A study on the salinity stress effects on the biochemical traits of seedlings and its relationship with resistance toward sensitive and tolerant flax genotypes

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an important oilseed and medicinal plant that numerous breeding lines andcultivars have been produced by plant breeders up to now. The present study was conducted to evaluate thebiochemical factors changes affected by NaCl oxidative stress in different genotypes of flax. For this purpose,an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with threereplications in greenhouse conditions. The experimental factors included three genotypes (Tabare, Golchin,and 375Ha) as the first experimental factor and salinity stress (120 mM NaCl) time course at three levels (0,24, and 48 hours after salinity treatment) as the second factor. The measured biochemical factors in the leafwere catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, proline, and superoxide dismutase(SOD). The results showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on the content of measured biochemicalparameters. The levels of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and proline were statisticallysignificant in the tolerant flax genotypes. Furthermore, the interaction of genotype and time after applyingstress had a significant effect on the catalase, hydrogen peroxide, and proline content. The amount of catalaseand proline in the 24 hours after stress was more than the 48 hours, indicating the key role of these factors at thebeginning of the stress. On the other hand, the amount of guaiacol peroxidase and SOD increased significantlyin 48 hours after stress. Generally, the content of the antioxidant factor increased significantly under salinitystress, especially in 375Ha tolerant genotype. This indicates the importance of these enzymes in salt stresstolerance in order to more accurately evaluate the genotypes sensitive and tolerant to the flaxseed in the seedlingstage. These results confirmed the slat tolerance of 375Ha genotype in the seedling stress and therefore can bea promising line for regions with slat stress conditions.

The Potential Use of Ectoine Produced by a Moderately Halophilic Bacteria Chromohalobacter salexigens KT989776 for Enhancing Germination and Primary Seedling of Flax “Linum usitatissimum L.” under Salinity Conditions

The similarity between plant and microbial cells encourage the use of microbial metabolites of halophilic bacteria for the alleviation of salt stress in plants. In the current research work, a compatible solute ectoine extracted from a moderately halophilic bacteria Chromohalobacter salexigens KT989776 was used to enhance flax germination and primary seedling under different levels of salinity. Two successive experiments including germination in Petri plates under six levels of salinity (0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 dS.m-1) and a pot experiment under three irrigating water salinity levels (2, 3 and 4) with two types of ectoine application (spray and soil addition) were conducted. Germination parameters were recorded for the first experiment while a fresh and dry weight of plants and peroxidase activity in addition to sodium-potassium ratio were estimated in the pot experiment. Also, ectoine accumulation in plants was detected using HPLC. Results of LC-MS proved the production of ectoine by C. salexigens KT989776 and ectoine enhanced significantly all germination parameters of flax seeds, decreased sodium accumulation in the plant, increased potassium content, and lowered peroxidase and phenoloxidase activity. Also, HPLC analysis proved that ectoine was detected in all treated samples while not detected in non-treated control.

Cyanide Toxicity of Freshly Prepared Smoothies and Juices Frequently Consumed

Aims: This study was conducted to detect the presence of cyanide in popular fruit and vegetable smoothies and juices marketed as raw and natural. Study Design: Eleven (11) popular varieties of drinks were analyzed for total cyanide (TCN). Drinks contained raw vegetables and fruits, flax seeds, whole apples with seeds, raw almond milk, and pasteurized almond milk as ingredients. Place and Study Duration: Samples were collected from health food eateries located within Las Vegas, Nevada (USA) during the summer of 2017. Methodology: Fifty milliliters (mL) of a homogenized smoothie and juice drink and 1 gram of flax seeds were subjected to the above-referenced methods for sample preparation per USEPA Methods 9012B (digestion) followed by USEPA method 9014 (colorimetry). Results: The highest TCN was detected in drinks containing raw flax seed followed by unpasteurized raw almond milk, then fresh whole apple juice. No TCN was observed in drinks that contained none of the above mentioned items (e.g. flax seed, raw almond milk) or those utilizing pasteurized ingredients. Conclusion: This study observed that TCN is present in smoothies and juices containing raw flax seeds, fresh whole apples, and/or unpasteurized almond milk. Concentrations were detected as high as 341 μg L-1 in commercially available smoothies containing vegetables, raw flax seeds, almond milk and fruits. Smoothies with vegetables, fruits, unpasteurized almond milk, and no flax seeds contained 41 ug L-1TCN, while similar smoothies with pasteurized almond milk contained negligible to 9.6 ug L-1 CN-. Unpasteurized almond milk and raw flax seeds were the major sources of TCN in drinks. With the increased demand for raw and natural foods, there is a potential sublethal exposure of TCN by consumers.

Species Diversity and Community Structure of Arthropod Pests and Predators in Flax, Linum Usitatissimum L. from Darjeeling (India)

ABSTRACT The species richness and relative abundances of different aboveground plant-dwelling pest and predator species were assessed in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) ecosystem under mid-hill conditions of eastern Himalayas. The experiment was conducted in winter seasons during 2004-2013 at the Regional Research Station (Hill Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalimpong, West Bengal, India. Twenty five species of phytophagous arthropods under 13 families were observed belonging to 6 different orders. The gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), aphid, Myzus persicae (Aphididae: Hemiptera), shield bug, Plautia fimbriata (Pentatomidae: Hemiptera) and leaf webber, Nacoleia sp. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) were found as the most common and major insect of flax. In terms of species composition, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera occupied top position (nine species) while Coleoptera ranked second position (five species). By the size of population, aphid was found to be the most frequent species followed by shield bug and leaf webber. Although, the incidence of gram pod borer was low in the field, it was the major pest of flax in respect of bud and capsule damage. The Gini-Simpson index and Effective number of species for the pest faunal complex of flax was calculated as 0.914 and 11.628, respectively. Similarly, 16 species of predatory arthropods under nine families were observed belonging to 7 different orders. The lynx spider (17.24 %) and 7-spotted lady beetle (15.52 %) dominated the predatory community by sheer number. The Gini-Simpson index and Effective number of species for the predatory fauna was derived as 0.898 and 9.804, respectively.

Flax lignan concentrate attenuate hypertension and abnormal left ventricular contractility via modulation of endogenous biomarkers in two-kidney-one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats

ABSTRACT The present investigation was designed to study the effect of flax lignan concentrate obtained from Linum usitatissimum L., Linaceae, in two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertension model in Wistar rats. 2K1C Goldblatt model rats were divided randomly into six groups: sham, 2K1C control, captopril (30 mg/kg), flax lignan concentrate (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg). Flax lignan concentrate and captopril were administered daily for eight consecutive weeks. Sham-operated, and 2K1C control rats received the vehicle. Treatment with flax lignan concentrate (400 and 800 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently restored the hemodynamic parameters systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and left ventricular functions. The flax lignan concentrate significantly restored the elevated hepatic, renal and cardiac marker enzymes in the serum. It also restored the organs weights (kidney and heart), serum electrolyte level and histological abnormalities. Furthermore, flax lignan concentrate significantly elevated the level of biochemical markers that is enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, glutathione and decreased malondialdehyde in the heart and kidney tissues. Meanwhile, we found that plasma nitric oxide and plasma nitric oxide synthase contents were significantly increased in the flax lignan concentrate-treated group, and plasma endothelin-1 and renal angiotensin-II levels were significantly lower than 2K1C hypertensive group. In conclusion, the antihypertensive and antioxidant effect of flax lignan concentrate were dose-dependent and at the highest dose (i.e. 800 mg/kg) similar to those of captopril (30 mg/kg). It is suggested that flax lignan concentrate reduced blood pressure by reduction of renal angiotensin-II level, inhibition of plasma endothelin-1 production, induction of the nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase and in vivo antioxidant defense system.

Potencial quimiopreventivo de lipídios estruturados obtidos por interesterificação da tributirina com o óleo de linhaça na hepatocarcinogênese / Chemopreventive potential of structured lipids obtained by interesterification of tributyrin with flaxseed oil in hepatocarcinogenesis

O carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) apresenta mau prognóstico o que torna importante sua quimioprevenção. Nesse sentido, a tributirina (TB), um inibidor de desacetilases de histonas (HDACi), mostrou-se um quimiopreventivo promissor da hepatocarcinogênese. Avaliaram-se aqui efeitos quimiopreventivos de lipídios estruturados (EST) obtidos por interesterificação enzimática a partir da TB com o óleo de linhaça (LIN). Ratos foram tratados com EST (grupo EST; 165 mg/100g peso corpóreo [p.c]), TB (grupo TB; 200 mg/100g p.c), LIN (grupo LIN; 133 mg/100g p.c), mistura de TB com LIN (grupo LIN; 165 mg/100g p.c) ou maltodextrina (MD) (grupo MD; controle isocalórico; 300 mg/100g p.c) diariamente durante 8 semanas consecutivas por gavagem. Duas semanas após início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos ao modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do "hepatócito resistente" (RH). Os grupos EST e TB apresentaram atividade quimiopreventiva bloqueadora e supressora, respectivamente, da hepatocarcinogênese. TB induziu a apoptose, ao contrário dos EST. O tratamento com TB resultou na acetilação e trimetilação da H3K9 e H3K27, enquanto EST atuaram somente na trimetilação das mesmas. Quando analisada a expressão de genes envolvidos com modificações em histonas, EST e TB reduziram a expressão de Ezh2 e de Hdac4. Por outro lado, somente os EST aumentaram a expressão de Hdac6. Tal efeito por parte dos EST merece ser mais investigado, uma vez que esta desacetilase vem sendo sugerida como alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de fármacos. Em conclusão, a atividade quimiopreventiva de EST e da TB envolve na hepatocarcinogênese experimental mecanismos epigenéticos que podem ou não ser distintos

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis, which makes its chemoprevention important. Tributyrin (TB), which is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), is a promising chemopreventive agent of hepatocarcinogenesis. The chemopreventive effects of structured lipids (STLs) that were obtained by the enzymatic interesterification of TB with flaxseed oil (FSO) were evaluated in the present study. Rats were treated with STLs (STL group, 165 mg/100 g body weight (bw)), TB (TB group, 200 mg/100 g bw), FSO (FSO group, 133 mg/100 g bw), TB mixed with FSO (BLD group, 165 mg/100g bw) or maltodextrin (MD) (MD group; isocaloric control; 300 mg/100 g bw) daily for eight consecutive weeks by gavage. Two weeks after the initiation of treatment, the animals were subjected to the resistant hepatocyte hepatocarcinogenesis model (RH). The STL and TB groups developed blocker and suppressive chemopreventive activity against hepatocarcinogenesis, respectively. TB treatment induced apoptosis, unlike the STL treatment. Additionally, TB treatment resulted in the acetylation and trimethylation of H3K9 and H3K27, whereas the STLs acted only in the trimethylation of these histones. When analyzing the expression of genes involved in histone modifications, the STLs and TB reduced enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2) and histone deacetylase 4 (Hdac4) gene expression. Conversely, only the STLs increased Hdac6 gene expression. This effect of the STLs warrants further investigation because this deacetylase has been suggested as a potential drug development target. In conclusion, the chemopreventive activities of the STLs and TB in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis involve epigenetic mechanisms that may be distinct

Lipídios estruturados obtidos por interesterificação da tributirina com óleo de linhaça e seu potencial quimiopreventivo durante a fase de promoção inicial da hepatocarcinogênese experimental em ratos / Structured lipids obtained from intersterification of tributyrin and flax seed oil and their chemopreventive potential during early promotion phase of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

A combinação de agentes quimiopreventivos com diferentes mecanismos de ação tem sido considerada uma estratégia promissora para a prevenção do câncer. Dentre os diversos compostos bioativos em alimentos, destacam-se a tributirina, um pró-fármaco do ácido butírico presente em laticínios e produzido pela fermentação de fibras dietéticas, e o óleo de linhaça, fonte de ácido alfa linolênico. Nesse contexto, foi avaliada a atividade quimiopreventiva de lipídios estruturados obtidos a partir da interesterificação enzimática de tributirina e óleo de linhaça durante a fase de promoção inicial da hepatocarcinogênese experimental. Ratos Wistar machos submetidos ao modelo do hepatócito resistente receberam diariamente, por via intragástrica (i.g), maltodextrina, óleo de linhaça, tributirina, a mistura não esterificada ou lipídios estruturados durante a fase de promoção inicial. O tratamento com lipídios estruturados demonstrou atividade quimiopreventiva comparável à da tributirina, mesmo resultando em menor concentração hepática de ácido butírico. Tanto a tributirina quanto os lipídios estruturados não inibiram a proliferação celular em lesões preneoplásicas, mas induziram a apoptose naquelas em remodelação. Os efeitos inibitórios da tributirina em fases iniciais da hepatocarcinogênese experimental estão relacionados ao aumento da acetilação de histonas e à modulação de processos de translocação nuclear da p53. No presente estudo, foi observado aumento substancial da razão nuclear/citoplasmática de p53 e importina-alfa em fígados de animais submetidos ao modelo e tratados com tributirina, mas não nos tratados com lipídios estruturados. Por outro lado, o tratamento com lipídios estruturados reduziu a expressão dos oncogenes Bcl2, Ccnd2, Pdgfa, Vegfa e aumentou a expressão dos genes supressores de tumor Cdh13, Fhit e Socs3. Assim, embora o potencial quimiopreventivo dos lipídios estruturados seja comparável ao da tributirina, os resultados sugerem que o novo composto não exibe atividade de HDACi, e que seus efeitos inibitórios na hepatocarcinogênese possam ser atribuídos à modulação da expressão de oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor

Combination of chemopreventive agents with different mechanisms of action has been considered a promising strategy to cancer prevention. Among several bioactive food compounds, tributyrin, a butyric acid prodrug obtained from dairy products and dietetic fiber fermentation, and flax seed oil, a rich source of alpha linolenic acid have shown chemopreventive potential. Here, we evaluated the chemopreventive activity of structured lipids obtained by enzymatic interesterification of tributyrin and flax seed oil during the early promotion phase of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats subjected to the resistant hepatocyte model were treated daily, i.g, with maltodextrin, flax seed oil, tributyrin, non-sterified blend, or structured lipids. Treatment structured lipids showed similar chemopreventive activity compared to tributyrin, even when structured lipids yielded lower concentrations of butyric in the liver. Tributyrin and structured lipids did not inhibit cell proliferation in preneoplastic lesions, but both of them induced apoptosis in remodeling preneoplastic lesions. In addition, histone acetylation and p21 restored expression tributyrin molecular mechanisms were related to modulation of p53 nuclear shuttling mechanisms. In the present study, it was observed a substantial increase in p53 nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and importin-alpha in preneoplastic livers of tributyrin treated rats, but not in those treated with structured lipids. In contrast, treatment structured lipids downregulated expression of major oncogenes Bcl2, Ccnd2, Pdgfa, and Vegfa; and upregulated expression of critical tumor suppressor genes, Cdh13, Socs3 and Fhit. Hence, although structured lipids and tributyrin show similar chemopreventive potential, the results suggest that the new compound does not exhibit HDACi activity, and that its inhibitory effects may be attributed to the modulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes expression

Efeitos do consumo de alimentos funcionais no perfil lipídico e estado nutricional de idosos / Effects of functional foods consumption on the lipid profile and nutritional status of elderly

Fundamentos: O consumo de alimentos funcionais (AF), como aveia e linhaça, representa estratégia segura e eficaz para reduzir o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com farinha de linhaça marrom ou com aveia em flocos no índice de massa corporal (IMC), na circunferência da cintura (CC) e no perfil lipídico de idosos. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal controlado, randomizado, com duração de oito semanas, realizado com 60 indivíduos idosos (idade ≥60 anos), avaliados em três momentos: basal (T0), em quatro semanas (T1) e em oito semanas (T2) após o início do estudo. Peso, altura e CC foram mensurados e amostras de sangue coletadas. Os voluntários foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupo-controle (GC), grupo-linhaça (GL) e grupo-aveia (GA).Resultados: IMC e CC não se alteraram significativamente ao longo do estudo nos grupos. O GA mostrou reduçãode 18,4% nos níveis de colesterol total (CT) no plasma em relação ao GL ao final do período de estudo (p<0,05).O GA demonstrou ainda, em T2, valores 30,4% mais baixos de LDL colesterol do que os grupos GL e GC (p<0,05). Por outro lado, o GL apresentou elevação de 12,0% nos níveis de triglicerídeos de T0 para T2 (p<0,05). Conclusão: A suplementação com alimentos funcionais foi benéfica para redução do CT e do LDL colesterol.

Background: The consumption of functional foods (FF), as oat and linseed, is a safe and efficient strategy for reducing the risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Objective: Analyzing the effect of food supplementation with brown linseed flour or oat in flakes on the body mass index (BMI), on the waist circumference (WC) and on the lipid profile of elderly.Methods: Longitudinal controlled, randomized study, with duration of eight weeks, made with 60 senior individuals (age > 60 years), evaluated at three moments: baseline (T0), four weeks (T1) and eight weeks (T2) after the study started. Weight, height and WCwere measured and blood samples were collected. Volunteers were randomly divided into control group (CG), linseed group (LG) and oat group (OG).Results: BMI and WC have not changed significantly throughout the study in any group. OG showed reduction of 18.4% in the total cholesterol (TC) levels in the plasma compared to LG in the end of the study period (p<0.05). OG showed also, at T2, values 30.4% lower for LDL cholesterol than LG and CG (p<0.05). On the other hand, LG showed increase of 12.0% in the triglycerides levels from T0 to T2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation with functional foods was beneficial for reducing the TC and LDL cholesterol.

Qualidade Microbiológica de Farinhas de Linhaça Dourada e Marrom / Microbiological Quality of Golden and Brown Flaxseed Flours

A linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) é uma das maiores fontes de ácidos graxos essenciais ômega 3 e 6 e de outros nutrientes, tais como fibras e compostos fenólicos, que exercem ações relevantes na saúde humana. Com relação à composição nutricional, a semente de linhaça marrom e dourada não se diferem, pois ambas são ricas em lignanas e fibras dietéticas. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da farinha de linhaça dourada e marrom comercializada na cidade de Vitoria da Conquista- Bahia. As farinhas foram coletadas em três estabelecimentos diferentes, sendo duas comercializadas a granel e uma em supermercado com marca especifica. Foram avaliados os seguintes microrganismos: aeróbios mesófilos, Coliformes Totais e Termotolerantes, Fungos (Bolores e Leveduras) e Staphylococcus aureus, utilizando a técnica de Petrifilm. Por não existir legislação específica para este produto, utilizou-se a citada para sementes comestíveis cruas. Todas as farinhas de linhaça analisadas se encontram com algum nível de contaminação microbiana, porém dentro dos padrões exigidos pela Legislação de sementes cruas comestíveis. No entanto, vale salientar que quanto maior a carga microbiana nos alimentos menor a vida de prateleira do produto comercializado. Por isso, sugere-se um maior monitoramento a respeito das boas práticas de higiene e cuidadosna manipulação e conservação deste produto, a fim de não comprometer a qualidade microbiológica, sensorial e nutricional dos alimentos, garantindo ao consumidor um alimento próprio para consumo e prevenindo o aparecimento de doenças transmitidas por alimentos.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a major source of essential fatty acids omega 3 and 6 and other nutrients such as fiber and phenolic compounds, with relevant actions on human health. Regarding the nutritional composition, the brown and golden flaxseed does not differ, since both are rich in lignans and dietary fiber. This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of golden and brown flaxseed flour marketed in the city of Vitoria da Conquista -Bahia. Flours were collected in three different establishments including two sold in bulk and one in a supermarket. The following microbiological analyses were carried out: aerobic mesophilic counts, Total and fecal coliforms, fungi (molds and yeasts) and Staphylococcus aureus using the petrifilm technique. Once there is no specific legislation for this product, the legislation used for raw edible seeds was assessed. All samples presented levels of microbial contamination, which was within the standards required by the legislation of edible raw seeds. However it is worth emphasizing that the higher the microbial load, the lower the product?s shelf life is. Therefore, it is suggested a greater monitoring with good hygiene practices and care in handling and storage of this product to provide microbiological, sensory, and nutritional quality of foods, thus preventing the occurrence of foodborne illness.

Impact of folia application of ascorbic acid ad α-tocopherol on antioxiddant activity and some biochemical aspects of flax cultivars under salinity stress / Impacto de las aplicaciones foliares de ácido ascórbico y α- tocoferol en la actividad antioxidante y algunos aspectos bioquímicos de cultivares de lino sometidos a estrés por salinidad.

The interactive effects of saline water (2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/l) and foliar application of 400 mg/l of ascorbic acid (Asc) or α- tocopherol (α-Toco) on three flax cultivars (Sakha 3, Giza 8 and Ariane) were conducted during two successive seasons 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The results showed that total soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids and proline contents were significantly increased with increasing salinity levels in the all three tested cultivars except free amino acid content of Giza 8 which showed insignificant decrease. While, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) showed significant decreases compared with the corresponding control. Moreover, applications of vitamins (Asc or α-Toco) as foliar spraying increased all mentioned contents compared to the corresponding salinity levels. On the other hand, lipid peroxidation and activity levels of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes showed significant increases with increasing salinity levels of all tested three cultivars, while the behaviour of superoxide dismutase activity showed an opposite response as compared with the control in Sakha 3 and Giza 8. Treatments with Asc or α-Toco induced significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase of the all three tested cultivars. Meanwhile, superoxide dismutase increased in all three cultivars, and catalase activities increased only in Sakha 3 cultivar under salt stress as compared with reference controls. Some modifications are observed in protein patterns hence some proteins were disappeared, while certain other proteins were selectively increased and synthesised of a new set of proteins were induced, some of these responses were observed under treatments and salinity, while others were induced by either treatments or salinity.

La interacción de los efectos del agua salada (2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/l) y la aplicación foliar de 400 mg/l de ácido ascórbico (Asc) o α-tocopherol (α-Toco) en tres cultivares de lino (Sakha 3, Giza 8 y Ariane) se analizó durante dos estaciones sucesivas (2011- 2012). Los resultados mostraron que los contenidos de carbohidratos solubles totales, aminoácidos libres y prolina aumentaron significativamente con los niveles crecientes de salinidad en los tres cultivares probados, excepto en el cultivar Giza 8, en el cual el contenido de aminoácidos libres se redujo. Al mismo tiempo, los ácidos nucleicos (ADN y ARN) mostraron disminuciones significativas en comparación con los controles correspondientes. Mientras que aplicaciones foliares de vitaminas (Asc o α-Toco) incrementaron los contenidos mencionados en comparación con los niveles de salinidad. De otro lado, la peroxidación de lípidos y la actividad de la polifenol oxidasa, la peroxidasa, y la catalasa mostraron incrementos significativos con los niveles crecientes de salinidad en los tres cultivares analizados. Mientras tanto, la actividad superóxido dismutasa se incrementó en los tres cultivares y la actividad catalasa se incrementó únicamente en el cultivar Sakha 3 bajo estrés salino, en comparación con los controles. Se observaron algunas modificaciones en los patrones de proteínas. Así, algunas proteínas desaparecieron mientras que otras incrementaron e incluso un nuevo set de proteínas fue inducido. Algunas de estas respuestas fueron observadas en los tratamientos y en la salinidad, mientras que otras fueron inducidas por los tratamientos o por la salinidad.

Impact of flaxseed intake upon metabolic syndrome indicators in female Wistar rats / Impacto do consumo da linhaça sobre os indicadores da síndrome metabólica em ratos fêmeas Wistar

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the prolonged consumption of flaxseed minimize the factors that trigger MS in healthy rats. METHODS: Pregnant rats were divided immediately after delivery into two groups during the lactation period, a control group (CG) receiving casein-based diet with 17% of protein, and a Flaxseed group (FG) with casein-based diet plus 25% of flaxseed. At weaning, 12 offspring of each group continued to receive the same feed but with 10% of protein up to 200 days old. RESULTS: FG showed a significant reduction in body weight (p=0.001), total cholesterol levels (p<0.0001), triglycerides (p=0.0001), and glucose (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The flaxseed alters the indicators related to development of metabolic syndrome, because it has beneficial effects on lipids and glucose profiles and prevents the excess of body weight gain.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o consumo prolongado de linhaça pode minimizar os fatores que desencadeiam síndrome metabólica em ratos fêmeas saudáveis. MÉTODOS: Ratos fêmeas grávidas foram distribuidas após o parto em dois grupos durante o período de lactação: grupo controle (GC) recebendo dieta à base de caseína com 17% de proteína, e um grupo Linhaça (GL), com dieta à base de caseína adicionada de 25% de semente de linhaça. Ao desmame, 12 filhotes de cada grupo continuaram a receber as rações citadas acima, porém com 10% de proteína, até os 200 dias de vida. RESULTADOS: O GL mostrou uma redução significativa do peso corporal (p=0,001), no colesterol total (p<0,0001), triglicerídeos (p=0,0001) e na glicemia (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A linhaça altera os indicadores relacionados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica por ter efeitos benéficos no perfil lipídico e glicêmico, e previne o excesso de ganho de peso corporal.

Efeito da linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L. ) sob diferentes formas de preparo na resposta biológica em ratos / Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L. ) prepared by different methods on the biological response of rats

OBJETIVO: Verificar as possíveis atividades biológicas causadas pelo consumo diário de linhaça em diferentes condições de preparo, em ratos Wistar machos recém-desmamados. MÉTODOS: Os ratos recém-desmamados (n=32) foram divididos em 4 grupos de 8 animais: ração padrão; ração com 16 por cento de grão de linhaça cru; ração com 16 por cento de grão de linhaça assado; e ração com 7 por cento de óleo de linhaça. Os animais foram pesados a cada três dias e, após 23 dias de período experimental, foram sacrificados por punção cardíaca, sendo os órgãos imediatamente pesados e o sangue coletado e armazenado a -18ºC para realização das análises (glicose, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - colesterol, triglicerídios e proteínas totais). As fezes foram coletadas para a determinação de umidade, lipídeo excretado e lipídeo absorvido. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao ganho de peso total, consumo diário, coeficiente de eficácia alimentar e peso dos órgãos. A excreção diária, o teor de umidade das fezes e a quantidade de lipídeo fecal foram maiores nos grupos linhaça cru e linhaça assada em comparação aos grupos padrão e óleo de linhaça. Com exceção do lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol, todos os demais parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de linhaça, seja como grão cru, assado ou óleo, possui atividade biológica em ratos, destacando-se por reduzir os níveis de glicose, triglicerídios e colesterol. Além disso, o consumo do grão de linhaça aumentou significativamente o volume do bolo fecal e a excreção de lipídeos nas fezes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) prepared by different methods on the biological response of rats. METHODS: Weaned rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: standard feed, standard feed with 16 percent raw flaxseed, standard feed with 16 percent roasted flaxseed and standard feed with 7 percent flaxseed oil. The animals were weighted at every 3 days and after 23 days, rats were killed by heart puncture. The organs were immediately weighed and the blood was collected and stored at -18ºC for biochemical assays (blood glucose, total cholesterol, High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein). The feces were collected for analysis of moisture, excreted lipids and absorbed lipids. RESULTS: The groups did not differ with respect to weight gain, daily food intake, food efficiency ratio and organ weight. Daily excretion, feces moisture and fecal lipid content were greater in the groups fed raw and roasted flaxseed than in the groups fed standard feed and flaxseed oil. Except for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, all other biochemical parameters presented statistical differences between treatments. CONCLUSION: Raw or roasted flaxseed or flaxseed oil has biological activity in rats: it reduces blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, rats fed raw and roasted flaxseed presented a significantly greater fecal volume and fecal lipid content.

Avaliação dos efeitos da suplementação com farinha de linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L. ) marrom e dourada sobre o perfil lipídico e a evolução ponderal em ratos Wistar / Evaluation of the effects of supplementation with brown and golden flax (Linum usitatissimum L. ) flour on lipid profile and weight gain in Wistar rats

Neste trabalho foram comparados os efeitos da farinha de linhaça dourada e farinha de linhaça marrom sobre o perfil lipídico e evolução ponderal em ratos Wistar. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos, Grupo Controle (GC); Grupo suplementado com Farinha de Linhaça Marrom (LM) e Grupo Suplementado com Farinha de Linhaça Dourada (LD). Os animais foram submetidos à avaliação ponderal em dias alternados até o dia do sacrifício, no 36º dia, quando amostras de sangue foram coletadas para avaliação do perfil lipídico. O uso da farinha de linhaça como suplemento dietético de ratos Wistar, no período de 35 dias, promoveu redução significativa dos níveis de triglicérides séricos e da razão CT/HDL-c, com concomitante aumento dos níveis séricos de HDL-c, demonstrando assim efeito cardioprotetor. Os efeitos sobre o incremento de massa corporal dos animais durante o período do experimento sugerem importante ação preventiva no desenvolvimento da obesidade para a farinha de linhaça.

In this work, the effects of brown and golden flax flour were compared based on lipid profile and weight gain in Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG); group supplemented with brown flax flour (BF); and group supplemented with golden flax flour (GF). The animals were subjected to weight assessment on alternate days until sacrifice at the 36th day, when blood samples were collected for lipid profile evaluation. The use of flax flour as dietary supplement to Wistar rats, in a 35-day period, led to a significant decrease in the serum levels of triglycerides and TC:HDL-C ratio, with concomitant increase in HDL-C serum levels, demonstrating thus a cardioprotective effect. The effects on rat weight gain over the experimental period suggest an important preventive action of flax flour on the obesity development.

EFFECTS OF SECOISOLARICIRESINOL ON PROLIFERATION OF BREAST CANCER MCF-7 CELLS / 营养学报

Objective To observe the effects of secoisolariciresinol (SECO) and its metabolites, enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END), on proliferation of MCF-7 cell line and to the probable mechanism. Method Effect of SECO, END, ENL and genistein (GEN) on MCF-7 proliferation was investigated by MTT assay. Cell cycle arrest was measured by flow cytometry (FCM). Cell morphology was observed by optical microscope. The anticarcinogenic mechanism of SECO was analyzed. Results SECO had promotive effect on the cell growth at lower concentration (≤40 ?mol/L) but inhibition effect at higher concentration (100 ?mol/L). ENL and END, however, showed significant inhibition effect at all tested concentrations (10~100?mol/L). The cell cycle progression was arrested at G2/M phase and apoptosis was observed by optical microscope. Conclusion Effect of SECO on the MCF-7 cell proliferation depends on its concentration. Inhibition effect of SECO may relate to its metabolites ENL or END.