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1.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2022. 191 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1378632

ABSTRACT

The interaction of the organic ligands with metal nanoparticle has a very important role for applications in catalysis, as well as other processes involving ligands that can activate or poison the surface of metal nanoparticles. Very little has been studied so far on the role of organic ligands used either in the preparation of nanoparticles for applications in catalysis or addition in the reaction to activate the catalyst. In this thesis, we have studied strategies for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, their use as components for the preparation of supported catalysts and activation and deactivation processes involving the ligands used as stabilizers or purposely added to the reaction medium or support for stimulate new reactivity and selectivity in reactions of industrial interest, such as hydrogenation. Here, the concept of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been expanded to surface-FLP analogous formed by combining gold nanoparticles (NPs) and Lewis bases, such as amines or phosphines, creating a new channel for the heterolytic cleavage of H2, and thereby performing selective hydrogenation reactions with gold. A first approach to improve the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles was to analyze the effect of nitrogen-containing bases. The starting inactive gold nanoparticles became highly active for the selective hydrogenation of alkyne into cis-alkenes. The hydrogenation proceeded smoothly and fully selective using H2 as the hydrogen source and under relatively mild conditions (80 °C, 6 bar H2). Our studies also have revealed that the presence of capping ligands blocks the adsorption of the amine to the gold surface, avoiding the FLPs interface and thereby leading to low catalytic activity. When the capping ligands were removed from the catalyst surface and an amine ligand was added, the FLPs interface is recovered and an enhanced catalytic activity was observed. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the successful use of simple organophosphorus ligands to boost the catalytic activity of Au NPs for a range of important reduction reactions, namely, epoxides, N-oxides, sulfoxides, and alkynes. Furthermore, the choice of phosphorus-containing ligands resulted in a decrease in the amount necessary to reach high conversion and selectivity in comparison with our previous study with N-containing ligands. The ligand-to-metal ratio decreased from 100 (amine/Au) to 1 (phosphite/Au). The synthesis of gold nanoparticles supported on N-doped carbon supports was used as an alternative method for the synthesis of a heterogeneous active gold catalyst for selective hydrogenations. The main advantage with respect to previous studies was to avoid the addition of external ligands, in large excess, for the activation of gold surfaces via FLP, making the whole process environmentally and economically attractive


A interação dos ligantes orgânicos com nanopartículas de metal certamente tem um papel muito importante para aplicações em catálise, bem como outros processos envolvendo ligantes que podem ativar ou envenenar a superfície de nanopartículas metálicas. Até agora, muito pouco foi estudado sobre o papel dos ligantes orgânicos utilizados na preparação de nanopartículas para aplicações em catálise ou adição na reação para ativar o catalisador. Nesta tese, foram estudadas estratégias para a síntese de nanopartículas metálicas, seu uso como componentes para a preparação de catalisadores suportados e processos de ativação e desativação envolvendo ligantes empregados como estabilizantes ou propositalmente adicionados ao meio de reação ou suporte para estimular novas reatividades e seletividade em reações de interesse industrial, como reações de hidrogenação. Aqui, o conceito de pares de Lewis frustrados (FLPs) foi expandido para o seu análogo de superfície formado pela combinação de nanopartículas (NPs) de ouro e bases de Lewis, como aminas ou fosfinas, criando um novo canal para a clivagem heterolítica de H2 e, assim, realizando reações seletivas de hidrogenação com ouro. Uma primeira abordagem para melhorar a atividade catalítica das nanopartículas de ouro foi analisar o efeito de bases contendo nitrogênio. As nanopartículas de ouro inicialmente inativas tornaram-se altamente ativas para a hidrogenação seletiva de alquino em cis-alquenos. A hidrogenação prosseguiu foi factível e totalmente seletiva usando H2 como fonte de hidrogênio e sob condições relativamente amenas (80 °C, 6 bar de H2). Nossos estudos também revelaram que a presença de estabilizantes pode bloquear a adsorção da base na superfície do ouro, impedindo a formação da interface FLPs e, portanto, levando a baixa atividade catalítica. Quando os estabilizantes foram removidos da superfície do catalisador e um ligante foi adicionado, o FLPs é formado sendo a atividade catalítica aprimorada. Além disso, demonstramos o uso bem-sucedido de ligantes organofosforados atuando como ativadores de Au NPs em uma série de importantes reações de redução, como, epóxidos, N-óxidos, sulfóxidos e alquinos. Além disso, a escolha do ligante fosforado resultou em uma diminuição na quantidade necessária para alcançar alta conversão mantendo a seletividade inalterada. A relação ligante/metal diminuiu de 100/1 (amina/Au) para 1/1 (fosfito/Au). A síntese de nanopartículas de ouro suportadas em carbono dopado com nitrogênio foi utilizada como método alternativo para a síntese de um catalisador heterogêneo de ouro ativo para hidrogenações seletivas. A principal vantagem em relação aos estudos anteriores foi evitar a adição de ligantes externos, em grande excesso, para a ativação de superfícies de ouro via FLP, tornando todo o processo ambiental e economicamente atraente


Subject(s)
Catalysis , Catalyzer , Lewis Bases/antagonists & inhibitors , Gold/agonists , Ligands , Carbon/agonists , Health Strategies , Alkenes/classification , Metal Nanoparticles , Occupational Groups
2.
Journal of China Pharmaceutical University ; (6): 553-557, 2018.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-811756

ABSTRACT

@#By using(S)-MonoPHOS and [Rh(COD)2]BF4 as catalyst, the asymmetric hydrogenation reactions of methyl-2-acylamino-3-arylacrylate and the effect of different amino protective groups on hydrogenation efficacy were studied. The products resulting from asymmetric hydrogenation were hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid, and the corresponding amino acids were obtained at yields of 63%- 92%.

3.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-151975

ABSTRACT

Artemisinin is a δ-sesquiterpene lactone that incorporates an endoperoxide moiety. This compound was isolated as the active compound of Artemisia annua L. Dihydroartemisinin is the simplest semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin and is more potent than artemisinin. Combined with piperaquine, curently this compound is the drug of choice to treat malaria. The objective of this research is to modify the structure of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin. A new way to modify the structure of artemisinin into dihydroartemisinin, had been successfully conducted using hydrogenation process with Ni/TiO2 catalyst. The yield of the reaction was 16.58%. LC-MS analysis showed that the compound had mainly a peak with retention time tR 2.2 minutes and mass spectrum showed that the molecular weight of the compound was 284.29 which was the molecular formula of dihydroartemisinin, C15H24O5. The IR spectrum showed that there was a spectrum from C-O in a wave number of 1034.14 cm-1. Hydrogenation reaction did not destroy the endoperoxide group. This was proven by the existing of C-O-O-C in a frequency of 1091.71; 875.68; 844.82 cm-1. 1H- and 13C-NMR data and comparison to the authentic sample, showed that the compound was a racemic mixture of /dihydroartemisinin. The dihydroartemisinin resulted from this process was also proven for its antimalarial activity, in vitro assay using cultured Plasmodium falciparum clone 3D7 with its IC50= 2x10-7M.

4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-162159

ABSTRACT

Six new organosoluble ruthenium(II) complexes bearing dibasic tetradentate Schiff base ligands of the general formula [Ru(CO)(PPh3)(L)] (where L = dibasic tetradentate Schiff base ligands derived by condensing actetoacetanilide/acetoacetotoludide with o-aminophenol/oaminothiophenol/ o-aminobenzoic acid in 1:2 molar ratio in ethanolic medium) have been synthesized by reacting [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3] with the respective Schiff base ligands in 1:1 molar ratio. The complexes were characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. An octahedral structure has been proposed tentatively for all the complexes. These ruthenium(II) complexes possess N2O2/N2S2 metal binding sites and act as a potential catalyst for the hydrogenation reactions. Organosoluble ruthenium(II) complexes have been used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of methoxy benzene and benzaldehyde. From the results it was observed that all the new six complexes proved to be better catalyst in the hydrogenation. All the ruthenium(II) complexes decomposes completely to form ruthenium metal, which in turn forms a active ruthenium hydride in the hydrogenation reaction. The reusability of the ruthenium catalysts have also been evaluated up to six consecutive runs, which does not show much variation in the conversion of the substrate.

5.
Sci. med ; 20(4): 270-276, nov. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-583404

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: identificar a quantidade de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans descritas nos rótulos de biscoitos recheados e verificar se existe associação entre o preço e a quantidade de gorduras trans.Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 25 pacotes de biscoitos recheados de diferentes tipos e marcas, copiando-se de cada rótulo as informações necessárias. Para análise dos resultados foram efetuados cálculos de estatística descritiva, análise de variância e correlação de Spearmann.Resultados: os resultados apontam uma preocupação no consumo desses biscoitos, uma vez que a média dos biscoitos de duas marcas apresentaram valores próximos e que ultrapassam a recomendação máxima de gorduras trans (2,0 g) em uma porção média de 30 g (1,78 g e 2,05 g), com base em uma dieta de 2000 quilocalorias. Verificou-se também associação positiva entre preço e quantidade de gorduras trans (p<0,001) e associação inversa entre preço e quantidade de gordura saturada (p=0,003).Conclusões: quanto maior a quantidade de gorduras trans, menor a quantidade de gordura saturada e menor preço.Sugere-se uma revisão na legislação quanto à inserção da quantidade exata de gorduras trans no rótulo, uma vez que o consumo elevado dessas gorduras está associado a dislipidemias, um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular.


Aims: To identify the amount of total fat, saturated fat and trans fat described on the labels of filled cookies and to verify the association between price and trans fat content.Methods: The sample consisted of 25 packages of different types and brands of filled cookies, obtaining the necessary information from every label. Calculations of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and correlation of Spearman were carried out.Results: The results call the attention for the consumption of these cookies, since the average of cookies of two brands presented values close and up to the daily recommendation of trans fat (2.0 g) in an average portion of 30 g (1.78 g and 2.05 g), based on a diet of 2000 kilocalories. We have also found a direct relation between price and trans fat value and reverse relation between price and saturated fat value.Conclusion: The more trans fat, the smaller price and quantity of saturate fat were found. We suggest a revision in the legislation regarding the inclusion of the exact amount of trans fat in the labels of every product, because high intakes of these fats are associated with dyslipidemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.


Subject(s)
Industrialized Foods , Cookies , Heart Diseases , Food Composition , Food Economics , Fats, Unsaturated , Hydrogenation , Legislation, Food , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
6.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-158132

ABSTRACT

A rapid, simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Palladium (II) using newly synthesized reagent 4-Hdroxy3,5dimethoxybenzaldehyde-4- hydroxybenzoylhydrazone (HDMBHBH) in neutral surfactant of TritonX-100-5% (micellar medium). Palladium (II) forms a brown coluored water-soluble complex with 4-Hdroxy 3, 5dimethoxybenzaldehyde-4- hydroxybenzoylhydrazone in the pH range 1.0-6.0. The complex shows maximum absorbance at lmax 373 nm and in the pH range 3.0-4.0. However, at this wavelength, the reagent shows considerable absorbance. At lmax 373 nm, the complex shows maximum absorbance while the reagent blank shows negligible absorbance. Hence, analytical studies are carried out at lmax 373 nm and at pH 3.0 (Phosphate buffer) against reagent blank. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.106-1.064 μg ml-1 and the optimum concentration range from ringbom plot is 0.212-0.957 mg/ml of Palladium (II). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity for the coloured solution are found to be 7.5 x 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.0015-μg. cm-2 respectively. The interference effect of various diverse ions has been studied. The complex shows 1:1 [Pd (II): HDMBHBH] stoichiometry with stability constant 7.29 x 106. The standard deviation of the method in the determination of 0.638 - μg ml-1 of Palladium (II) is 0.003 and the Relative standard deviation is 0.71%. First and second order derivative spectroscopic method is developed at lmax 422 nm and lmax 444 nm respectively for the determination of Palladium (II), which is more sensitive than the zero order method. The developed method has been employed for the determination of Palladium (II) in hydrogenation catalyst samples and in synthetic alloy samples. The results are in good agreement with the certified values.

7.
Rev. colomb. quím. (Bogotá) ; 36(3): 323-334, sep.-dic. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-636555

ABSTRACT

Para buscar elementos experimentales que soporten la hipótesis según la cual se forman estructuras cristalinas Cu-Ni o, eventualmente, Cu-Ni-SiO2 en la síntesis de catalizadores para la hidrogenación de aceite de soya, se prepararon mezclas de estos tres materiales a partir de sales de los metales con sílice (aerosil). Se calcinaron a 270 °C y se redujeron a 330 °C en atmósfera de hidrógeno. En los materiales reducidos se estudió el difractógrama de RX en el rango 37 a 53°, y se comparó con el difractograma de aleaciones Cu-Ni -en las cuales se conoce la formación de cristales mixtos-, y con los difractogramas de los elementos puros Cu y Ni. Los resultados muestran señales de difracción diferentes a las señales de los componentes puros. La actividad catalítica se muestra diferente en los materiales que presentan distorsión en su estructura cristalina.


Looking for experimental facts that support the hypothesis of formation of Cu-Ni or Cu-Ni-SiO2 crystals formation hypo- thesis in the syntesis of catalytic materials for soja oil hydrogenation, different mixtures of the metals nitrates with SiO2 (aerosil), were prepared and calcined at 270 oC, then reduced in hydrogen atmosphere at 330 oC. RX Diffraction registers of the prepared materials, Ni-Cu alloys, Ni and Cu pure metals, show that differences in diffraction signal in prepared materials exist with respect to pure metals. The catalytic activity show differences too.


Para procurar elementos experimentais que suportem a hipótese segundo a qual se formam estruturas cristalinas Cu-Ni ou eventualmente Cu-Ni-SiO2 na síntese de catalisadores para a hidrogenación de azeite de soya, prepararam-se misturas destes três materiais a partir de sais dos metais com sílice (aerosil). Se calcinaron a 270 °C e se reduziram a 330 °C em atmosfera de hidrogênio. Nos materiais reduzidos se estudou o difractógrama de RX na casta 36 a 53 graus, e se comparou com o difractógrama de ligas de metais Cu-Nem, nas quais se conhece a formação de cristais mistos, e com os difractógramas dos elementos puros Cu e Nem. Os resultados mostram que se apresentam sinais de difracção diferentes aos sinais dos componentes puros. A atividade catalítica se mostra diferente nos materiais que apresentam distorção em sua estrutura cristalina.

8.
Rev. colomb. quím. (Bogotá) ; 36(2): 183-198, sep.-dic. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-636608

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se estudió la hidrogenación selectiva de citronelal sobre sistemas de Ir/TiO2, Ir/SiO2, e Ir soportado en óxidos mixtos (Ir/TiO2-SiO2) reducidos a 473 y 773 K. Se analizó el efecto de la adición de TiO2 al soporte y de las temperaturas de reducción de los catalizadores para evaluar el posible efecto de especies TiOx parcialmente reducidas, sobre la actividad y selectividad de la reacción. Los sólidos resultantes se caracterizaron por quimisorción de hidrógeno a temperatura ambiente, adsorción de nitrógeno a 77 K, DRX, TEM y XPS. Los resultados indican que los catalizadores reducidos a alta temperatura (HT: 773 K) favorecen la producción del alcohol insaturado debido al efecto de interacción fuerte metal-soporte conocido como SMSI. Los catalizadores reducidos a baja temperatura (LT: 473 K) llevan a la ciclización del anillo produciendo isopulegol. Estos catalizadores mostraron una alta actividad y una menor selectividad hacia el alcohol insaturado.


Catalytic hydrogenation of citronellal over Ir/TiO2, Ir/SiO2, and Ir supported on mixed oxides (Ir/TiO2/SiO2) reduced at 473 y 773 K was studied. The effects of the partially reducible support species, the reduction temperatures (473 K or 773 K) and the successive TiO2 addition were analyzed. The catalysts were characterized by H2 chemisorption at room temperature, N2 adsorption at 77 K, XRD, TEM and XPS. The results showed that the high temperature reduction treatment (HT: 773 K) favored the production of the unsaturated alcohol, which can be explained in terms of the so-called strong metalsupport interaction (SMSI) effect. Catalysts reduced at low temperature (LT: 473 K) mainly led to a cyclization reaction producing isopulegol. These catalysts showed high activity but low selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol.


Nesse trabalho, foi estudada a hidrogenação seletiva do citronelal em catalisadores Ir/TiO2, Ir/SiO2 e Ir suportado em óxidos mistos (Ir/TiO2-SiO2) reduzidos a 473 e 773 K. Foi analisado o efeito da adição da TiO2 no suporte e das temperaturas de redução dos catalisadores para evaliar o possível efeito das espécies TiOx parcialmente reduzidas, sobre a atividade e seletividade da reação. Os sólidos resultantes foram caracterizados por quimisorção de hidrogênio a temperatura ambiente, adsorção de nitrogênio a 77 K, DRX, TEM e XPS. Os resultados indican que os catalisadores reduzidos a alta temperatura (HT: 773 K) favorecem a produção do álcool insaturado pelo efeito da interação forte metal-suporte conhecido como SMSI. Os catalisadores reduzidos a baixa temperatura (LT: 473 K) conduzen para a ciclização do anel produzindo isopulegol. Esses catalisadores mostraram uma alta atividade e uma baixa seletividade para álcool insaturado.

9.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 79(2): 343-350, June 2007. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454603

ABSTRACT

There is a mounting concern about the intake of foods containing trans fatty acids (TFA) due to their deleterious effects on human health, mainly on the cardiovascular system. In this way, it is important to consider the processes that form TFA in foods, and the alternatives to minimize them. Among the processes that result in the formation of TFA, the hydrogenation of vegetable oils stands out for its impact on the diet of people living in industrialized countries. Other processes such as edible oil refining, meat irradiation, food frying, and biohydrogenation also contribute to increase the daily intake of TFA.


Existe uma crescente preocupação em relação a ingestão elevada de ácidos graxos trans (AGT), devido aos seus efeitos desfavoráveis à saúde, principalmente sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Assim, é importante considerar os processos queoriginam os AGT nos alimentos, e as alternativas para minimizar a sua formação. Entre os processos que resultam na produção de AGT, a hidrogenação de óleos vegetais tem recebido o maior destaque por seu impacto na dieta de pessoas que vivem em países industrializados. Outros processos, como o refino de óleos vegetais, a irradiação de carnes, o preparo de alimentos fritos e a bio-hidrogenação, também contribuem para aumentar a ingestão diária de AGT.


Subject(s)
Humans , Food Handling/methods , Plant Oils/metabolism , Trans Fatty Acids/metabolism , Hydrogenation , Trans Fatty Acids/adverse effects
10.
Rev. colomb. quím. (Bogotá) ; 34(2): 127-138, dic. 2005. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-636569

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se muestra la hidrogenación del citral sobre catalizadores de Ir e Ir-Fe/TiO2 reducidos a 773 K (HTR). La preparación de los catalizadores se realizó con soluciones acuosas de H2IrCl6 para obtener una carga de metal al 1% y por impregnación de FeCl3, lo cual permitió obtener los correspondientes sistemas bimetálicos. Todos los catalizadores presentaron una selectividad del 100% hacia los alcoholes insaturados (geraniol y nerol). La caracterización de los sólidos se efectuó mediante quimisorción selectiva de hidrógeno a 298 K, DRX, TPR y XPS. Los resultados de actividad intrínseca y selectividad se explican con base en los datos de caracterización que ponen en evidencia el efecto de una fuerte interacción metal-soporte (SMSI). También se muestra la descripción de un reactor tipo STR donde se efectuó la evaluación de la actividad intrínseca del catalizador.


The citral hydrogenation was studied over Ir-Fe/TiO2 catalysts reduced at 773 K (HTR: high temperature reduction). The catalysts synthesis was made using H2IrCl6 aqueous solution to get ca. 1% wt Ir load and by impregnating FeCl3 solution to obtain bimetallic catalysts. The results showed that all of the studied Ir/TiO2 and Fe-Ir/TiO2 catalysts display high selectivities (ca. 100%) towards the unsaturated alcohols (geraniol and nerol) during citral hydrogenation. Solids were charac-terized by selective H2 chemisorption, XRD, TPR and XPS. Intrinsic activity and selectivity data are explained in agreement to the characterization results showing the metal support interaction effect (SMSI). Also is showed the description of a reactor STR (stirred tank reactor) for the evaluation of the intrinsic catalytic activity.

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