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Introduction: Health care costs consciousness refers to care that aims to assess the benefits, harms and costs of interventions by the physicians. Rising health care costs have created an urgent need to improve physicians� knowledge on health care costs for providing cost conscious care. Objectives: This study was done to assess and compare the knowledge and attitude towards health care cost consciousness of the undergraduate medical students and interns. Methodology: A Mixed Method study was done using a standardized questionnaire among 388 medical students and a Qualitative approach using In-depth interviews with 15 practicing physicians and a Focus group discussion to understand their perceptions on cost-conscious care and their opinions on introducing Cost-conscious curriculum for the medical students. Data analysed using a framework analytical approach and NVivo12. Results: 84% of the students agreed that all health personnel should be familiar with health care costs, 84.5% agreed that inclusion of the health care cost consciousness in medical curriculum is important for their carrier. The themes emerged identified the various perceptions, determinants on health care costs, cost-conscious decision making and their responsibility as a physician. Conclusion: The physicians and interns strongly suggested including a structured learning on Cost-Conscious Care as a part of medical education to educate and train the future physicians.
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Pharmacoeconomics (PE) has been characterized as the depiction and examination of the cost of medication treatment to health-care frameworks and society. All the more explicitly, pharmacoeconomic look into is the way toward recognizing, estimating, and contrasting the costs, dangers, and advantages of programs, services, or treatments and figuring out which elective delivers the best well-being result for the asset contributed. This data can help clinical chiefs in picking the most cost-effective treatment alternatives. PE is a division of results examine that can be utilized to measure the estimation of pharmaceutical care items and services. Pharmaceutical care has been characterized as the mindful arrangement of medication treatment for the reasons for accomplishing unequivocal results. Purpose of the Study:The purpose of the study was to discuss and project about pharmacoeconomics. Findings: Cost of therapy is always been a concern for the health seeking behavior of every country from both developed and underprivileged communities. Several cost calculations impose economic burden statistics and pharmacoeconomics deal with them. Pharmacists and other health-care associates have much scope to contribute regarding cost minimization. Materials and Methods: Research conducted a year-round comprehensive literature search, which included technical newsletters, newspapers journals, and many other sources. The present study was started at the beginning of 2018. PubMed, ALTAVISTA, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register were thoroughly searched. The keywords were used to search for different publishers’ journals such as Elsevier, Springer, Willey Online Library, and Wolters Kluwer which were extensively followed. Medicine and technical experts, pharma company representatives, hospital nurses, and chemists were given their valuable suggestions. Projections were based on estimates of drug and therapy related cost, cost of being ill and hospitalization and cost of well-being. Pharmacists role in allied areas of cost calculation and minimizing through ADR management, prevent disease, and hospitalization, and drug selection were given the highest priority
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Objective:To investigate the impact of time-to-death(TFD) on the health care expenditure of elderly people.Methods:Using 2011 and 2013 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey(CHARLS) data to construct a two step estimation model so as to analyze the influence of near death on medical expenditure.Results:TTD was a significant factor for medical expenditure.For the period of time to death,there was a significant increase followed by a decrease in the health care expenditure as the patient aged.The higher the age of patient was,the lower the medical cost was.Conclusion:Although the increase of elderly population would bring enormous medical burden to the whole society,it was not easy to link the aging and medical expenses rise.The role of aging on the rise of health care expenditure should not be exaggerated.
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A inatividade física é um dos maiores desafios à saúde pública devido à sua associação com doenças crônicas e ao impacto econômico sobre o sistema público de saúde. Entretanto, a prática de caminhada pode auxiliar a amenizar esses problemas. Objetivo Verificar se existem associações entre prática de caminhada no lazer, presença de fatores de risco e gastos relacionados ao uso de serviços de saúde em usuários do sistema público de saúde brasileiro. Metodologia A amostra foi composta por 963 adultos. A prática de caminhada foi avaliada a partir de questionário de Baecke. Gasto com tratamento/ano foi avaliado pela demanda por serviços registrados nos prontuários clínicos. Resultados Prática de caminhada como atividade física de lazer foi referida por 64,4% dos participantes. Os grupos de maior prática de caminhada apresentaram menores valores para idade, IMC, CC e gastos com medicamentos. Indivíduos inseridos na categoria de maior envolvimento apresentaram 41% menos chances de estarem inserido no grupo de maior gasto total (OR=0.59; IC95% 0.39-0.89). Conclusão Verificou-se que a prática de caminhada como atividade física de lazer foi a mais frequente para a maioria dos usuários do SUS, a qual foi associada a menores gastos com medicamentos e no total.
Physical inactivity is a major public health challenge due to its association with chronic diseases and the resulting economic impact on the public healthcare system. However, walking can help alleviate these problems. Aim To verify associations between walking during leisure-time, risk factors and health care expenditure among users of the Brazilian public health care system. Methods The sample consisted of 963 adults. Walking was evaluated using the Baecke questionnaire. The total expenditure per year was evaluated through the demand for health care services, verified in the medical records of each participant. Results Walking was reported as a physical activity during leisure-time by 64.4% of the participants. The group with the highest engagement in walking was younger and presented lower values for BMI, WC and expenditure on medication. Participants inserted in the category of higher involvement in walking were 41% less likely to be inserted into the group with higher total expenditure (OR = 0:59; 95% CI 0.39-0.89). Conclusion It was found that walking was the most frequent leisure-time physical activity reported by users of the Brazilian health care system and was associated with lower total and medication expenditure.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Walking , Health Expenditures , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective: To study the urban and rural difference impacts of aging on health care expenditure. Methods: Using 2002-2011 panel data of 31 provinces throughout the country to build fixed effect models for the urban and rural areas and make comparative analysis. Results: For urban and rural areas, there are significant differences in the impact of aging on health care expenditure, the estimated coefficients are 0.13 and 0.48 respectively. Conclusion:Under the background of the aging process, it needs to strengthen the construction of rural medical insurance system in China, increase financial support and rural health resource allocation.
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Este documento tiene como marco la protección social en salud. Su objeto es precisar indicadores y conceptos de la economía de la salud que permiten estudiar y proponer políticas y arreglos institucionales para que las personas sean protegidas financieramente al momento de acudir a instituciones o prestadores de salud. El texto se divide en dos secciones: la una, con indicadores macrofinancieros (vinculando a la macroeconomía con las reglas globales del financiamiento de la salud); y, la otra, de carácter microfinanciero referido al impacto en la equidad de los gastos de bolsillo. Se presenta un cuadro original del autor identificando el gasto total en salud de Chile: la suma del gasto público (aportes fiscales más cotizaciones obligatorias a la Seguridad Social) y el gasto privado (cotizaciones voluntarias a seguros incluyendo Isapres más gastos de bolsillo) y se examinan diversos indicadores financieros tales como: Gasto per cápita total en salud; Índice general de precios, Índice de precios de salud y tipo de cambio promedio; Gasto del gobierno en salud como proporción del total de gastos en salud; porcentaje del presupuesto de salud del gobierno dedicado a la consulta ambulatoria / la atención hospitalaria; Gasto de bolsillo como proporción del gasto en salud .La segunda sección se refiere a la equidad en las cotizaciones; la composición del gasto de bolsillo en salud por quintil; y el acceso a medicamentos.
The background of this paper is the concept of health protection. The article aims to define both concepts and indicators of health economics, in order to develop and propose health policies to protect persons financially at the point of demand health services. The article is organized in two sections: The first one oriented to macroeconomic issues; and the second to microeconomic ones. Global information about the current public and private health care expenditures en Chile is provided.