-1 . Conclusion:It is suggested that amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium ER tablets be taken at the start of a standard meal, 2 tablets per time, twice daily, which is sufficient to achieve T> MIC of 40% -50%.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combination treatment with L-carnitine and 5-fluorouracil on the proliferation and cell apoptosis of gastric cancer MGC803 cells. METHODS: MGC803 cells were divided into control group, 5-fluorouracil group and the combination of L-carnitine and 5-fluorouracil group (L-carnitine +/→5-fluorouracil group) in vitro. The inhibitory rate of cells was measured by MTT assay. The apoptosis rate and cell cycle of cells were detected by FLOW. Western blot was used to analyzed the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, adenine nucleotide translocator1 (ANT1) and cleaved-PARP. RESULTS: Compared with 5-fluorouracil group, the inhibition rate of MGC803 cells was increased when cells were treated with the combination of L-carnitine and 5-fluorouracil. The apoptosis rate of cells was raised and the cells were blocked at S phase. In addition, the combination group can decrease the expression of Bcl-2 and increase the expression of Bax, ANT1 and cleaved-PARP. At the same time, the apoptosis rate of cells and the cell cycle were different with the different dosage regimen when treated with the combination. Compared with the L-carnitine + 5-fluorouracil group, the apoptosis rate of cells was increased to (24.17 ± 3.12)% from (19.60 ± 1.06)% (P < 0.05). The G0/G1 phase proportion of cells was decreased to (62.62 ± 1.04)% from (72.95 ± 0.91)%, and the S phase proportion of cells was increased to (37.35 ± 1.03)% from (27.05 ± 0.91)% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Treatment with L-carnitine and 5-fluorouracil could enhance the inhibitory effect of 5-fluorouracil on MGC803 cells. The possible mechanism of action is achieved by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 protein family and influencing the cell cycle.
ABSTRACT
Objective To introduce a pharmaceutical care method based on population pharmacokinetics(PPK)and Bayesian method. Methods A predictive model for individualized vancomycin dosing was established based on the JPKD-Bayesian software and a PPK model according to the intervenous drop infusion of vancomycin in Chinese children.Individualized dosage regimen of vancomycin was devised for a neonate with septicemia caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE)using the predictive model. Results The model prediction error of the trough concentration of vancomycin was 0.8 mg·L-1 ,and the weighted residual(WRES)was 8.7%,and thus the predictive accuracy of the model was satisfactory.The MRSE infection in this patient was effectively controlled following individualized vancomycin dosage regimen according to the model predicted results,and there were no vancomycin-caused adverse reactions. Conclusion Application of advanced pharmaceutical knowledge such as PPK contributes to clinical medication,and it can promote the quality of pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish an artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting tacrolimus concentrations in kidney transplantation recipients. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-two tacrolimus concentration data from 55 Chinese kidney transplantation recipients were collected. ANN was established after the network parameters were optimized by using momentum method combined with genetic algorithm. Furthermore, the performance of ANN was compared with that of multiple linear regression (MLR). RESULTS: When using the accumulated dose of tacrolimus in the 6 d before TDM as the input factor, the mean prediction error and mean absolute prediction error of ANN were (0.13±1.91) and (1.49±1.22) ng·L-1, respectively. The absolute prediction errors for 87.9% of the test data set were less than 3.0 ng·L-1. The accuracy and precision of ANN were superior to those of MLR. CONCLUSION: The correlation, accuracy and precision of ANN are good enough to predict tacrolimus concentration.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the monitoring results on serum concentration of valproic acid in 78 patients with epilepsy for promoting the clinical application and improving the curative effect of serum concentration.Methods The serum concentration of valproic acid was determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). The serum concentration of valproic acid in 78 cases were analyzed,and the clinical efficacy and adverse reaction were observed. Results Among 78 cases, there were 55 cases (70.0%) whose serum concentration were in normal range,21 cases(27.0% ) in low range and 2 cases(3. 0% ) in high range. The clinical effective rate in 50～100mg/L group, ＜ 50mg/L group and ＞ 100mg/L group were 90.9% ,61.9% and 50.0%. The rate of adverse reaction in 50 ～ 100mg/L group, ＜ 50mg/L group and ＞ 100mg/L group were 1. 8%, 9. 5% and 100%.Conclusion There were significant individual differences among patients in serum concentration of valproic acid. Monitoring on serum concentration of valproic acid was the important measure which provide the basis for adopting individualizede administration and ensure the clinical effect and safety in the medical care.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To design the dosage regimen of aminophylline using reported pharmacokinetic parameters (mean group value). METHODS: The calculation of oral maintain dose, the infusion rate of intravenous drip maintain dose and the loading dose of intravenous drip were introduced. RESULTS: Different dose were required for different pathophysiological conditions insteading of aminophylline 200 mg three times a day (p.o.) for every patient. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that all hospitals which are unable to determine plasma concentration should design dosage regime of aminophylline using pharmacokinetic parameters.
ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of cefotaxime following its single subcutaneous administration (10 mg/ kg) were investigated in buffalo calves. Plasma and urine samples were collected over 10 and 24 h post administration, respectively. Cefotaxime in plasma and urine was estimated by microbiological assay technique using E. coli as test organism. The pharmacokinetic profiles fitted one-compartment open model. The peak plasma levels of cefotaxime were 6.48 +/- 0.52 microgram/ml at 30 min and the drug was detected upto 10 h. The absorption half-life and elimination halflife were 0.173 +/- 0.033 h and 1.77 +/- 0.02 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were 1.17 +/- 0.10 l/kg and 0.45 +/- 0.03 l/kg/h, respectively. The urinary excretion of cefotaxime in 24 h, was 5.36 +/- 1.19 percent of total administrated dose. A satisfactory subcutaneous dosage regimen for cefotaxime in buffalo calves would be 13 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Area Under Curve , Buffaloes , Cefotaxime , Drug Administration Schedule , Half-Life , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
The present study was planned to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in experimentally induced febrile buffalo calves (n = 5). The fever was induced by intravenous injection of E.coli lipopolysaccaride (1 microgram/kg). To study the pharmacokinetics, ceftriaxone was administered at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body wt. in all animals. At 1 min, the peak concentration of ceftriaxone was 79.4 +/- 2.37 microgram/ml and the drug was detected up to 6 h. The elimination rate constant was 0.35 +/- 0.02 /h and elimination half-life was 2.04 +/- 0.14 h. The apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) and total body clearance (ClB) were 1.21 +/- 0.15 l/kg and 0.41 +/- 0.03 l/kg/h, respectively. To maintain a minimum therapeutic concentration of 1 microgram/kg, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefriaxone in febrile buffalo calves is 19 mg/kg followed by 18 mg/kg at 8 h intervals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Area Under Curve , Buffaloes/metabolism , Ceftriaxone , Drug Administration Schedule/veterinary , Fever/drug therapy , Half-Life , Lipopolysaccharides , Metabolic Clearance RateABSTRACT
AIM: To explore the correlation between drug concentration of etoposide (VP16) and CYP3A activity (CA) in leukemia. METHODS: The urinary 6?-hydroxycortisol/hydrocortisone ratio is a useful marker for CA. Concentration of VP16 in plasma and CA was determined by HPLC in 20 leucemia patients, and the correlation analysis was performed using the SPSS software. RESULTS: Correlation analysis between drug concentration of VP16 and CA in leukemia was poor correlated (r = 0.725), but concentration of VP16 and lgCA showed a good correlated (r =0.969). CONCLUSION: It is feasible to adjust the therapeutic regimen of VP16 by determining CA.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To establish a calculation of dosage regimen design on multiple dosing intravenous bolus injection administration of two compartment model. METHODS: Microsoft EXCEL was used to write a program by the pharmacokinetic parameters to show the dosage regimen. RESULTS: The e table displayed maximum dose (D max ) and minimum dose (D min ) of the administration after inputting parameters (?, ?, K 21 and V 1) ,dosing interval (T s), maximum toxic concentration(MTX) and minimum effective concentration(MEC). After inputting maintenance dose and cycle number (n), the e table displayed plasma concentration at any time after the administration, including C (n,s) max and C (n,s) min , fractional number of reaching plateau, loading dose and accumulating time when the plasma concentration was above MEC in Ts or a cycle interval. CONCLUSION: This design method can provide safe and effective dosage regimen for clinical administration.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effects and toxicity of netilmicin with different administrations by de?termining its serum concentration in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection.METHODS:22cases of lower respi?ratory tract infection were randomly divided into two groups.The drug serum concentrations were determined by TDx system.Clinical effects were compared;renal function and hearing ability were monitored.RESULTS:On the condition of the same total daily dosage,the peak concentrations in once-daily group(group QD)were significantly higher than those in twice-daily group(group BD)(P
ABSTRACT
A double-blind trial on ornidazole and tinidazole was studied with 46 patients suffering from the amoebic liver abscess. Thirty eight patients were male and eight patients were female. Group I consisted of 21 males and 4 females and single dose of ornidazole 2,000 mg. was given orally. Group II consisted of 17 males and 4 females and the same dose of tinidazloe was given orally. The treatment also included liver aspiration every other day from the big abscess and every 3 days from the small abscess. The results of treatment were successful and there was no significant difference between the two groups, except one case treated by tinidazole had a recurrence of the abscess after follow up 4 months later. The cure rate of group I was 100 percent and of group II 95.45 percent. The observed side effects were loss of consciousness for a few minutes in one case from group I and dizziness and vomiting in one case from group II.