Content determination of bacteriostats in ocular extractives eye drops and the absorption effect of activated carbon on it / 中国药科大学学报

@#To establish a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method to determine the content of bacteriostats in the ocular extractives eye drops, Diamonsil C18(4. 6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)column was used, with gradient elusion by 1% triethylamine solution(pH 3. 0)(mobile phase A)and methanol(mobile phase B). The detection wavelength was 256 nm; the column temperature was 40 °C; and the flow rate was 1. 0 mL/min. Under these conditions, the three bacteriostats of methylparaben, ethylparoben and chlorhexidine acetate showed good resolution. The bacteriostats exhibited good linear relationship between the peak area and the concentration in the concentration range of 0. 1- 80 μg/mL(r> 0. 999 1). The recoveries were from 97. 2% to 104. 1%, and the RSD was 0. 8% to 1. 2%. The content of bacteriostats in all the five batches of ocular extractives eye drops was less than 10% of the prescription amount. It was found that the activated carbon used in the production process had strong adsorption effect on the bacteriostat, and that the lower the temperature and the higher the concentration of activated carbon, the stronger the adsorption of bacteriostatic agent. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon for different bacteriostats is: chlorhexidine acetate > ethylparoben > methylparaben. The results showed that the established HPLC method was easy to operate with high sensitivity and good repeatability. It can be used to determine the content of bacteriostat in ocular extractives eye drops quickly and accurately. In addition, this study reveals for the first time the effect of impurity removal process on bacteriostat in the production of ocular extractives eye drops. It is not suitable to use activated carbon to remove impurities before adding parabens and chlorhexidine acetate bacteriostats. The current work provides a new guiding basis for the monitoring and improvement of the quality of ocular extractives eye drops.

Simultaneous Determination of 14 Elements in Deproteinized Calf Blood Extractives Injection by ICP-MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for the content determination of 14 elements in Deproteinized calf blood extractives injection. METHODS： Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） was adopted. The radiofrequency power was 1 350 W； flow rate of carrier gas （argon） and collision gas （helium） was 1.1 L/min and 4.5 L/min respectively； integration time was 1.5 s； plasma gas flow rate was 18 L/min； depth of sampling was 65 mm； speed of sampling peristaltic pump was 24.0 r/min； data sampling mode was peak-jump acquisition mode； data collection was repeated for 3 times. RESULTS： The linear ranges of Cd， Pb， As， Co， V， Ni， Tl， Ag， Mo， Cu， Cr， Ba and Al were 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 7）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 7）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 8）、0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 5）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 5）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 8）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 6）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 5）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 5）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 8）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 6）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 6）， 0.05-50 μg/L （r＝0.999 7） and 0.5-70 μg/L （r＝0.999 8）， respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.003 1， 0.008 9， 0.016 0， 0.025 0， 0.002 1， 0.006 9， 0.038 1， 0.002 1， 0.005 5， 0.002 0， 0.023 1， 0.005 0， 0.002 0， 0.324 9 μg/L， separately. The limits of determination were 0.000 9， 0.002 7， 0.004 8， 0.007 5， 0.000 6， 0.002 1， 0.011 4， 0.000 6， 0.016 5， 0.000 6， 0.006 9， 0.001 5， 0.000 6， 0.097 5 μg/L， separately. RSDs of precision， stability and repeatability tests were all less than 8％. The recoveries were 87.4％-94.3％（RSD＝2.6％， n＝9）， 110.3％-118.2％（RSD＝1.8％，n＝9）， 89.8％-99.7％（RSD＝3.1％，n＝9）， 77.7％-84.4％（RSD＝2.5％，n＝9）， 105.6％-113.4％（RSD＝2.3％，n＝9）， 106.7％-116.5％（RSD＝2.7％，n＝9）， 89.1％-104.5％（RSD＝4.5％，n＝9）， 105.6％-118.6％（RSD＝3.6％，n＝9）， 77.8％-88.0％（RSD＝4.0％，n＝9）， 106.7％-116.1％（RSD＝2.8％，n＝9）， 88.5％-97.1％（RSD＝3.1％，n＝9）， 80.5％-88.6％（RSD＝2.9％，n＝9）， 85.2％-99.4％（RSD＝4.2％，n＝9）， 97.6％-109.3％（RSD＝3.2％，n＝9）， respectively. CONCLUSIONS： The method is simple， accurate. The precision， stability and repeatability of this method are also good. It is suitable for simultaneous determination of 14 elements in Deproteinized calf blood extractives injection.

Tannic extract potential as natural wood preservative of Acacia mearnsii

ABSTRACT High toxicity of the preservatives most frequently used in wood treatment and the resulting risks of handling pose a threat to small producers and to the environment. In an attempt to mitigate these problems, the present study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the preservative effect of tannic extract on biodeterioration of Acacia mearnsii wood. For this purpose, untreated and preserved specimens, some with tannin extract and some with a preservative mixture based on CCB (Chromated Copper Borate), were submitted to accelerated rotting trials with the fungus that causes white rot (Pycnoporus sanguineus) for 16 weeks. The evaluations were made with a basis on weight loss and chemical components analysis, and they showed that the natural resistance of Acacia wood is moderate when exposed to the white rot fungus. The tannin concentrations showed similar effects to those of the CBB mixture in all evaluations, i.e., they significantly increased the biological resistance of the material, which started to be classified as very resistant to the fungus. Overall, the results suggest that tannin can be considered as a potential natural preservative product.

Field screening for fungus inducing active substances from Dalbergia odorifera / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To select the fungi which can induce Dalbergia odorifera to produce active substances. METHODS: Twenty-five fungi were inoculated in the stems of six or seven-year-old D. odorifera under natural conditions. Fungi with biological activity to induce D. odorifera producing active substances were obtained through field screening and chemical quality evaluation. The ethanol-soluble extractives and total flavonoids of D. odorifera were analyzed by spectrophotometry and hot maceration method, respectively. RESULTS: Six active fungi inducing the formation of heartwood were obtained. CONCLUSION: This study is very important for utilizing fungi in the induction of D. odorifera and sustainable utilization of this special medicinal material.

Depressor Substances Test and Histamine Test for the Quality Control of Deproteinized Culf Blood Extrac-tives Injection / 中国药师

Objective:To explore the applicability of depressor substances test and histamine test for the quality control of depro-teinized culf blood extractives injection. Methods: Depressor substances test and histamine test were carried out on 10 batches of deproteinized culf blood extractives injection samples. Results:Some samples showed positive reactions in the experiments. The correl-ative analysis showed positive correlation existed between the results of depressor substances test and histamine test. However, part of samples causing blood pressure decrease in anesthetized cats showed negative or relatively reduced results in histamine test. Conclu-sion:Deproteinized culf blood extractives injection may be contaminated by depressor substances. Part of these substances may not be histamine analogue, therefore, depressor substances test may be considered in the quality control of the product.

Pagando pelos serviços ambientais: uma proposta para a Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes / Paying for environmental services: a proposal for the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve

Sabe-se que o processo de ocupação econômica, pós-1970, foi extremamente prejudicial ao meio ambiente e às populações tradicionais da região Amazônica, persistindo ainda hoje as imensas dificuldades de reprodução das famílias no interior da floresta. Um dos principais desafios na busca de um Desenvolvimento Sustentável é a viabilização do desempenho econômico das unidades produtivas, a partir dos produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNM), e, conseqüentemente, da reprodução social dessa população. Objetiva-se no presente estudo propor uma alternativa factível de pagamento pelos serviços ambientais (PSA) promovidos pelas comunidades extrativistas, há mais de um século. Para tanto, busca-se, inicialmente, realizar uma avaliação sócio-econômica da produção familiar rural na RESEX Chico Mendes, em Xapuri-AC, no sentido de oferecer uma proposta coerente com as necessidades das famílias estudadas. Utiliza-se para tanto metodologia própria e específica, por intermédios de medidas e indicadores de resultado socioeconômico, avaliando a evolução do desempenho econômico dos últimos nove anos na região. Os resultados indicam a diminuição da geração de renda de produtos oriundos do extrativismo, demonstrando as dificuldades de reprodução desse sistema e das famílias, além de realçar o fortalecimento de atividades predadoras da floresta, como é o caso da pecuária extensiva, realizada ainda de maneira rudimentar. Face aos níveis de reprodução familiar, calcula-se que o valor mínimo necessário para o PSA seria em torno US$ 13/ha, evidenciando um valor necessário e, ao mesmo tempo, mais adequado frente às proposições da literatura corrente, que estima valores para os mesmos serviços em torno de US$ 50/ha.

It is known that the process of economical occupation, in the last forty years, it was extremely harmful to the environment and the traditional populations of the Amazon region, still persisting today the immense difficulties of reproduction of the families inside the forest. One of the principal challenges in the search of a Sustainable Development is the promotion of the economical development of the productive units, starting from the non timber forest products (NTFP), and, consequently, of the social reproduction of that population. It is aimed at in the present study to propose a feasible alternative of payment for the environmental services (PSA) promoted by the communities extrativistas, there is more than one century. For so much, it is looked for, initially, to accomplish a socioeconomic evaluation of the rural family production in Extractive Reserve (RESEX) Chico Mendes, in Xapuri-AC, in the sense of offering a coherent proposal with the needs of the studied families. It is used for so much own and specific methodology, for intermissions of measures and indicators of resulted economical, evaluating the evolution of the economical development of the last nine years in the area. The results indicate the decrease of the generation of income of products originating from of the NTFPs, demonstrating the difficulties of reproduction of that system and of the families, besides enhancing the invigoration of activities predatory of the forest, as it is the case of the extensive livestock, still accomplished in a rudimentary way. In the face of the levels of family reproduction, is calculated that the necessary minimum value for PSA would be US$ 13/ha, evidencing a necessary value and, at the same time, more appropriate front to the propositions of the average literature, that esteems values for the same services around US$ 50/ha.

Estudos de propriedades antitermíticas de extratos brutos de madeira e casca de espécies florestais da Amazônia Central, Brasil / Studies on the antitermitic properties of wood and bark crude extracts of forest species from Central Amazonian, Brazil

No ramo da preservação de madeira, a eficiência de compostos naturais há muito tem sido avaliada, visando encontrar substâncias que não só aumentem a vida útil de madeiras de baixa durabilidade, mas também causem menor dano ao meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, o potencial de extrativos do lenho e da casca das espécies madeireiras Pouteria guianensis,Buchenavia parviflora e Dinizia excelsa em repelir o ataque de cupins Nasutitermes sp. foi avaliado, utilizando-se como substrato a espécie Simarouba amara, de baixa durabilidade. Os extrativos foram obtidos em etanol 95 por cento, diluídos em solução hidroalcoólica (1 e 0,1 por cento), e impregnados em blocos de S. amara, segundo ASTM D1413-76. Os blocos foram montados em quadrado latino em uma plataforma e submetidos ao ataque dos cupins. O efeito das soluções foi classificado pela perda de peso dos blocos de S. amara. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos tratamentos conferiu ótima resistência à madeira de S. amara. O melhor tratamento foi aquele efetuado com extrativos da casca de P. guianensis, onde a perda foi somente de 10 por cento do peso inicial dos blocos, enquanto que o menos efetivo foi aquele com extrativos da casca de D. excelsa, com perda de 70 por cento de peso do bloco. Assim, pode-se concluir que os extrativos do lenho e da casca de P. guianensis e B. parviflora e do lenho de D. excelsa apresentam, a princípio, compostos com propriedades de repelência a Nasutitermes sp., e os extrativos da casca de D. excelsa não apresentam estes componentes.

In wood preservation, efficiency evaluation of some natural compounds has been going on for some time, looking for substances that can be used to increase the useful life of wood species, and that are less damaging to the environment. In this context, we evaluted the potential of wood and bark extractives of the species Pouteria guianensis,Buchenavia parviflora and Dinizia excelsa in repelling Nasutitermes sp. As substrate, blocks of Simarouba amara species, of low durability, was used. The extractives were obtained in ethanol 95 percent, diluted in hydro-alcoholic solution (1 percent and 0.1 percent), and impregnated in a block of S. amara, according to ASTM D1413-76. The blocks were arranged on a platform in Latin square and submitted to termite attack. The effect of the solutions on termites was classified according to weight loss of the S. amara blocks. The results showed that a big majority of extractive treatments provided high resistance to S. amara wood. The best treatment was that made with the P. guianensis bark extractives, where loss was only 10 percent of the initial block weight. The less effective treatment was that of the D. excelsa bark extractives, with 70 percent loss of block weight. Thus, we concluded that the wood and bark extractives of P. guianensis and B. parviflora and wood extractives of D. excelsa present chemical compounds with repellent properties against Nasutitermes sp., while the bark extractives of D. excelsa do not.

Determination of the Ethanol-soluble Extractives and Kirenol from Different Medicinal Parts of Herba Siegesbeckiae / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the reasonable parts used as medicinal herbs in Herba Siegesbeckiae from the point of chemical contents.METHODS:Using the methods of Ch.P 2005 to determine the percentage contents of ethanol-soluble extractives and Kirenol(an effective antirheumatic constituent) in the tender stems and leaves and thick stems of Herba Siegesbeckiae. RESULTS:The contents of the ethanol-soluble extractives and Kirenol in the tender stems and leaves were much higher than in the thick stems.CONCLUSION:The above results suggest that tender stems and leaves of Herba Siegesbeckiae should be used as the medicinal parts.

Influence of the technology of supercritical CO_2 extraction on the separate rate of the extractives from fruits of Cnidium Monnieri(L.) Cuss / 中成药

AIM: To use secondary regression coherent design to explore the extraction parameters of fruits of Cnidiunm by supercritical CO_2 extraction. METHODS: Extraction pressure,extraction temperature,isolation pressure,isolation temperature Ⅰ and Ⅱ were viewed as factors. RESULTS: The best technological conditions were: extractive kettle pressure was 20 MPa,extractive kettle temperature was at 40(?C);separate kettle Ⅰ pressure was 15 MPa,separate kettle Ⅰ temperature was at 65(?C);separate kettle Ⅱ pressure was 5 MPa,separate ketle Ⅱ temperature was at 38(?C);CO_2 flow rate was 18 L/H,extractive time was 80 min. CONCLUSION: Under these conditions,the separate rate of the extractives from fruits of Cnidium Monnieri(L.) Cuss.could be(24.03%).Using secondary regression coherent design could naturally react the influence of the rule on the every factor to the goal function.

Study on the processing method of Arisaema Amurense Maxim. by orthogonal design / 中成药

Objective: To investigate the new processing method of Arisaema Amurense Maxim. Methods: Referring to hot and and tingle taste, we have screened out the best condition in processing Arisaema Amurense Maxim. by testing in orthogonal designs, and compared stimulation, extractives and UV of different samples. Results: The new processing method can save half slum according to Ch P. the stimulation of the two samples processed by Ch P & by new method is similar; the water soluble and ethanol soluble extractives and UV of processed samples by new method is better than that by Pharmacopoeia of PR. China. Conclusion: The new method screened out by testing in orthogonal design, can not only eliminate hot and tingle taste, reduce the lose of effective component, but also save a lot of slum.