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1.
Interdisciplinaria ; 35(2): 307-326, dic. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019909

ABSTRACT

Actualmente uno de los debates centrales en el campo de la suicidología refiere a si los comportamientos suicidas y las autolesiones no suicidas (NSSI) representan clusters diferentes o un continuum en el espectro autodestructivo. Si se las considerara entidades nosológicas separadas debiera ser factible identificar características diferenciales entre ellas de manera que, por ejemplo, fuera posible predecir en qué casos de NSSI sería más probable que un adolescente cometiera un intento suicida. Este estudio se propuso establecer la capacidad predictiva de habilidades emocionales e interpersonales para ambos tipos de comportamientos. Para ello se administraron el Inventario de Orientaciones Suicidas ISO-30, la Escala Rasgo de Metaconocimientos sobre Estados Emocionales TMMS-24 y las escalas Recursos Sociales de las Escalas de Recursos Psicológicos a 510 adolescentes escolarizados de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Se seleccionaron 81 casos con autolesiones no suicidas (Grupo NSSI) y 61 con ideaciones suicidas (Grupo IS). Los resultados muestran que los modelos de regresión obtenidos para cada grupo son diferentes. El ajuste general del modelo del Grupo IS resultó adecuado (χ² = 10.54; p = .22), los coeficientes de determinación revelan una capacidad explicativa que da cuenta de entre un 25 y 46% de la varianza total y la variable de mayor peso en el modelo fue la Incapacidad para Pedir Ayuda. En cambio el modelo del grupo NSSI mostró un pobre ajuste y solamente quedaron incluidas las variables emocionales. Se discuten los resultados según consecuencias aplicadas y futuras líneas de investigación.


Currently, one of the central debates in the field of suicidology refers to whether suicidal behavior and non suicidal self-injury (NSSI) represent different clusters or a continuum in the self-harm spectrum. The first approach, which runs in the same line than DSM-5, defines the NSSI as self-inflected injuries on any surface the own body with the goal of releasing negative thought or feelings, as a reaction to an interpersonal conflict, aiming at the achievement of a positive affective state, clearly understanding that in any case these injuries could cause death. The second approach states that the non-suicidal qualification represents a restriction and is potentially dangerous, given the close link between NSSI and suicidal behavior. If they were separate nosological entities it should be possible to identify differential features in each one. Literature focused on the study of pathological variables, suggest that it seems to be a difference of degree rather than qualitative since adolescents showing suicidal behaviors report more severe psychopathological symptoms, more depression, more hopelessness and loneliness, many family conflicts, and finding less reasons to stay alive compared to those who only exhibit NSSI. These data, somehow, offer support to both approaches. Following this debate, this study aimed at establishing the predictive value of emotional and interpersonal skills as inde-pendent variables for both types of behaviors. The selection of these variables was based on previous research findings, which provide robust evidence regarding the huge difficulties showed by adolescents with suicidal behaviors and NSSI in emotional expression and regulation. As for of interpersonal variables, diverse studies offer consistent results about the low perception of social support, the presence of intense feeling of loneliness and alienation, as well as the communication difficulties manifested by adolescents with suicidal behaviors. Based on this background, the hypothesis states that such difficulties with emotional skills will be useful predictors for both groups, only showing differences of degree. This way, adolescents with NSSI will show fewer difficulties in this aspect than the suicidal ideation group; mean while difficulties in interpersonal skills will arise as predictors only for the suicidal ideation group. The Inventory for Suicidal Orientations, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale and the Social Resources Scales from the Psychological Resources Scales were used to examine to 510 adolescent students from the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. From the total sample, 142 participants were selected and separated into two groups. Suicidal Ideation Group -IS- (82% females, M = 16.16; SD = 1.11) accomplished at least one of the following criteria for high suicidal risk with active suicidal ideation: a) total score of ISO-30 ≥ 45; b) score ≥ 2 in the item #30 of the ISO-30 scale, "If my problems get worst, I will kill myself"; c) score≥ 1 in item 30 and total score ≥ 37 (P 84) in ISO-30, or d) explicit information on ideation and/or suicidal attempt in responses to personal data survey. The other group -NSSI- was composed of 81 cases (71.6% females, M = 16.35; SD =1.13) according to the following criteria: (a) having reported self-injury thoughts and/or committing self-injuries; (b) not achieving any of the 4 criteria established for the suicidal ideation group. Results identified different regression models for each group. The overall fit showed for IS-Group model was adequate (χ²= 10.54; p =.22). As for coefficients of determination reported, 25 to 46% of the total variance was explained, and the inability to ask for help played a major role within predictive variables. Instead, the model for the NSSI Group achieved a poor fit, including only emotional variables, as hypothesized. Results and further research lines are discussed.

2.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 50(2): 107-116, May-Aug. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-978651

ABSTRACT

Resumen La exclusión social es uno de los mayores desafíos de las sociedades modernas especialmente para una de las poblaciones más afectadas: la infancia. Crecer en ambientes desfavorecidos tiene un impacto negativo en la salud, la educación o el desarrollo cognitivo, emocional y social. Una de las áreas especialmente afectadas en estos niños es la competencia social, entendida como la habilidad del sujeto para enfrentarse a situaciones sociales problemáticas de forma exitosa. Este trabajo se centra en las habilidades de resolución de problemas interpersonales, consideradas componentes fundamentales de la competencia social. El objetivo del estudio ha consistido en determinar si la implementación de un programa de entrenamiento en habilidades de resolución de problemas interpersonales consigue mejorar dichas habilidades en niños en situación de exclusión social a través de un diseño cuasi-experimental pre-post-tratamiento. Los participantes han sido 61 niños de 7 a 12 años de los cuales 34 se sitúan en situación de exclusión. Los resultados muestran mejoras en la habilidad de generar soluciones a los conflictos y en solución de problemas interpersonales. De los resultados se concluye que el programa genera mejoras en las habilidades entrenadas en niños en situación de exclusión. No obstante, se hace necesario seguir investigando el impacto de las intervenciones breves en esta población.


Abstract Social exclusion is one of the biggest challenges of modern societies especially for one of the most affected populations: children. Growing up in disadvantaged environments has a negative impact on health, education or cognitive, emotional and social development. One area particularly affected in these children is social competence - the subject's ability to deal with problematic social situations successfully. This work focuses on interpersonal problem-solving skills, which are deemed as being quintessential components of social competence. This paper sought to determine whether the implementation of a training program for solving interpersonal problems improves these skills in children in situation of social exclusion, through a quasi-experimental pre-post-treatment design. Participants were 61 children aged 7-12, of which 34 were situation of exclusion. The results show improvements in the ability to generate solutions to conflicts and in interpersonal problem-solving skills. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the program generates improvements in the skills trained in children in situation of exclusion. Nevertheless, it is necessary to conduct further research on the impact of brief interventions in this population.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Child , Social Isolation , Aptitude , Poverty , Child , Mentoring
3.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 46(1): 59-69, ene.-abr. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-735139

ABSTRACT

Algunos trabajos de investigación informan que cierto número de niños superdotados muestran problemas de adaptación social y habilidades sociales e interpersonales, mientras que otros consideran que esto no ocurre. Partiendo de lo anterior, Neihart, Reis, Robinson y Moon (2002) hablan de enfoque de resiliencia versus enfoque de riesgo. En este trabajo se considera el beneficio de aplicar programas de entrenamiento en habilidades interpersonales en niños superdotados para prevenir posibles problemas. Por ello, se pretende valorar la eficacia de un programa de entrenamiento en resolución de problemas interpersonales en esta población. En esta investigación participaron 40 niños superdotados de edades comprendidas entre 7 y 13 años, divididos en un grupo tratamiento y un grupo control de lista de espera. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en las medidas de valoración directa en el grupo tratamiento tras la aplicación del programa. También se detectaron diferencias significativas entre el grupo tratamiento y el grupo control en las medidas postratamiento a favor del primero, y se confirmó la relación del potencial de aprendizaje de los niños con los beneficios obtenidos. En definitiva, el programa de entrenamiento se muestra eficaz en la mejora de las habilidades de solución de problemas interpersonales evaluadas en niños superdotados.


Certain research studies report that a number of gifted children show social adaptation issues, as well as problems with social and interpersonal skills, while others consider that this does not occur. In this regard, Neihart, Reis, Robinson and Moon (2002) speaks of a resilience approach versus a risk approach. From the risk viewpoint, this paper presents the benefits of applying training programs in interpersonal skills as to prevent potential problems in gifted children. For this reason, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program for solving interpersonal problems in this population. Participants include 40 gifted children aged 7 to 13, divided into a treatment group and a control - waitlisted - group. Program application results show significant differences in direct assessment measurements in the treatment group. An increase in effect sizes between the treatment group and the control group is also detected, in favor of the former, and a relationship between the children's learning potential and the benefits obtained is also confirmed. In short, the training program proves effective in interpersonal problem-solving skill improvement in children with high intellectual capacity.

4.
West Indian med. j ; 62(5): 423-426, 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045671

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Of particular public health concern to the Jamaican authorities is the consistently high numbers of new HIV infections among adolescents and young adults. The thrust in HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns has largely been toward an increase in knowledge and attitudes as opposed to personality variables. However, it is widely believed that persons with high interpersonal skills may be less likely to engage in sex risk behaviours. This study investigated interpersonal competence as a personality characteristic associated with sexual risk-taking among Jamaican adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 500 adolescents, ages 13−18 years (250 males and 250 females) from nine randomly selected secondary government schools within Kingston and St Andrew was used. The sample ensured maximum variation in age groups. The BarOn EQ-i:YV(S) was utilized to provide a measure of interpersonal competence and the Sex Risk Scale from the Adolescent Risk Inventory acted as a measure of sex risk behaviours. The Spearman's rho correlational statistic was used to investigate the hypothesis. RESULTS: Of the students surveyed, 58.6% reported that they were sexually active; 31.8% reported having multiple sexual partners and 28.2% reporting inconsistent condom use. A significant, inverse relationship was observed between interpersonal competence and sex risk behaviours (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This research provided evidence that adolescents with high interpersonal skills are less likely to participate in risky sexual behaviours. Therefore, interventions aimed at reducing risky adolescent sexual practices might benefit from the inclusion of strategies to build interpersonal skills.


OBJETIVO: De interés particular para las autoridades jamaicanas de la salud pública es el número consistentemente alto de nuevas infecciones de VIH entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. El desempeño principal de las campañas de prevención del VIH/SIDA ha estado dirigido en gran parte hacia el aumento de conocimientos y actitudes, en vez de a variables de la personalidad. Sin embargo, existe la creencia ampliamente extendida de que las personas con buen desarrollo de sus habilidades interpersonales, serán menos propensas a involucrarse en conductas de riesgo sexual. Este estudio investigó la competencia interpersonal como una característica de personalidad asociada con riesgos sexuales entre adolescentes jamaicanos. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de 500 adolescentes, con edades entre 13−18 años (250 varones, y 250 hembras) de nueve escuelas secundarias del gobierno, seleccionadas al azar en las áreas de Kingston y Saint Andrew. La muestra garantizó una máxima variación en los grupos de edad. Se usó el test BarOn EQ-i:YV (S) para obtener una medida de la competencia interpersonal, en tanto que la Escala de Riesgo Sexual del Inventario de Riesgo Adolescente actuó como una medida de los comportamientos de riesgo sexual. Las estadísticas correlaciónales de Spearman fueron utilizadas para investigar la hipótesis. RESULTADOS: De los estudiantes encuestados, 58.6% informó estar sexualmente activos; 31.8% informó tener múltiples parejas sexuales, y el 28.2%, reportó un uso sistemático del condón. Se observó una relación inversa significativa entre la competencia interpersonal y las conductas de riesgo sexual (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Esta investigación proporcionó evidencia de que los adolescentes con alto desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales son menos propensos a participar en conductas sexuales riesgosas. Por lo tanto, las intervenciones destinadas a reducir las prácticas sexuales adolescentes riesgosas, podrían beneficiarse con la inclusión de las estrategias para desarrollar las habilidades interpersonales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior , Unsafe Sex/psychology , Unsafe Sex/statistics & numerical data , Health Risk Behaviors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Interpersonal Relations , Jamaica
5.
Medisan ; 15(8)ago. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-616344

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal para determinar en 12 estudiantes de medicina del Policlínico Docente Municipal de Santiago de Cuba, su desempeño y rendimiento académico en la asignatura Morfofisiología Humana I de septiembre a diciembre del 2010. En dichos alumnos predominaron el desempeño medio y la tendencia del rendimiento académico regular, en tanto la responsabilidad y las habilidades interpersonales y de comunicación se identificaron como altas; y las habilidades cognitivas, como bajas. Los resultados servirán al resto de los profesores para diseñar y planificar acciones que permitan mejorar el desempeño estudiantil y el rendimiento escolar.


A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 12 medical students of the Municipal Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba to determine their performance and achievement in the subject Human Morphophysiology I from September to December 2010. In these students the average performance and the tendency to the mean academic achievement prevailed, while the responsibility and communication and interpersonal skills were high and cognitive skills were low. The results will serve the rest of the faculty to design and plan actions for improving the student performance and the school achievement.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Anatomy , Learning , Learning Disabilities , Academic Performance , Physiology , Students, Medical , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Faculty
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