ABSTRACT
We analyzed the laboratory detection results from the first case of human infected with avian influenza (H5N6) in Hubei Province,in order to provide a better basis for preventing and controlling human avian influenza in the future and a detected strategy for the detection of suspected cases of human avian influenza for the staff in the laboratory.The case data of epidemiological survey and related laboratory detection results of specimens of infection virus from the different time piont and kinds of specimens were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods.The H5N6 nucleic acid from the only early sputum specimens were detected,and while the others were not detected.In conclusion the different specimens of the doubtful H5N6 case should be collected,and the early sputum samples are very important and should be collected and detected.
ABSTRACT
The government of Indonesia and the Japan International Cooperation Agency launched a three-year project (2008–2011) to strengthen the surveillance of human avian influenza cases through a comprehensive surveillance system of local-priority communicable diseases in South Sulawesi Province. Based on findings from preliminary and baseline surveys, the project developed a technical protocol for surveillance and response activities in local settings, consistent with national guidelines. District surveillance officers (DSOs) and rapid-response-team members underwent training to improve surveillance and response skills. A network-based early warning and response system for weekly reports and a short message service (SMS) gateway for outbreak reports, both encompassing more than 20 probable outbreak diseases, were introduced to support existing paper-based systems. Two further strategies were implemented to optimize project outputs: a simulation exercise and a DSO-centered model. As a result, the timeliness of weekly reports improved from 33% in 2009 to 82% in 2011. In 2011, 65 outbreaks were reported using the SMS, with 64 subsequent paper-based reports. All suspected human avian influenza outbreaks up to September 2011 were reported in the stipulated format. A crosscutting approach using human avian influenza as the core disease for coordinating surveillance activities improved the overall surveillance system for communicable diseases.
ABSTRACT
Aim The study set out to better understand the epidemiology, natural history, therapeutic management and outcomes associated with confirmed human cases of Avian Influenza (AI) in Indonesia Methods This observational study utilized data from 93 cases with laboratory-confirmed H5N1 Influenza between September 2005 and August 2009. Cases were identified through records obtained from the Ministry of Health, as well as the Provincial health office and district health office records. Categorical data were analyzed with frequency tables, chi-square tests, and relative risks, and continuous data were analyzed using univariate statistics and Wilcoxon tests. Results Most subjects (54%) first presented to a physician’s office or clinic. All of the subjects were hospitalized, and the vast majority (85%) had respiratory symptoms as their predominant symptom at presentation. There was no clear association of any of these case characteristics with survival. Cases with direct poultry exposure were 2.8 times more likely to receive oseltamivir treatment than those without direct exposure (RR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.44 – 5.78). While the overall number of survivors was small, cases with documented oseltamivir treatment were approximately 24% more likely to survive than cases for which oseltamivir treatment was not documented (RR 1.24; 95% CI: 0.34-4.58). In oseltamivir treated cases, the median time from symptom onset to start of antiviral treatment was 2.5 days in survivors compared to 7.0 days for those who died. Fatality, therefore, may be related to delay in initiation of treatment after presentation. Conclusions The data suggest that early treatment with the antiviral drug oseltamivir may play an important role in survival. However, a low clinical suspicion of disease likely remains an important impediment to early diagnosis. Therefore, a clear policy for the protocol of early diagnosis & treatment of febrile illness including influenza is necessary.
Subject(s)
Oseltamivir , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeABSTRACT
We conducted a matched case-control study with 28 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A/H5N1 (by RT-PCR assay) and 106 controls in Vietnam in the year 2004 (case to control ratio is 1:4). Matching criteria includes sex, age (the difference is less than 2 year) and location of living. Main results are as follow: (1) Two poultry-related risk factors of human avian influenza A/H5N1 are direct handling of ill/dead poultry, and having ill/dead poultry in household. (2) Unavaillable indoor water-tap in household is signifficantly associated with human influenza A/H5N1. This is an suggestion to the role of hygiene and invironment-related factors, but the mechanism is still not clear. (3) Exposure to healthy poultry, domestic animals and patients with acute respiratory infections seems not to be a risk factor for avian influenza infection in the year 2004. Further studies with integrated designs are needed to describe mode(s) of transmission and identify sources of infection.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The main topic of this meeting is about the prevention and treatment of human avian influenza with traditional Chinese medicine.At the meeting,experts have discussed their own experiences on the prevention and cure of the avian flu,and proposed several details that should be paid attention to.They also summarized the contribution of traditional Chinese medicine,as well as hoped to strengthen the organic integration of modern medicine and traditional medicine to improve the prevention and treatment work.The experience of treating one case of severe human avian flu proved that traditional Chinese medicine can play a role in prevention and treatment of human avian flu.They proposed higher demands on preparations of Chinese traditional medicine so as to bring into full play of its advantages.