Creencias sociales y orientaciones emocionales colectivas sobre la protesta social en ciudadanos de medellín (colombia) y su área metropolitana

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender las creencias sociales y orientaciones emocionales colectivas sobre la protesta social en el proceso de construcción de paz en Colombia. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con enfoque hermenéutico y se realizó un análisis de contenido sobre lo expresado en entrevistas semiestructuradas por 18 participantes, ciudadanos del común, quienes se asumieron "a favor de la protesta social", "en contra de la protesta social" y "ambivalentes". Como resultados, se contrastaron creencias y orientaciones emocionales colectivas favorables, como empatía y comprensión, con prejuicios y estigmas. Emergieron creencias sobre el "otro" opositor, como enemigo, expresiones de distancia social, discriminación, exclusión y odio. Los medios de comunicación como mecanismos de configuración de estas creencias y orientaciones emocionales colectivas, asociadas al rechazo a los movimientos sociales, por parte de algunos participantes, alimentaron un ambiente de polarización y redujeron las posibilidades del reconocimiento del otro como ser humano.

This research tries to comprehend the societal beliefs and the collective emotions about the social protest in the context of peacebuilding. It was used a qualitative methodology with hermeneutical approach, and it was made an analysis of content about what was said in the semi-structured interviews of 18 participants that were classified in three groups according to their position about the social protest: a group in favor, a group against it, and a third one with an ambivalent position. As a result, there were contrasted the positive societal beliefs and the collective as empathy, understanding against prejudices and stigmata. There were emerged beliefs about the "other" as an opponent and enemy, expressions of social distance between groups, discrimination, exclusion, and hate. The mass media were identified as configuration mechanisms of these societal beliefs and collective emotions, associated to rejection of social movements that feeds the political polarization and reduces the possibility to recognize the other as a human being.

Voracity, reaction to stings, and survival of domestic hens when feeding on the yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus)

Scorpionism is a worldwide problem that has already made thousands of victims, and multi-disciplinary approaches for controlling their populations are to be more successful. Hens are often mentioned as tools for controlling scorpions; however, systematic/experimental behavioral studies are not available. Moreover, there is no systematic information on the effect of scorpion venoms on hens. Using the venomous yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus, the present study aimed to clarify the following aspects: (1) voracity of hens, (2) how hens react when stung, (3) the effect of scorpion stings on hen behavior during attacks, and (4) hen survivorship after feeding on scorpions. Methods: We attracted hens with corn powder, offered them scorpions and then recorded the hen-scorpion interaction. To test the effects of the sting we manually removed the scorpion's telson. Results: We found that some hens ate up to six scorpions within minutes. By means of an ethogram and drawings, we showed that they exhibited several aversive behaviors when capturing scorpions. Removal of the scorpion telson stopped the aversive reactions, which was not observed in the control group. Finally, hens did not exhibit atypical behaviors after 1, 7 and 30 days and were all alive after 30 days. Conclusion: This is the first empirical and video recorded study providing evidence that hens are clearly affected by scorpion venom but do not die. Therefore, they may have potential to be used in biological control of these arthropods.(AU)

Voracity, reaction to stings, and survival of domestic hens when feeding on the yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus)

Abstract Background: Scorpionism is a worldwide problem that has already made thousands of victims, and multi-disciplinary approaches for controlling their populations are to be more successful. Hens are often mentioned as tools for controlling scorpions; however, systematic/experimental behavioral studies are not available. Moreover, there is no systematic information on the effect of scorpion venoms on hens. Using the venomous yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus, the present study aimed to clarify the following aspects: (1) voracity of hens, (2) how hens react when stung, (3) the effect of scorpion stings on hen behavior during attacks, and (4) hen survivorship after feeding on scorpions. Methods: We attracted hens with corn powder, offered them scorpions and then recorded the hen-scorpion interaction. To test the effects of the sting we manually removed the scorpions telson. Results: We found that some hens ate up to six scorpions within minutes. By means of an ethogram and drawings, we showed that they exhibited several aversive behaviors when capturing scorpions. Removal of the scorpion telson stopped the aversive reactions, which was not observed in the control group. Finally, hens did not exhibit atypical behaviors after 1, 7 and 30 days and were all alive after 30 days. Conclusion: This is the first empirical and video recorded study providing evidence that hens are clearly affected by scorpion venom but do not die. Therefore, they may have potential to be used in biological control of these arthropods.

FIRST RECORD OF Brachymeria podagrica (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) AS PARASITOID OF Peckia collusor (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) / Primer reporte de Brachymeria podagrica (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDIDAE) como parasitoide de Peckia collusor (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)

ABSTRACT In this work, the wasp Brachymeria podagrica is recorded for the first time for Colombia, a solitary parasitoid of larvae of the Peckia collusor fly. Third instar larvae of P. collusor were exposed to outdoor ambient conditions for 6 hours in the garden of the Tecnológico de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia). 29 B. podagrica adults were obtained from the host pupae. Prevalence of parasitism was 14.5 %.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se reporta por primera vez a la avispa Brachymeria podagrica para Colombia y como parasitoide solitario de larvas de la mosca Peckia collusor. Los enemigos naturales fueron atraídos al exponer 200 larvas de P. collusor en tercer instar a condiciones ambientales naturales durante 6 horas el 16 de abril de 2015 en el jardín del Tecnológico de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia). Como resultado, 29 adultos de B. Podagrica emergieron de las pupas. La prevalencia de parasitismo fue del 14,5 %.

O próximo e o ódio: questões da psicanálise na atualidade / The neighbour and the hatred: Our time psychoanalysis' issues / El prójimo y el odio: cuestiones de psicoanálisis en la actualidad

Na contemporaneidade, acirram-se os efeitos estruturais do mal-estar da civilização discutidos por Freud. Nos deteremos naquele que advém da relação com o próximo. Quando a pulsão de morte reproduz uma forma de insatisfação reiterada, o tratamento desse excesso pode recair sobre o corpo do outro que guarda uma diferença de gozo. A maneira como o gozo íntimo ganha forma de estrangeiro habitando, como o pior, o próximo, configura uma suposição de suspeita que sustenta um modo de laço social. Lacan chega a falar que, na matriz de toda fraternidade, está a segregação. Formamos comunidades de gozo e excluímos toda a forma diferente de satisfação que nos ameace. Na atualidade, com o acúmulo do capital, aliado aos efeitos do avanço científico, algo se modificou no laço social e produziu, dessa matriz, uma nova gramática de inimigo, que denominamos sujeito suposto suspeito como um dos nomes do pior. Contra essa lógica, a emancipação e as saídas possíveis que a psicanálise aponta para uma vida em-comum, na solidão da responsabilidade do gozo de cada um, dizem respeito às soluções éticas que enfrentam, desde dentro, todo o idealismo superegóico.

In contemporary times, the structural effects discussed by Freud in the malaise of civilization are intensified. We will dwell on what comes from the relationship with the neighbor. When the death drive reproduces a form of repeated dissatisfaction, the treatment for this excess can fall on the body of the other who has a different satisfaction. The way intimate satisfaction takes shape as a foreigner inhabiting, like the worst, the neighbor, determines an assumption of suspicion that supports a mode of social bonding. Lacan even says that segregation is in the matrix of all fraternity. We create communities of satisfaction and exclude any different form of enjoyment that threatens us. Currently, the accumulation of capital mixed with the effects of scientific advancement brought changes to social bonding and produced, from this matrix, a new grammar for what's enemy. Suspected subject is a naming for the worse. Against this logic, the emancipation and the possible solutions that psychoanalysis suggests for a life in common, in the solitude and responsibility of each one's satisfaction, concerns the ethical solutions that face, from within, all the superegoic idealism.

En los tiempos contemporáneos, los efectos estructurales del malestar de la civilización discutidos por Freud se intensifican. Nos detendremos en el que proviene de la relación con los demás. Cuando el pulsion de la muerte reproduce una forma de insatisfacción repetida, el tratamiento de este exceso puede recaer en el cuerpo del otro, que tiene una diferencia de goce. El goce íntimo es proyectado como extranjero habitando en el prójimo, como si encarnara lo peor que proyectaba sobre él, configura una presunción de sospecha que sustenta un modo de vínculo social. Lacan llega al extremo de decir que la segregación está en el corazón de cada fraternidad. Formamos comunidades de goce y excluimos cualquier forma diferente de satisfacción que nos amenace. Hoy en día, con la acumulación de capital, combinada con los efectos del avance científico, algo ha cambiado en el vínculo social y ha producido, a partir de esta matriz, una nueva gramática del enemigo, que llamamos el sujeto supuesto sospechoso como uno de los nombres de lo peor. Contra esta lógica, la emancipación y las posibles soluciones que apunta el psicoanálisis en una vida común, en la soledad de la responsabilidad del goce de cada uno, conciernen a las soluciones éticas que enfrentan, desde adentro, todo idealismo superegoico.

Effects and mechanisms of nitrogen fertilizers on soil and tritrophic interactions in Chinese medicinal plants ecosystem / 中国中药杂志

Nitrogen is one of the most frequently used fertilizers in growth of Chinese medicinal plants(CMP). As in many other ecosystems, CMP ecosystem is also composed of plant-herbivore-natural enemy(tritrophic) interactions. Nitrogen fertilizer influences the growth and reproduction of CMP, and it is also able to heavily shape the ecosystem functions of CMP ecosystem through bottom-up forces. Understanding the specific effects of nitrogen fertilizer towards each trophic level will be beneficial to improve the resistance of CMP to herbivore and enhance the control efficiency of nature enemies to herbivore, and eventually, maximize the yield and quality of CMP. Most papers published on nitrogen use in plants focused mainly on the impact of nitrogen fertilization on CMP yield and quality. Influences of nitrogen application on CMP ecosystem get little attention at present. Therefore, this review summed up the potential effects of nitrogen fertilization on CMP ecosystem from perspectives of soil and tritrophic interactions. First of all, nitrogen fertilizer might decrease soil microbial biomass and altered the community structures of soil bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Negative effects of nitrogen fertilizer were found on biodiversity of soil bacteria and protozoa. Different fungi species respond differently to nitrogen fertili-zers. Nitrogen deposition can also decrease the soil pH. Decreases in soil microbial diversity and soil acidification can cause negative effects on CMP growth. In addition, nitrogen fertilizer could regulate the pest resistance of CMP including constitutive and inducible resistance. Both positive and negative effects of nitrogen application were found on pest resistance of CMP. Moreover, the development and predation of natural enemies were influenced by nitrogen deposition. Nitrogen influences natural enemies in many ways including plant volatiles, plant nutrient and structure and the supplementary food quality. Nectar and honeydew of plants and preys serve as important food source for natural enemies especially in early season when preys are still not available. Finally, the interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies were also shaped by nitrogen fertilizer in many aspects like increasing the nutritional content of prey and changing control efficiency of natural enemies. Some herbivores have evolved a strategy to sequester secondary metabolites which they absorbed from plant during their feeding. Studies showed that sequestration efficiency of secondary metabolites in prey could also be regulated by nitrogen. Parasitic, emergence, reproduction rate and longevity of parasites were found positively correlated with nitrogen deposition. Hopefully this study will shed light on practicable and economical application of nitrogen in cultivation of CMP.

Delitos sexuales en contra de menores de edad en Colombia: caracterización criminológica y político-criminal / Sex Crimes against Minors in Colombia: a Criminological and Politicalcriminal Characterization / Crimes sexuais contra menores na Colômbia: caracterização criminológica e político-criminal

Resumen En este artículo se realiza, por una parte, un análisis criminológico de los registros administrativos sobre delitos sexuales en contra de menores de edad en Colombia y, por otra, un ejercicio hermenêutico que tiene por objeto de estudio las formas de criminalización de estos comportamientos, con la finalidad de mostrar cómo la respuesta punitiva del Estado colombiano se corresponde con un derecho penal del enemigo. Así, luego de exponer los retos que persisten en materia de prevención de violencias sexuales y protección a las víctimas menores de edad, se pone en evidencia que el derecho penal en Colombia, en esta materia, se ha construido en torno al concepto de enemigo.

Abstract This article, on one hand, is a criminal analysis of the administrative records on sex crimes against minors in Colombia. On the other hand, it is also a hermeneutical exercise that seeks to study the ways these behaviors are criminalized, in order to show how the Colombian State's punitive response corresponds to criminal law of the enemy. In this way, after presenting the challenges that persist in terms of preventing sexual violence and protecting minors, the fact is demonstrated that criminal law in Colombia on this matter has been developed around the concept of the enemy.

Resumo Este artigo realiza, por um lado, uma análise criminológica dos autos administrativos dos crimes sexuais contra menores na Colômbia e, por outro, um exercício hermenêutico que visa estudar as formas de criminalização dessas condutas. O objetivo ê mostrar como a resposta punitiva do Estado colombiano corresponde a uma lei penal do inimigo. Assim, após expor os desafios que persistem na prevenção da violência sexual e na proteção de crianças vítimas, pode-se evidenciar que o direito penal na Colômbia, nesta matéria, foi construído em torno do conceito de inimigo.

Role of novel insecticides in crop protection and their selectivity to natural enemies: A review

In the present context of pest management in major crops, as the nature of pest pressure evolves, the requirement of new research-based tactics for pest control becomes a continuous process. Insecticide chemistry plays a major, if not dominant role in these developments. In this review, the toxicological aspects of new novel insecticides against crop pests and their selectivity to natural enemies have been discussed.The progress achieved in toxicological research has introduced new insecticides in crop protection during last two decades which are quite different over the existing groups in terms of chemistry and mode of action. It is evident from their mode of action that these chemicals target alternate physiological and biochemical effect. However, it is important to maintain the diversity in chemistry of insecticides for maximizing flexibility, precision and stability in pest management. In recent years, several new insecticide groups viz., neonicotinoids, butenolides, tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives, oxadiazines, diamides, ketoenols, phenylpyrazoles, pyridines, flonicamid, mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI) acaricides, diafenthiuron, tetrazines, oxazolines, and insecticides from soil microorganisms such as avermectins, milbemycins, spinosyns, pyrrole insecticides and insect growth regulators (IGRs) have been discovered and commercialized for agricultural pest management. The ability of these new groups of insecticides to be effective at low rates or doses, high level of selectivity, greater specificity to target pests along with low toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment, replaced many conventional compounds. The conservation of beneficial organisms like natural enemies and pollinators is the fundamental principle of integrated pest management (IPM). Majority of new insecticide groups are safer and fit well into IPM. It is perceived that in the process of entry of new chemical insecticides in crop protection there is a gradual shift from traditional chemicals to selective novel groups which have minimal side-effects on natural enemies of the pests. These selective insecticides have less adverse impact on the conservation and multiplication of bio agents which can be used in a compatible manner with other tools of IPM. The new chemistries are emphasizing to account separately for possible non-target effects on predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. These factors are becoming increasingly important as the agricultural sector moves away from highly persistent broad-spectrum insecticides to more selective rapidly decaying products.

Diolcogaster choi sp. nov. from Brazil, a new gregarious microgastrine parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from Hypercompe cunigunda (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Brazil

Abstract A new species of Diolcogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is described and illustrated. Additionally, its position within the recently published key to New World species of the xanthaspis species-group (to which the described Diolcogaster belongs) is provided. The gregarious larval parasitoid Diolcogaster choi sp. nov. was collected in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. This natural enemy was recovered from a caterpillar of Hypercompe cunigunda (Stoll, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) that was feeding on plant of passionflower, Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae). The fauna of the xanthaspis group in the New World now includes five species, including the new species from Brazil described in this paper. Diolcogaster choi sp. nov. differs anatomically, and is morphologically diagnosed, from all other known member of the xanthaspis group of the genus Diolcogaster, to which it belongs. The species also differs in recorded host, and its DNA barcode appears to be distinctive among described Diolcogaster.

A subjetividade sob dominação: um diálogo entre 'the intimate enemy' de Nandy e 'nervous conditions' de Dangarembga / Subjectivity under domination: a dialogue between Nandy's 'the intimate enemy' and Dangarembga's 'nervous conditions' / Subjetividad bajo dominación: un diálogo entre “El enemigo íntimo” de Nandy y “Condiciones nerviosas” de Dangarembga / La subjectivité sous domination: un dialogue entre “L'ennemi intime” de Nandy et les “Conditions nerveuses” de Dangarembga

Este artigo analisa duas diferentes tentativas de compreender os efeitos da dominação sobre a subjetividade e os caminhos tortuosos pelos quais se busca a emancipação. Um exemplo é tirado da obra de Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (1983) e o outro do romance de Tsitsi Dangarembga Nervous Conditions (1988). Argumenta-se que a dominação fere profundamente a psique humana de forma que a busca bem-sucedida da emancipação política de indivíduos e grupos oprimidos depende de como se lida com a abominável realidade da opressão, não apenas externamente, mas - principalmente - internamente. Neste sentido, a emancipação política consiste em uma política de identificação que deve contemplar tanto as ações coletivas para a liberdade quanto a reconstrução interna de um self vilificado e rebaixado.

This paper analyses two different endeavours to understand the effects of domination on the self as well as the tortuous ways whereby emancipation is sought for. One is taken from Ashis Nandy 's work The Intimate Enemy (1983), and the other, from Tsitsi Dangarembga's novel Nervous Conditions (1988). It is argued that domination deeply scars the human psyche so that the pursuit of political emancipation of oppressed individuals and collectives depends on how the abhorred reality of oppression is dealt with, not only externally, but mainly internally. In this vein, political emancipation consists of a politics of identification in that it must address both collective action towards freedom and an inner reconstruction of a vilified and downgraded self.

Este artículo analiza dos intentos diferentes de comprender los efectos de la dominación sobre la subjetividad y las formas tortuosas en que se busca la emancipación. Un ejemplo se toma del trabajo de Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (1983) y el otro de las Condiciones nerviosas de Tsitsi Dangarembga (1988). Se argumenta que la dominación perjudica profundamente la psique humana, por lo que la búsqueda exitosa de la emancipación política de los individuos y grupos oprimidos depende de cómo se aborde la abominable realidad de la opresión, no solo externamente sino, especialmente, internamente. En este sentido, la emancipación política consiste en una política de identificación que debe contemplar tanto las acciones colectivas por la libertad como la reconstrucción interna de un yo vilipendiado y degradado.

Cet article analyse deux tentatives différentes pour comprendre les effets de la domination sur la subjectivité et les manières tortueuses dont l'émancipation est recherchée. Un exemple est tiré de l'ouvrage d'Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy (1983), et l'autre de Nervous Conditions (1988) de Tsitsi Dangarembga. On prétend que la domination nuit gravement à la psyché humaine, de sorte que la poursuite de l'émancipation politique d'individus et de groupes opprimés dépend de la manière dont on gère la réalité abominable de l'oppression, non seulement à l'extérieur, mais surtout à l'intérieur. En ce sens, l'émancipation politique consiste en une politique d'identification qui doit envisager à la fois des actions collectives pour la liberté et la reconstruction interne d'un moi vilipendé et dégradé.

Can ants contribute to the conservative biological control of the south american fruit fly? / Formigas podem contribuir para o controle biológico conservativo da mosca-das-frutas sul-americana?

Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) are an efficient group of insects as predators of various arthropods. Based on records of the predatory ant activity, a survey was carried out on the efficiency in predation of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae, considering the percentage of removal of larvae using the variables of soil density and moisture content and their effect on the larvae burying. For this, A. fraterculus larvae were released to the soil and observed for 10 min while burying or removed by the ants in a peach (Prunus persica, Rosaceae) orchard. Eight ant species were recorded removing 32.70% of the larvae. Solenopsis saevissima was the most efficient species, with 42.86% of larvae removal. There were no significant correlations between the predation by ants with soil density and soil moisture content. Despite this, the study pointed out that ants belong to genera Pachycondyla, Pheidole, Pogonomyrmex and Solenopsis can be predators on A. fraterculus larvae, with emphasis on the S. saevissima. These ants can contribute as important agents of conservative biological control of the population of A. fraterculus in peach orchard and their conservation becomes interesting to use of combined control methods aiming to reduce insecticides and aggressive soil management methods.

Formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) são eficientes como predadores de diversos artrópodes. Baseado nos registros de atividade predatória de formigas, um levantamento da eficiência na predação de larvas de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) considerando a porcentagem na remoção das larvas pelas formigas frente às variáveis de densidade e teor de umidade do solo e o seu efeito sobre o tempo de enterramento das larvas, foi realizado. Larvas de A. fraterculus foram liberadas ao solo e observadas por 10 min enquanto enterravam-se ou eram removidas pelas formigas em um pomar de pessegueiro (Prunus persica, Rosaceae). Oito espécies de formigas foram registradas removendo 32.7% das larvas oferecidas. Solenopsis saevissima foi a espécie mais eficiente com 42.9% da remoção de larvas. Não ocorreram correlações significativas entre os registros de predação por formigas com a densidade e o teor de umidade do solo. Apesar disso, o estudo apontou que as formigas pertencentes aos gêneros Pachycondyla, Pheidole, Pogonomyrmex e Solenopsis podem ser predadoras de larvas de A. fraterculus, com ênfase na espécie S. saevissima, podem contribuir como importantes agentes de controle biológico conservativo da população de A. fraterculus em pomar de pessegueiro e que sua conservação torna-se interessante frente ao uso de métodos de controle combinados visando a redução de inseticidas e de métodos agressivos de manejo do solo.

Do parasitoid density and host age affect the parasitism of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)? / Densidade de parasitoides e idade do hospedeiro afetam o parasitismo de Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)?

The incidence of lepidopteran defoliants is one of the environmental factors that regulate the productivity of cultivated forests. The parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) has significant importance for its efficiency in the parasitism of pupae of these Lepidoptera. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction of P. elaeisis in different densities of pupae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different ages. Pupae of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were exposed at densities of 1:1, 4:1, 10:1, 19:1, 31:1 and 46:1 parasitoids/host, respectively. The parasitoids remained in contact with the pupae for 72 hours in 500 mL plastic pots, conditioned in an air-conditioned room, with temperature of 25 ± 2°C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and photoperiod of 12 hours. It was concluded that the density of 10:1 presented great results of parasitism, and further increase of density was not needed. Pupae of 24 and 48 hours had a higher percentage of emergence. Biological variables were affected neither by parasitoid densities nor by host age.(AU)

A incidência de lepidópteros desfolhadores é um dos fatores ambientais que regulam a produtividade das florestas plantadas. O endoparasitoide Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) destaca-se pela eficiência no parasitismo e pode ser promissor no controle de Lepidoptera pragas em diversas culturas com importância econômica. Assim, avaliaram-se o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de P. elaeisis em pupas de Spodoptera ­frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) com idades distintas submetidas a diferentes densidades do parasitoide. Pupas de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas foram expostas às densidades de 1:1, 4:1, 10:1, 19:1, 31:1 e 46:1 parasitoides/hospedeiro. Os parasitoides permaneceram em contato com as pupas por 72 horas em potes plásticos de 500 mL, acondicionados em sala climatizada com temperatura 25 ± 2°C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. A densidade 10:1 apresentou resultados adequados de parasitismo. Pupas de 24 e 48 horas de idade apresentaram maior porcentagem de emergência. O ciclo de vida, o número de indivíduos emergidos, a razão sexual, a longevidade das fêmeas e o comprimento da cápsula cefálica e da tíbia de P. elaeisis não foram afetados pelas densidades do parasitoide nem pela idade do hospedeiro.(AU)

Our daily enemy: a dialogue between psychoanalysis and law / O inimigo nosso de cada dia: uma interlocução entre psicanálise e direito

O artigo estabelece uma interlocução entre a psicanálise e o direito, tomando como recorte as teorizações freudianas acerca da segregação, pautada pela agressividade dirigida ao próximo e, também, da relação entre direito e violência, buscando articulá-las com a doutrina do direito penal do inimigo, formalizada pelo jurista alemão Gunther Jakobs. Para abordar essa temática e mostrar sua pertinência, os autores discutem as megaoperações policiais realizadas recentemente nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Depoimentos recolhidos a partir de uma pesquisa documental permitem afirmar que essa prática vem se revelando não apenas segregacionista, mas francamente intolerante e criminalizadora da pobreza.

This paper establishes a dialogue between psychoanalysis and law, taking as subject Freudian theories about segregation, characterized by the aggression directed to the neighbor, and also, the relations between law and violence, aiming to articulate them with the criminal law of the enemy's doctrine, formalized by the German jurist Gunther Jakobs. In order to address this theme and show its relevance, the authors discuss the police mega-operations recently carried out in the slums of Rio de Janeiro. Testimonies collected from data research allow us to state that this practice has been revealing itself not just segregational, but frankly intolerant and criminalising of poverty.

The predator Coenosia Attenuata Stein (Diptera, Muscidae) on cultivated plants from Brazil

ABSTRACT Coenosia attenuata Stein (1903) is a predatory fly that is commonly found in greenhouses and open fields preying on whiteflies, leafminers, psocopterans and other insects. The species is widespread in the Old World and its distribution has expanded in recent times to Neotropical countries including Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Peru. We report here for the first time the presence of C. attenuata in Brazil, occurring in different sites in the State of Ceará (Northeastern Brazil). Expansion of the distribution range of this muscid to the eastern parts of South America opens up the possibility of applying the beneficial predator as a biological control agent for protected crops of the region.

Entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for the management of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Americas

Classical biological control has been used extensively for the management of exotic weeds and agricultural pests, but never for alien insect vectors of medical importance. This simple but elegant control strategy involves the introduction of coevolved natural enemies from the centre of origin of the target alien species. Aedes aegypti - the primary vector of the dengue, yellow fever and Zika flaviviruses - is just such an invasive alien in the Americas where it arrived accidentally from its West African home during the slave trade. Here, we introduce the concept of exploiting entomopathogenic fungi from Africa for the classical biological control of Ae. aegypti in the Americas. Fungal pathogens attacking arthropods are ubiquitous in tropical forests and are important components in the natural balance of arthropod populations. They can produce a range of specialised spore forms, as well as inducing a variety of bizarre behaviours in their hosts, in order to maximise infection. The fungal groups recorded as specialised pathogens of mosquito hosts worldwide are described and discussed. We opine that similar fungal pathogens will be found attacking and manipulating Ae. aegypti in African forests and that these could be employed for an economic, environmentally-safe and long-term solution to the flavivirus pandemics in the Americas.

Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to control Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in pastures in Brazil: a revision / Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) para o controle de Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em pastagens no Brasil: uma revisão

The use of the parasitoid Neodusmetia sangwani to control the Rhodes grass mealybug Antonina graminis is one of the best examples of classical biological control in the world. The situation could not be different in Brazil, where the pest has also been introduced, and kept under control after the release of its natural enemy. In this review, it is united information with respect to the successful use of a natural enemy in this country. Notes about the description and biology of the insects involved and rearing and release procedures of the parasitoid for the Rhodes grass mealybug control in Brazil will also be presented.(AU)

O uso do parasitoide Neodusmetia sangwani para controlar a cochonilha-das-pastagens Antonina graminis é um dos melhores exemplos de controle biológico clássico no mundo. A situação não poderia ser diferente no Brasil, onde a praga foi introduzida e mantida sob controle após a liberação de seu inimigo natural. Nessa revisão são reunidas informações sobre o bem-sucedido uso de um inimigo natural nesse país. Serão apresentadas também notas sobre a descrição e biologia dos insetos envolvidos e procedimentos de multiplicação e liberação do parasitoide para o controle dessa cochonilha no Brasil.(AU)

Size and flight ability of Telenomus remus parasitoids reared on eggs of the factitious host Corcyra cephalonica

ABSTRACT In two independent bioassays, size and flight ability of parasitoids reared on eggs of Corcyra cephalonica for 19 generations and parasitoids reared on a natural host (Spodoptera frugiperda eggs) for 250 generations were compared as fast quality control procedures for insect rearing. The size of parasitoids was examined by morphometric analysis using a stereoscope. Length and width of the wings, right hind tibia, and the body of 20 individuals (males and females) were measured. In the analysis of flight ability, parasitoids were divided into three groups: individuals able to fly ("flyers"), individuals that did not fly but had no visible deformation ("walkers"), and individuals with visible deformation ("deformed"). We observed that parasitoids were larger when reared on the natural host than on the factitious host for all evaluated morphological characters. However, there was no significant difference between the treatments regarding the number of "flyers", "walkers" or "deformed" parasitoids. This indicates that even though the rearing of T. remus on a factitious host affects parasitoid size, it does not necessarily affect its flight ability and therefore suggests that C. cephalonica is suitable as a factitious host for mass rearing of T. remus. Other biological parameters still need to be evaluated, such as host finding ability, parasitism capacity, and parasitoid field efficacy in order to provide a more complete picture of the effects caused by a host change. However, because fast laboratory tests are needed in rearing facilities, the one used in this study might be useful to rapidly assess parasitoid quality.

¿MULTIPLICAR Tetrastichus howardi (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) EN LA ORUGA DE LA SEDA AFECTA SU BIOLOGÍA? / Does Multiplying Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the Silkworm Affect its Biology?

La multiplicación sucesiva de parasitoides en hospederos alternativos, puede afectar las características biológicas y comprometer los sistemas de cría masiva de estos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la multiplicación de Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) en pupas del hospedero alternativo Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), durante tres generaciones. Y si eso afecta su desempeño reproductivo, cuando se cría, posteriormente, en pupas del hospedero natural Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Las informaciones obtenidas en este estudio pueden mejorar y facilitar el control biológico de plagas, principalmente, con la utilización de parasitoides, debido a que T. howardi parasita y se desarrolla en pupas de B. mori. De forma general, la multiplicación de T. howardi durante tres generaciones en pupas del hospedero alternativo B. mori no compromete las características biológicas de este parasitoide cuando se multiplica en su hospedero natural D. saccharalis a los efectos de su utilización en programas de control biológico.

The successive multiplication of parasitoids in alternative hosts can affect the biological characteristics and compromise the systems for massive rearing. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the multiplication of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of the alternative host Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) for three generations, affects its reproductive performance, when are reared, then in pupae of the natural host Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The information obtained in this study can improve and facilitate the biological control of pests, mainly with the use of parasitoids, due to the fact that T. howardi parasite and develops into pupae of B. mori. In general, the multiplication of T. howardi for three generations in the alternative host pupae of B. mori does not compromise the biological characteristics of this parasitoid when multiplied in its natural host D. saccharalis to the effects of their use in biological control programs.

Antes da chuva: metamorfoses do círculo / Before the rain: circle metamorphoses / Avant la pluie: les métamorphoses du cercle / Antes de la lluvia: metamorfosis círculo

Este ensaio procura mostrar de que maneira a modernidade tecnológica produz em permanência comportamentos arcaicos, preservados no interior da civilização que se pretende lógica e científica. Da pseudoformação escolar aos particularismos políticos, do fim do espaço público às legislações submetidas a lobbies, passa-se da ideia de polis - a cidade como destino comum de uma coletividade que partilha os mesmos valores - à thyase - organização de grupos na forma de seitas - religiosas ou políticas. Mostra-se, assim, o modo de produção do mal-estar e da violência no mundo contemporâneo, só podendo ser superados rompendo-se com os particularismos ressentidos e com a política que opõe amigo e inimigo. Neste sentido, assim como o futuro é contingente, o passado também o é, podendo ser reaberto em suas esperanças de paz e felicidade não cumpridas e que podem fazer advir o presente...

This essay shows how the technological modernity continues to produce archaic behavior, preserved inside a civilization that intends to be logical and scientific. From school pseudoformation to political particularism, from the end of the public space to the legislation subjected to lobbying, we passed from the idea of polis - the city as common fate of a community that shares the same values - to the idea of thyase - groups organized as religious or political sects.The mode of production of the malaise and the violence in today's world is thus shown. It is argued that they can only be overcome by breaking up with the resentful particularism and with the policy that opposes friends and enemies. In this sense, the future and the past are equally contingent. The latter can be reopened in its unfulfilled hopes of peace and happiness and may lead us to reopen the present...

Cet essai vise à montrer comment la modernité technologique produit en permanence des comportements archaïques, préservés dans l'intérieur de la civilisation qui se prétend logique et scientifique. De la pseudoformation scolaire aux particularismes politiques, de la fin de l'espace public aux législations soumises aux lobbies, on passe de l'idée de polis - la ville comme destin commun d'une collectivité qui partage les mêmes valeurs - à l'idée de thyase - organisation de groupes sous la forme de sectes religieuses ou politiques. On montre, ainsi, le mode de production du malaise et de la violence dans le monde contemporain, ceux-ci ne pouvant être surmontés qu´en rompant avec les particularismes du ressentiment ainsi qu'avec la politique qui oppose ami et ennemi. En ce sens, tout comme le futur est contingent, le passé l'est aussi, pouvant être réouvert dans ses espoirs de paix et de bonheur non accomplis et qui peuvent faire advenir le présent...

Este ensayo busca mostrar de qué manera la modernidad tecnológica produce en permanencia comportamientos arcaicos, preservados en el interior de la civilización que se pretende lógica y científica. De la pseudoformación escolar a los particularismos políticos, del fin del espacio público a las legislaciones sometidas a lobbies, se pasa de la idea de polis - la ciudad como destino común de una colectividad que divide los mismos valores - a la thyase - organización de grupos en la forma de sectas - religiosas o políticas. Se muestra, así, el modo de producción del malestar y de la violencia en el mundo contemporáneo, sólo pudiendo ser superados, rompiéndose con los particularismos resentidos y con la política que opone amigo y enemigo. En este sentido, así como el futuro es contingente, el pasado también lo es, pudiendo ser reabierto en sus esperanzas de paz y felicidad no cumplidas y que pueden reabrir el presente...

Seletividade de agrotóxicos utilizados em pessegueiro sobre ovos e pupas do predador Chrysoperla externa / Selectivity of pesticides used in peach orchards on eggs and pupae of the predator Chrysoperla externa

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a seletividade de dezenove agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro sobre ovos e pupas do predador Chrysoperla externa em condições laboratoriais (temperatura 25±1ºC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotofase 14 horas). Os agrotóxicos foram pulverizados diretamente sobre ovos e pupas por meio de uma torre de Potter, utilizando a máxima dosagem recomendada para a cultura do pessegueiro. Foi avaliada a viabilidade de ovos e pupas, além da fecundidade e fertilidade de adultos emergidos de pupas tratadas. Os agrotóxicos foram classificados para ovos em função da redução na eclosão e, para pupas, em função do efeito total, conforme a escala de toxicidade proposta pela IOBC. A maioria dos agrotóxicos avaliados (8 inseticidas, 8 fungicidas e 2 herbicidas) se mostrou inócua (classe 1) a ovos e pupas, com redução na eclosão de larvas e efeito total em pupas inferiores a 30%. A exceção se deu para o inseticida óleo mineral, que reduziu a eclosão de larvas em 69,55% quando pulverizado em ovos e proporcionou efeito total em pupas de 36,22%, sendo classificado como levemente nocivo (classe 2) a ovos e pupas de C. externa .

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of nineteen pesticides used in peach orchards on eggs and pupae of the predator Chrysoperla externa in bioassays carried under laboratory conditions (temperature of 25±1ºC, relative humidity 70±10% and 14 hours photophase). The pesticides were directly sprayed on eggs and pupae trough a Potter tower using the maximum recommended dosage for peach orchards. It was evaluated eggs and pupae viability, in addition to fecundity and fertility of adults emerged from treated pupae. The pesticides were classified to eggs according to reduction in eggs hatch, and to pupae according to the total effect into IOBC toxicity categories. Most of pesticides evaluated (8 insecticides, 8 fungicides and 2 herbicides) were harmless (category 1) to eggs and pupae, with a reduction in eggs hatch and total effect to pupae lower than 30%, except for the insecticide mineral oil, which reduced eggs hatch in 69.55% and caused a total effect of 36.22% in pupae, being therefore classified as slightly harmful (category 2) to eggs and pupae of C. externa .