Percepción del discurso nutricional para el control del sobrepeso y obesidad por parte de mujeres de nivel socioeconómico bajo en Santiago de Chile / Perception of the nutritional discourse for the control of overweight and obesity among women from low-income households in Santiago, Chile

Actualmente, Chile presenta niveles por sobre el promedio regional y mundial de sobrepeso y obesidad. Esta condición se distribuye desigualmente entre la población, concentrándose en mujeres (quienes lideran el ranking latinoamericano de obesidad), acrecentándose entre aquellas de bajos ingresos. Este dato corrobora que el problema nutricional excede con creces el ámbito biológico y que si se busca tener resultados positivos en la disminución del sobrepeso y obesidad, urge observar sus condicionantes socioculturales. Desde 2005 las políticas públicas han implementado medidas basadas principalmente en ofrecer recomendaciones e información nutricional a la población. A través de un estudio cualitativo- etnográfico nos interrogamos respecto al modo en que las mujeres perciben el discurso salubrista y las recomendaciones nutricionales. Confirmamos que los mensajes sobre la adecuada alimentación son recibidos y comprendidos. Sin embargo, se interiorizan como una imposición altamente restrictiva, que no se condice con sus estilos de vida, que exige implementar cambios para los que no se sienten capaces ni suficientemente respaldadas por su entorno cercano. Se concluye que es necesario reorientar los esfuerzos, desplazando el foco desde la difusión de información y la responsabilización individual, hacia la construcción de estrategias que pongan como eje central a las personas dentro de sus contextos particulares.

Currently, Chile has levels above the regional and the global average for overweight and obesity. This condition is distributed unequally among the population, concentrating among women (who lead the Latin American obesity ranking) and increasing among those with low incomes. This data verifies that the nutritional problem exceeds the biological scope, thus it is crucial to observe its sociocultural conditions. Since 2005, public policies have been implemented based mainly on offering recommendations and nutritional information to the population. Through a qualitative-ethnographic study, we inquired about the woman's perception of the health discourse and the nutritional recommendations. We confirm that messages about proper eating are received and understood. However, they are internalized as highly restrictive, incompatible with their lifestyles, and require changes that participants felt they were incapable of or sufficiently supported by their immediate environment. We concluded that it is necessary to redirect efforts, shifting the focus from the dissemination of information and individual responsibility, to the construction of strategies that place people at the center of their particular contexts.

Suicide Related Indicators and Trends in Korea in 2017 / 보건행정학회지

Suicide is a major public health issue that causes over 800,000 deaths each year globally. Korea ranks high in suicide rates, in which around 24.3 per 100,000 individuals are reported to have died by intentional self-harm in 2017 according to Statistics Korea. The aim of this study was to examine the current status and trend of suicide ideation and attempt using data from the following five sources: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANES, ‘07–13, ‘15–17), Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS, ‘08–09, ’13, ’17), Korean Wealth Panel Study (KOWEPS, ‘12–17), Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, ‘10–13), and Statistics Korea (1983–2017). Suicide ideation and attempts were also further examined based on equalized household income levels. Data published by Statistics Korea were used to show the updated suicide rate and number of deaths by intentional self-harm. The rate of suicide ideation at the recent year was 4.73% (KNHANES, ‘17), 6.96% (KCHS, ‘17), 1.63% (KOWEPS, ‘17), and 5.39% (KHP, ‘13). That of suicide attempts as recent year was 0.71% (KNHANES, ‘17), 0.32% (KCHS, ‘17), and 0.09% (KOWEPS, ‘17). Annual percentage change of suicidal ideation was −15.4% (KNHANES, ‘07–17), −2.5% (KCHS, ‘08–17), −8.6% (KOWEPS, ‘12–17), and −10.9% (KHP, ‘10–13). Annual percentage change of suicide attempts was −4.0% (KNHANES, ‘07–17), −4.4% (KCHS, ‘08–17), and −14.9% (KOWEPS, ‘12–17). Individuals with lower income levels were more likely to experience suicide ideation and attempts. Considering that Korea still shows a high suicide rate despite the continuously decreasing trend of suicide ideation and attempt, continuous observation and appropriate policy implementation regarding suicide related problems are necessary.

The Analysis between the Socioeconomic Factor and the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1st Year), 2016

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic factors that affect atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.METHODS: We used data from 3,704 individuals between 40 and 79 years of age, who participated in the Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey in 2016. Socioeconomic groups were categorized by income and education level. We analyzed the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression for the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in each group.RESULTS: Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios and 95% CIs of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk based on high, middle, and low socioeconomic factors were 1.0, 1.597 (95% CI, 1.279–1.993), and 5.689 (95% CI, 4.030–8.032), respectively. The results after adjusting for covariates (age, gender, obesity, alcohol consumption) also showed statistical significance.CONCLUSION: We conclude that socioeconomic factors such as income and education level are correlated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.

Suicide Related Indicators and Trends in Korea in 2016 / 보건행정학회지

Suicide has been a public health issue in many countries, and Korea has ranked highest suicide rate among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over a decade. To address these issues, we updated the recent trends in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Korean adults followed by previous data observation. We used data from five sources: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANES, '07–12, '13, '15–16), Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS, '08–09, '13), Korean Wealth Panel Study (KOWEPS, '12–16), Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, '10–13), and cause of death data from Statistics Korea ('07–16). We used weighted frequencies and trend tests. The rate of suicidal ideation as recent year was 5.10% (KNHANES, '15), 8.95% (KCHS, '13), 2.08% (KOWEPS, '16), and 5.39% (KHP, '13). That of suicide attempts as recent year was 0.59% (KNHANES, '16), 0.41% (KCHS, '13), and 0.08% (KOWEPS, '16). Annual percentage change of suicidal ideation was −2.80% (KNHANES, '07–12), 5.78% (KNHANES, '13–15), 0.62% (KCHS, '08–13), −8.50% (KOWEPS, '12–16), and −10.94% (KHP, '10–13). Annual percentage change of suicide attempts was −3.84% (KNHANES, '07–12), 2.26% (KNHANES, '13–16), −2.53% (KCHS, '08–13), and −20.22% (KOWEPS, '12–16). Annual percentage change of death by intentional self-harm was −0.49% (Statistics Korea, '07–16). Individuals who had lower income level were more likely to experience suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. According to these results, the rate of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts showed the decreasing tendency. However, the suicide rate of Korea has remained higher than that of OECD countries. Thus, continuous data observation and effective policies on suicide are needed.

Impact of health resources allocation on healthcare seeking behavior among inpatients in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:This study aims at exploring the impact of the health resources allocation on healthcare seeking behavior of inpatients with different income in China. Methods:Data at individual level were collected from China National Health Service Surveys conducted in 2008 and 2013 , interlinked with the data of health resources in county level. Multilevel zero-inflated negative binomial regression and multilevel multinomial logit model were respec-tively used to examine the impact of the health resources allocation on inpatient visits and the influence of the choice of healthcare providers by inpatients. Results: The results show that the increase of the number of beds in primary health centers ( PHCs) and physicians in county hospitals increased inpatient visits within counties. The investments in health resources in PHCs had greater impact on improving the likelihood of inpatient visits within counties for the low-income populations than that for the high-income populations. Conclusion: Investments in health resources in PHCs are vital to improve the healthcare seeking behaviors of the low-income populations in China.

Differences in Family Caregivers' Opinions about Out-of-Pocket Payment for Long-Term Care Facilities by Income Levels / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate family caregivers' opinions about out-of-pocket payment for long-term care (LTC) facilities, and find the differences in the opinions for family caregivers of all different levels of income. METHODS: We used the data of the study on out-of-pocket payment in national long-term care insurance, including 1,552 family caregivers with the elderly in long-term care facilities. RESULTS: The average out-of-pocket payment per month was 511,635 Korean won and distributed from 230,750 to 1,365,570 Korean won. The amount of out-of-pocket payment might be affected by not co-payment but the cost of non-covered service. There were differences in them for family caregivers of all different levels of income. Opinions were surveyed about 5 issues. By levels of income, there were differences in their opinions about 3 issues, the financial burden on LTC, the necessity of reducing out-of-pocket payments, and to be willing to pay more for a high quality service. But there were not different opinions about the interruption of LTC service and staying with LTC facilities. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the range of out-of-pocket payment for LTC facility is wide and it can be a burden to lower income group. It should be to prepare the policies to ease the financial burden and support the appropriate LTC use.

Estado nutricional y características sociodemográficas en adolescentes embarazadas del programa alimentario nutricional integral Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2016 / Nutritional status and sociodemographic characteristics in pregnant adolescents of the comprehensive nutritional food program Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2016

Introducción: El estado nutricional de las adolescentes embarazadas influye en la salud de la madre y del hijo. Objetivo: Determinar el estado nutricional y características sociodemográficas en adolescentes embarazadas del Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral. Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2016. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasversal con componente analítico. Se utilizaron fichas completas de pacientes embarazadas desde la décima semana de gestación, en el período de enero a diciembre de 2016, considerando los datos de edad, peso, talla, edad gestacional, nivel educativo, ingreso familiar y el diagnóstico nutricional realizado por las tablas de Rosso - Mardones. Resultados: De las 172 fichas utilizadas, el rango etario fue de 12 a 19 años con una mediana de 17 (16,0 ­ 18,0) años, pertenecían a la clasificación de adolescencia temprana el 6% (n= 11) y adolescencia tardía el 94% (n= 161). El nivel educativo predominante fue educación media 39% (n=67) y tercer ciclo de escolar básica 36% (n=62). El ingreso familiar menor a un salario mínimo fue del 63% (n=108), hasta un salario mínimo 37% (n=63). La mediana del peso fue de 58,0 (51,15 ­ 66,0) kg. Una talla promedio de 1.58 ±0.06 m. La mediana de la edad gestacional de ingreso fue de 18 (12 ­ 27) semanas. El estado nutricional de las adolescentes embarazadas evaluadas por Rosso - Mardones presentó 46% bajo peso, 32% adecuado, 13% sobrepeso y 9% obesidad. Conclusiones: De las embarazadas evaluadas al ingreso del Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral el mayor porcentaje correspondía a bajo peso. No se encontró asociación entre nivel educativo y el estado nutricional, así como tampoco se encontró asociación entre nivel de ingreso y el estado nutricional

Introduction: The nutritional status of adolescents pregnant women influences the health of the mother and the child. Objective: To determine the nutritional status and sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant adolescents women admitted to the PANI program during the year 2016 in the HRE. Methodology: A cross-sectional, observational, cross-sectional study with analytical component and complete records of pregnant patients were used from the tenth week of gestation in the period of January to December 2016, considering data on age, weight, height, gestational age, educational level, and the nutritional diagnosis made by the charts of Rosso - Mardones. Results: Of the 172 medical records used in the 12 to 19 year age range with a median of 17 (16.0 - 18.0) years, 6% (n = 11) and 94% (n=161) belonged to late adolescence and to the early adolescence correspondingly. The predominant educational level was middle education 39% (n = 67) and the third cycle of basic education (36%) (n = 62). Family income less than a minimum wage was of the 63% (and=108), up to a minimum wage of 37% (n = 63). The median weight was 58.0 (51.15 - 66.0) kg. An average size of 1.58 ± 0.06 m. The median gestational age of admission was 18 (12 - 27) weeks. The nutritional status of pregnant adolescents evaluated by Rosso - Mardones charts presented 46% low weight, 32% adequate, 13% overweight, 9% obesity. Conclusions: Of the pregnant women evaluated at the entrance of the Integral Nutritional Feeding Program the highest percentage of correspondence at low weight. The association between educational level and nutritional status was not found, nor was the association between income level and nutritional status found

Suicide Related Indicators and Trend of Korea in 2015 / 보건행정학회지

Suicide is becoming a public health issue in many countries, and even more so in Korea. Korea has the highest suicide rate in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. To address these issues, we investigated the recent trends in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among the adult population. We used data from four sources: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, ‘2007–2012, ‘2013, ‘2015), Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS, ‘2008–2009, ‘2013), Korean Wealth Panel Study (KOWEPS, ‘2012–2015), and Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, ‘2010–2013). Weighted frequencies and trend tests were used. The rate of suicidal ideation as recent year was 5.10% (KNHANES, ‘2015), 8.95% (KCHS, ‘2013), 2.34% (KOWEPS, ‘2015), or 5.39% (KHP, ‘2013). Regarding the suicide attempts, the rate of suicide attempts as recent year was 0.61% (KNHANES, ‘2015), 0.41% (KCHS, ‘2013), or 0.04% (KOWEPS, ‘2015). Average percent change of suicidal ideation during survey year was -2.80% (KNHANES, ‘2007–2012), 5.78% (KNHANES, ‘2013–2015), 0.62% (KCHS, ‘2008–2013), -5.63% (KOWEPS, ‘2012–2015), and -10.94% (KHP, ‘2010–2013). Average percent change of suicide attempts during survey year was -3.84% (KNHANES, ‘2007–2012), 4.55% (KNHANES, ‘2013–2015), -2.54% (KCHS, ‘2008–2013), and -18.96% (KOWEPS, ‘2012–2015). Those who had lower income level were more likely to have self-reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Our results suggest that further efforts are needed for more effective intervention to identify and manage low income strata with suicide problem.

Differences between middle-aged and older people in association between income level and remaining teeth / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: To understand the relationship between monthly household income and number of remaining teeth as an indicator of oral health, and to find the differences between middle-aged and older people in this respect. METHODS: This study was conducted on data extracted from the Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, which surveyed all Korean citizens in 2012. From these data, data of 4502 people about 40 years of age who completed the questionnaires and examination survey were selected and analyzed. This study investigated the main factors affecting the remaining teeth, and analyzed the moderating effect of age on the relationship between income level and remaining teeth. RESULTS: The average number of remaining teeth was 25.17 for middle-aged people and 15.95 for older people, which was significantly different. The number of remaining teeth for middle-aged people showed a significant relationship with income level, education level, and smoking habit. The number of remaining teeth in older people was related to the same factors, along with an additional factor of whether or not they underwent oral examinations. From the interaction analysis conducted to find the moderating effect of age on the relationship between the number of remaining teeth and income level, the number of remaining teeth was more affected by income level in older people than in middle-aged people. CONCLUSIONS: Income level was strongly related to oral health, particularly in older people. Therefore, it can be concluded that an oral health promotion policy is necessary for low-income people, particularly those in the older age group.

A study on nutritional intakes in middle income adults based on data from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional status in middle-class adults compared with low income or high income adults according to gender difference. METHODS: Data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. A total of 7,082 adults aged from 30 to 64 were included and classified according to household income level into three groups. Dietary data was collected using 24-hr recall methods. RESULTS: Most nutrients including energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals such as iron and calcium differed according to income levels. Iron intake of middle-class men was higher than that of the lowest income group, whereas that of middle-class women was similar to that of the lowest income group. In addition, no significant difference in carbohydrate, protein, fat, thiamin, and niacin intakes per 1,000 kcal and iron intake was found between the middle and high income group only in male subjects. In summary, our results showed that the relationship between nutritional status and income level as a socioeconomic parameter could vary according to gender difference. CONCLUSION: According to our results, it could be suggested that not only the lowest income people but also middle class women should be concerned in development of nutritional policies. Gender difference should be considered. It is a very meaningful implication for application to policy for obesity prevention or intervention.

Relationship between Family Income Level and Metabolic Syndrome of Golden Wedding Couples in Rugao City, Jiangsu Province / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To investigate the impact and relationship between family income level (FIL) and prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome (MS) of golden wedding couples in Rugao city. Methods Random sample survey of golden wedding couples about MS in Rugao city was run recently, including relevant indexes of MS, insulin resistance (IR) degree (from HOMA-IR) and family income level. 587 couples were divided into three groups according to FIL by rapid cluster analysis: 196 with low FIL as group A, 196 with middle FIL as group B and 195 with high FIL as group C. The prevalence rate of MS, abnormal rates of blood pressure(BP), blood lipids, blood glucose including fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial 2 hours plasma glucose (2 h PG), body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR) of all groups were calculated and compared. Results The prevalence rate of MS in group B (17.60%) was lower than that in group A (26.02%)and group C (27.81%)(P

A Comparative Study on the Dietary Attitudes and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Different Income Levels in Busan / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was carried out to investigate the dietary attitudes and nutritional status of preschool children in different income levels in Busan. The survey was conducted from November 1 to November 30, 2004 by questionnaires and data analyzed by the SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: The Kaup index of the upper income class group was higher than that of the other income classes. In the middle income class group, nutrition knowledge scores were higher than in any other income class. Sixty-four point nine percent of the upper income class children, 25.7% of the middle income class children and 15.7% of the low income class children had nutrition education experiences. Intake of protein was higher than that of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for children. In the upper income class group, intake of calcium was higher than in any other income class. Intakes of calcium and iron were lower than those of the RDAs in all children. Dietary attitude had positive correlation with frequency of breakfast, time for outdoor activity, and height and weight, and had negative correlation with frequency of fast food and time for watching television. Frequency of snack had positive correlation with frequency of fast food and time for watching television, but frequency of breakfast had negative correlation with those. These results indicate that nutrition education programs linking parents to children should be carried out to improve their nutritional status.

Dynamic Study on the Influence of Economic Level on Nutrition Intake and Status in Adult / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the influence of economic level on nutrition intake and status in adult. Methods The survey of income level, and nutrition intake and status of adults in 2000 in the city and rural area of Hunan province was carried out, and was compared with the data of the first survey in 1991. Results With the income increasing, the intake of protein,calcium,iron, retinal EQ and riboflavin increased from 1991 to 2000. In the population with low and middle income, the inadequate intake of calcium, retinal EQ and riboflavin was common. With the economic level being raised, the number of people with overweight or obesity(BMI≥25) increased, especially in city. But the number of people with malnutrition (BMI