Changes in functional connectivity in patients with acute mild traumatic brain injury based on a triple-network model: a resting state functional MRI study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the resting state functional connectivity changes of the " triple network model" composed of salient network (SN), executive control network (ECN) and default mode network (DMN) in patients with acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).Methods:From August 2020 to December 2021, forty-five acute mTBI patients (mTBI group) and 40 healthy controls (HC group) with matched sex, age, and education were included.The Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale was used to evaluate the cognitive status of all subjects.The resting state network (RNS) was established based on independent component analysis (ICA), and the SN, ECN and DMN were extracted, then functional network connectivity (FNC) was analyzed.Subsequently, the correlation between functional connectivity abnormalities and the performance of cognitive impairment was analyzed.SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis and double sample t test was used for comparison between the tow groups. Results:Compared with HC group, mTBI group had enhanced functional connectivity between SN(L-insula) (MNI: x, y, z=-36, 15, 0, t=3.693)and ECN (left superior parietal gyrus, L-SPG) (MNI: x, y, z=-33, -69, 54, t=3.333)(FDR adjust, P<0.05), and decreased functional connectivity between DMN(left superior frontal gyrus, L-SFG) (MNI: x, y, z=-30, 30, 42, t=-4.063)and DMN(L-angular gyrus)(MNI: x, y, z=-21, -66, 33, t=-4.101)(FDR adjust, P<0.05). For FNC analysis, functional network connectivity in SN(IC26)-DMN(IC8) was enhanced in the acute mTBI group and decreased between SN(IC26)-DMN(IC12) and ECN(IC3)-DMN(IC12). The changes of left superior parietal gyrus functional connection were negatively correlated with MoCA score ( r=-0.627, P<0.01), and SN (IC26) -DMN(IC12) connection was positively correlated with MoCA score ( r=0.411, P=0.005). Conclusions:In patients with acute mTBI, the resting functional connectivity changes within and between the networks of the " triple network model" composed of SN, ECN and DMN, and is related to the decline of cognitive function.This will help to better understand the neuropathological mechanism of acute mTBI and post-traumatic cognitive impairment, and may become an effective imaging marker for identifying and predicting cognitive impairment after mTBI.

Diferencias en tareas de función ejecutiva entre adolescentes y adultos mayores bilingües y monolingües / Differences in Executive Function between Bilingual and Monolingual Teenagers and Older Adults

Resumen Nos propusimos comparar el rendimiento en tareas de función ejecutiva entre adolescentes y adultos mayores bilingües y monolingües. Utilizamos un diseño comparativo transversal. Evaluamos a 48 personas monolingües (24 adolescentes y 24 adultos mayores) y 56 bilingües (31 adolescentes y 25 adultos mayores) con una amplia batería neuropsicológica que comprendían tareas de flexibilidad cognitiva (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test), control inhibitorio (test de Stroop), memoria de trabajo (subescalas de Retención de dígitos, Secuencia de números y letras: test Wechsler de inteligencia) y acceso a la memoria a largo plazo (fluidez semántica y fonológica). Nuestros resultados indican que los adolescentes y adultos mayores monolingües rinden mejor en las pruebas de control ejecutivo que sus pares bilingües, siendo estas diferencias menores en los adultos mayores y no parecen asociarse a la edad y a la frecuencia de uso de L1 (castellano) y L2 (quechua). Estos resultados muestran que durante la adolescencia hay una desventaja a nivel ejecutivo en las personas bilingües, la cual parece disminuir en la adultez. Se discuten los resultados a la luz del peso de los factores socioculturales y a la posibilidad de entender al bilingüismo como un mecanismo ligado a la reserva cognitiva.

Abstract Our purpose was to compare performance in executive function tasks between bilingual and monolingual adolescents and older adults. A cross-sectional design was used. We evaluated 48 monolinguals (24 adolescents and 24 older adults) and 56 bilinguals (31 adolescents and 25 older adults) with a wide neuropsychological battery that included tasks of cognitive flexibility (Wisconsin card sorting test), inhibitory control (Stroop test), working memory (direct and inverse digits) and access to long-term memory (semantic and phonological fluency). Our results indicate that monolingual adolescents and older adults perform better in executive control tests than their bilingual counterparts, and these differences are minor in bilingual older adults, these differences do not seem to be associated with age and the frequency of use of L1 (Spanish) and L2 (Quechua). These results seem to show that during adolescence there is a cognitive disadvantage in executive function, which is reduced when people get older. The results are discussed considering sociocultural factors and the possibility of understanding bilingualism as a mechanism linked to cognitive reserve.

Executive Functions in Children with ADHD and/or Reading Difficulty / Funções Executivas em Crianças com TDAH e/ou Dificuldade de Leitura

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the Executive Functions performance (EFs: inhibitory control, auditory and visuospatial working memory, cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency) between children with ADHD, reading difficulties (RD), comorbidity ADHD/RD and without complaints of ADHD and RD (WRD). Participated 104 children, of both sexes, aged between eight and 11 years old. The results indicated worse performance of ADHD/RD group in the majority EFs. ADHD presented better performance than DL in semantic verbal fluency. The WRD obtained better scores than the ADHD / DL and DL in practically all the evaluated EFs, but did not differ of ADHD.

Resumo Objetivou-se comparar o desempenho em Funções Executivas (FEs: controle inibitório, memória de trabalho auditiva e visuoespacial, flexibilidade cognitiva e fluência verbal) de crianças com TDAH, com dificuldade de leitura (DL), com comorbidade entre TDAH e dificuldade de leitura (TDAH/DL) e sem queixas de TDAH e dificuldades de leitura (SDL). Participaram 104 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 8 e 11 anos. Os resultados apontaram piores desempenhos do TDAH/DL na maioria das FEs avaliadas quando comparado aos demais grupos. O grupo de crianças TDAH apresentou melhor desempenho do que o DL em fluência verbal semântica. O SDL obteve melhores escores que o TDAH/DL e o DL em praticamente todas as FEs avaliadas, mas não se diferenciou do TDAH.

Los movimientos oculares como medida de control ejecutivo en niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad / Eye movements as a measure of executive control in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) está relacionado con dificultades a nivel de control ejecutivo. Nuevas formas de explorar este constructo contribuyen a la precisión diagnóstica, disminuir la prevalencia y la construcción de un consenso objetivo sobre los criterios del TDAH. El objetivo fue establecer las diferencias en el control ejecutivo de un grupo de niños con TDAH (N=22), con respecto al grupo control (N=15), de ambos géneros y de entre 7 y 12 años de edad, escolarizados de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Se implementaron tres parámetros oculares: fijaciones, antisacadas y prosacadas, los cuales fueron registrados continuamente en un equipo de rastreo visual (Tobii T120). Los resultados indicaron un menor tiempo para el grupo con TDAH en fijaciones oculares (p<,001) que miden control de la interferencia. Un mayor número de errores de dirección en el parámetro antisacadas relacionados con el control inhibitorio. Respecto a las prosacadas, que miden la capacidad para iniciar una respuesta motora, no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Se concluyó que la población con TDAH presenta alteración en el control ejecutivo al utilizar el paradigma de rastreo ocular. Se propusieron, además, los movimientos oculares como posible marcador biológico para detectar una población en riesgo de padecer dicho trastorno.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is related to difficulties at the level of the executive control. New ways of exploring this construct contribute to diagnostic accuracy, decrease the prevalence and build an objective consensus on ADHD criteria. The aim of the study was to establish the differences in the executive control of a group of children with ADHD (N=22), with respect to the control group (N=15), of both genders and between 7 and 12 years old, attending school in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Three ocular parameters were implemented: fixings, antisaccade, and prosaccades, which were recorded continuously in a visual tracking equipment (Tobii T120). The results indicated a shorter time for the group with ADHD in ocular fixations (p<0.001) that measure interference control. A greater number of address errors in the antisaccade parameter related to inhibitory control. Regarding the prosaccades, which measure the capacity to initiate a motor response, no significant differences were found. It was concluded that the population with ADHD presents alteration in the executive control when using the eye tracking paradigm. Eye movements were also proposed as a possible biological marker to detect a population at risk of suffering from this disorder.

Interhemispheric functional connectivity for Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment based on the triple network model / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) based on a triple network model consisting of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and executive control network (ECN). The technique of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analysis was applied to explore the aberrant connectivity of all patients. The results showed that: (1) the statistically significant connections of interhemispheric brain regions included DMN-related brain regions (i.e. precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, cuneus, lingual gyrus, temporal inferior gyrus, and hippocampus), SN-related brain regions (i.e. frontoinsular cortex), and ECN-related brain regions (i.e. frontal middle gyrus and frontal inferior); (2) the precuneus and frontal middle gyrus in the AD group exhibited lower VMHC values than those in the aMCI and healthy control (HC) groups, but no significant difference was observed between the aMCI and HC groups; and (3) significant correlations were found between peak VMHC results from the precuneus and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Scale (MOCA) scores and their factor scores in the AD, aMCI, and AD plus aMCI groups, and between the results from the frontal middle gyrus and MOCA factor scores in the aMCI group. These findings indicated that impaired interhemispheric functional connectivity was observed in AD and could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD. More specifically, the DMN was inhibited, while the SN and ECN were excited. VMHC results were correlated with MMSE and MOCA scores, highlighting that VMHC could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD and the progression from aMCI to AD.

¿existen diferencias entre sexos en las redes atencionales? una revisión sistemática sobre el alerta fásica, vigilancia, orientación y control ejecutivo / Are there sex differences in attentional networks? a systematic review of the phasic alerting, vigilance, orienting and executive control

Resumen Las diferencias entre sexos suelen ser un aspecto crucial a ser tenido en cuenta en ciertos desarrollos en neurociencias cognitivas. En el estudio de las redes neuronales de la atención (alerta fásica, vigilancia, orientación, control atencional), aún no se observa un consenso establecido y esclarecedor sobre las diferencias existentes entre mujeres y hombres. Este trabajo presenta una revisión de las diferencias entre sexos encontradas en las investigaciones de las redes atencionales. Se pretende aportar una discusión que sirva como guía para considerar el sexo como variable de interés en futuros estudios en ciencias cognitivas.

Abstract Sex differences are often a crucial topic to be taken into account in certain developments in cognitive neuroscience. In the study of attention neural networks (phasic alerting, vigilance, orienting, executive control), there is not yet a consensus established and enlightening about the differences between men and women. This paper presents a review of sex differences found in investigations of attentional networks. We plan to bring a discussion to serve as a guide to regard sex as a variable of interest in future studies in cognitive neuroscience.

The primary explore of the damage of the executive control network in major depressive disorder:a dynamic causal model on magnetoencephalography / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the interconnection of the executive control network in major depressive disorder when they recognized the sad facial stimuli,and to discuss the aberrant mechanism of emotion processing.Methods Twenty major depressive patients and 20 well-matched healthy volunteers participated in the experiment.The brain actions of all subjects were recorded by the magnetoencephalography (MEG) when they were required to distinguish the emotion face.Based on prior knowledge,the interested brain area consisted of the primary visual cortex (V1),the orbitofrontal cortex(OFC),the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC),the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC).Then constructing three competing models to select an optimal model by the method of dynamic causal model(DCM),finally the differences of the effective connections of the optimal model between the depressed patients and healthy controls were analyzed.Results According to the results of Bayesian model selection (BMS),model 1 had the most exceedance probability of 0.80 with the features that there were bidirectional modulatory connections between the OFC,ACC and DLPFC.Given the best model,the parameters of effective connectivity of the optimal model were extracted,and then two-sample t-test over the model 1 was adopted.The modulatory effective connectivity from the OFC to the DLPFC in both hemisphere(t=-2.73,P=0.0096;t=-3.01,P=0.0046) and the OFC to the ACC (t=-2.93,P=0.0057) in the left hemisphere were significantly reduced in MDD.Conclusion There exists abnormal function of executive control network in depressed patients,the decreased effective connections between the OFC and the DLPFC,as well as the OFC and the ACC,may have correlation with the negative

Executive control for methadone maintenance patients:an event-related potential study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To discuss the neuropsychological mechanism of executive control for methadone maintenance patients(MMP).Methods Using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to reveal the time course of information processes with high temporal resolution,and exam the function of attention monitoring and response inhibition in heroin-dependent MMP.Results (l) The behavioral results: there were significant withinsubjects Stroop interference effects for the MMP and control groups (reaction time:control group' s congruent condition(766.57±75.64) ms,incongruent condition(879.52±62.31) ms,MMP group' s congruent condition (821.89±64.44) ms,incongruent condition (906.29 ± 69.46) ms,P＜ 0.001 ; error rate: control group' s congruent condition (4.15± 2.92) ％,incongruent condition (8.70 ± 6.12) ％,P＜ 0.001,MMP group' s congruent condition (12.07 ±10.80) ％,incongruent condition (16.60±12.43)％,P＜0.01).(2)ERPs data showed that MMP demonstrated significantly smaller incongruent-N2/N450/SP amplitudes than controls,and all disappearing incongruent effects in N2,N450 and SP,comparing statistically significant incongruent effects for controls in N2,N450 and SP.In MMP group,the amplitudes of N2 and N450 incongruent condition (N2 (1.40± 2.91) μV、N450 (1.29 ± 0.55) μV) were bigger than congruent condition amplitudes(N2(0.77±3.61) μV 、N450(0.83± 1.07) μV,P＜0.05),but the amplitude of SP (0.37±3.58)μV was smaller than congruent condition(1.53±3.05) μV,P＜0.001 ;in control group,the amplitudes of N2 and N450 incongruent condition((-0.30±3.45) μV,N450(1.77± 1.55)tμV) were smaller than congruent condition (N2(1.10±3.64) μV,P＜0.001； N450(2.37±2.12) μV,P＜0.05),the amplitude of SP ((1.93±1.65) μV) was bigger than congruent condition((0.98±2.02)μV,P＜0.01).Conclusion There are impaired executive control functions during the conflict monitoring process and the conflict resolution process for MMP.These results provide the neural electrophysiological evidence to explain relapse behaviors in methadone maintenance patients.

Nível socioeconômico e funções executivas em crianças/ adolescentes: revisão sistemática / Socioeconomic status and executive function in children/adolescents: systematic review / Nivel socioeconómico y funciones ejecutivas en niños/adolescentes: revisión sistemática

O objetivo deste estudo foi sistematizar evidências sobre a influência do nível socioeconômico (NSE) no desempenho em tarefas de funções executivas (FE). A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycINFO, Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO e BVS-PSI, entre 2000 e 2011. Foram selecionados 19 artigos, com base em critérios pré-estabelecidos. As características metodológicas dos estudos foram analisadas quanto à presença de amostra representativa, critérios de inclusão, controle de confundidores e tamanho de efeito. NSE influenciou o desempenho em FE em 17 estudos, sendo que a magnitude das diferenças entre os grupos de NSE foi geralmente moderada e fraca, de acordo com a função executiva e a idade. Discute-se a relação entre variáveis socioeconômicas e funções executivas na infância/adolescência, assim como a relevância de estudos futuros com rigor metodológico

This study aimed to systematize evidences about the socioeconomic status (SES) in the development of executive functions (EF) tasks. The search for articles, from 2000 to 2011, was carried out in the following databases: ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycINFO, Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCOand BVS-PSI. Nineteen articles were selected based on previously established criteria. Methodological characteristics were analyzed concerning the presence of a representative sample, inclusion criteria, control of confounding factors and size effect. SES influenced the development of EF in 17 studies, and the magnitude of differences among groups related to SES generally varied between moderated and weak according to the executive function and age. The relationship between socioeconomic variables and executive functions in childhood/adolescence is discussed, as well as the relevance of future studies with methodological rigor

El objetivo de este estudio fue sistematizar las evidencias sobre la influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en el desempeño de tareas de funciones ejecutivas (FE). La búsqueda de artículos se llevó a cabo en las bases ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycINFO, Pubmed, Science Direct, EBSCO y BVS-PSI entre el 2000 y el 2011. Se seleccionaron 19 artículos con base en criterios preestablecidos. Se analizaron las características metodológicas de los estudios para detectar la presencia de la muestra representativa, criterios de inclusión, control de factores de confusión y tamaño del efecto. NSE influenció el desempeño en FE en 17 estudios, siendo que la magnitud de las diferencias entre los grupos de acuerdo con NSE varió entre moderada y débil de acuerdo con la función ejecutiva y la edad. Se discute la relación entre las variables socioeconómicas y funciones ejecutivas en la infancia/adolescencia, así como la relevancia de futuros estudios con rigor metodológico

Pruebas de fluidez verbal categoriales, fonológicas y gramaticales en la infancia: factores ejecutivos y semánticos / Categorical, phonological and grammatical verbal fluency tasks in children: executive and semantic factors

En el presente trabajo se aplicaron las Pruebas de Fluidez Verbal (PFV), correspondientes al Explorador Neuropsicológico en Fluidez Verbal (ENFV), a una población de niños argentinos. El objetivo principal fue conocer su estructura factorial en niños y divulgar valores normativos. Se obtuvieron dos factores principales: uno ejecutivo y el otro semántico. Esto avala gran parte de la literatura especializada, que discute sobre el rol de las capacidades atencionales y otras habilidades en PFV. Respecto del rol de la edad, se encontró una elevada incidencia en todas las pruebas, excepto la categorial de supermercado. La influencia fue mayor para las pruebas fonológicas y de verbos, lo que fue relacionado con su mayor compromiso frontal y la tardía maduración de estas estructuras. Se sugiere, por último, la continuidad de estos trabajos desde una perspectiva interactiva entre nodos ejecutivos y semánticos. Esto conlleva la utilización de equipos de neuroimágenes para obtener imágenes por Tensor de Difusiones, cuyo dato principal es la conectividad entre regiones cerebrales distantes.

In this work we applied Verbal Fluency Tasks (VFT) belonging to the Verbal Fluency Neuropsychological Explorer (VFNE) to a popu-lation of Argentinean childrens. The main objective was to determine the factor structure in children and disseminate normative values. We obtained two main factors: one executive and one semantic. This supports much of the literature, which discusses the role of attentional capacities and other skills in VFT. On the role of Age, there was a high incidence in all tests except the categorical supermarket. The influence was greater for the phonological tests and verbs, which was associated with greater commitment and delayed frontal maturation of these structures. It suggests, finally, the continuity of this work from an interactive perspective be-tween executive and semantic nodes. This involves the use of neuroimaging equipment to obtain diffusion tensor images, which shows connectivity data between distant brain regions.

The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Executive Control Function:an fMRI Study / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on executive control function.Methods:Thirteen healthy young men completed visual Go/No-go task before and after the 36 hour sleep deprivation.Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was carried out in these subjects 3 weeks apart.Results: The hit rate of Co/No-go task decreased (P

A study of the prefrontal executive control of behavior and the electrophysiology in macaca mulatas / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To explore the behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of prefrontal executive control in macaca mulatas. Methods Three macaca mulatas were used for behavioral research. Neuronal activities of the prefrontal cortex were recorded in two monkeys while visual discriminated go/no go tasks were being performed. Results ① The response time was (419?18)ms, (376?26)ms and (540?21)ms in three monkeys while performing go/no go tasks; ② A total of 41 tetrodes penetrations were made in the PFC of two monkeys. A total of 92 task related neurons were sampled and categorized as 5 types: visual signal related neurons, decision making related neurons, go movement related neurons, reward related neurons and multi events related neurons; ③ When it was correct, the discharge rate of a neuron to a go signal was significantly higher than that to a no go signal during cue period; the discharge rate of a decision making neuron in a go task was significantly higher than that in a no go task. However, when it was wrong, the situation was on the contrary during delay period. Conclusions ① The prefrontal cortex contains various kinds of neurons; ② There are two types of errors in executing go/no go tasks: cue period error and delay period error.