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Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar el nivel de exposición a riesgos de accidentes en hogares vulnerables, identificando sus factores asociados y analizar su relación con la ocurrencia de accidentes en México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal que analiza una submuestra de información del Secretariado Técnico del Consejo Nacional para la Prevención de Accidentes, recolectada durante 2016-2019. Se utilizó regresión Poisson para estimar factores asociados con el número de riesgos presentes en hogares donde residía población infantil (<5) y adulta mayor (75+) y regresión logística para analizar la ocurrencia de accidentes. Resultados: En hogares con <5 hubo en promedio seis riesgos; 2.9 donde residían 75+. La prevalencia de lesiones accidentales el año previo fue 3.1% (IC95%=2.0,4.6) en <1 año, 7.6% (IC95%=6.9,8.4) en 1-4 años y 17.1% (IC95%=15.6,18.7) en 75+. Las caídas fueron la principal causa. Conclusiones: Existe un elevado número de riesgos en hogares con población vulnerable; es necesario fortalecer las estrategias de prevención, educación y promoción de la salud.
Abstract: Objective: To estimate level of exposure to different risks of unintentional injuries (UI) at home, identifying factors associated, and to analyze its relation to the occurrence of injuries in Mexican vulnerable populations. Materials and methods: A crossover study design analyzed secondary information from the leading agency for UI prevention (Ministry of Health) collected during 2016-2019. Using Poisson regression, factors associated to the number of risks present at home were analyzed in households with children (<5) and elders (75+); logistic regression analyzed factors associated with the occurrence of UI. Results: Households with <5 had an average of six risks; 2.9 where 75+ lived. Prevalence of UI the previous year was 3.1% (95%CI=2.0,4.6) in <1 year, 7.6% (95%CI=6.9,8.4) in 1-4 years and 17.1% (95%CI=15.6,18.7) in 75+. Falls were the main cause. Conclusions: There is a high number of risks in households with vulnerable populations; it is necessary to strengthen prevention, education and health promotion strategies.
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SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age on peak torque (PT) relative strength measures of knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF), bilateral strength ratio (Q:Q, H:H), and ipsilateral strength ratio (H:Q) in youth elite male football players.Elite male players (n = 70) from four age categories (U16: n = 20, U17: n = 20, U19: n = 15, U21: n = 15) performed isokinetic strength tests using a Cybex dynamometer. Results show a significant effect of age on PTKE (F3,142 = 4.54, p = 0.005, = 0.09) and PTKF (age: F3,142 = 3.07, p = 0.030, = 0.06). No significant effect of age on unilateral (F3,142 = 1.05, p = 0.375, = 0.02) or ipsilateral strength ratio (F3,142 = 2.63, p = 0.053, = 0.06) was found. Results revealed significant differences in PTKE for nondominant limbs between U16 and U21. Higher bilateral differences were detected for flexors (H:H = 7.94-11.47 %, Q:Q = 7.97-9.29 %) compared to extensors. Our study showed that 17-year-old players have levels of strength similar to U19 players. A higher bilateral difference of knee flexors than extensors was found, suggesting that more attention should be paid to knee flexors. No effect of laterality was found for strength and strength asymmetries. Future research should also focus on ipsilateral strength ratio in late stage of maturation.
RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la edad en las medidas de fuerza relativa de torque máximo (TM) de los extensores de rodilla (ER) y flexores de rodilla (FR), la relación de fuerza bilateral (Q: Q, H: H) y la relación de fuerza ipsilateral (H: Q) en jugadores de fútbol masculino de élite en 70 sujetos de cuatro categorías de edad (U16: n = 20, U17: n = 20, U19: n = 15, U21: n = 15). Se realizaron pruebas de fuerza isocinética utilizando un dinamómetro Cybex. Los resultados mos- traron un efecto significativo de la edad en TMER (F3,142 = 4,54, p = 0,005, = 0,09) y TMFR (edad: age: F3,142 = 3,07, p = 0,030, = 0,06). No se observó efecto significativo alguno de la edad sobre la fuerza unilateral (F3,142 = 1,05, p = 0,375, = 0,02) o relación de fuerza ipsilateral (F3,142 = 2,63, p = 0,053, = 0,06). Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas en TMER para miembros no dominantes entre U16 y U21. Se detectaron mayo- res diferencias bilaterales para los flexores (H:H = 7,94-11,47%, Q:Q = 7,97-9,29 %) en comparación con los extensores. Nues- tro estudio mostró que los jugadores de 17 años tienen niveles de fuerza similares a la de los jugadores sub-19. Se observó una mayor diferencia bilateral de flexores de rodilla que de extensores, lo que sugiere que se debe prestar más atención a los flexores de rodilla. No se encontró un efecto de lateralidad para fuerza y asimetrías de fuerza. Los estudios futuros también deben centrarse en la relación de fuerza ipsilateral en la etapa tardía de maduración.
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Humans , Male , Adolescent , Soccer , Muscle Strength/physiology , Kinetics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Torque , Knee Joint , Functional LateralityABSTRACT
Objectives: Several reports have shown that Tai Chi Chuan can be an effective way to prevent falls among the elderly. However, an exercise program that can prevent injury during falls has not been reported previously. The judo technique called ukemi is used to prevent injuries. To evaluate whether a judo-based exercise program could prevent falls in the elderly, we had the participants practice ukemi as part of a therapeutic routine. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of the program and to predict its safety.Methods: From July 2016 to March 2017, we examined 53 individuals who participated in the exercise program. The individuals were divided into high (n=39) and low (n=14) movement ability groups (HMA and LMA groups, respectively), and their physical and psychological functions were evaluated using scores from the Short-Form Health Survey 36. We also collected and analyzed data from questionnaires obtained from 384 patients who participated in the program from July 2016 to July 2019.Results: The HMA group showed a significant increase in the mental component summary scores before and after the exercise program. In the LMA group, physical functioning, social functioning, and physical component summary scores were significantly improved. Of the participants surveyed, 94.8% had a high level of satisfaction, and 93.2% began accepting the exercise as a daily habit. No adverse events were observed during these exercises.Conclusion: This novel exercise program was performed safely, and positive effects were observed, especially in individuals with a low quality of life.
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Objective: To analyze injury patterns in a male Japanese professional basketball team of this new league, with a particular focus on the difference between injuries of Asian and non-Asian players.Patients and Methods: During four basketball seasons, we analyzed all injuries in a B2 league team. We investigated the injury rate (IR), game injury rate (GIR), practice injury rate (PIR), pathology, and body area of each injury. Player demographics and injuries were collected from a database, which was updated by the team’s athletic trainer.Results: In total, 47 injuries in 51 players during the 4-year seasons were included. The IRs overall, in Asian, and in non-Asian players were 4.42, 4.37, and 3.11/1000 player hours (PH), respectively. The GIR (47.16/1000 PH overall, 4.37 in Asian, and 3.11 in non-Asians) was significantly higher than the PIR (1.50/1000 PH overall, 1.66 in Asian, and 0.84 in non-Asian; P<0.001 in all groups). Injuries of the upper body occurred only in Asian players (n=17; 51%, P=0.022). Most injuries occurred in the lower extremities than in other body parts (n=30; 64%, P<0.001), for which Asian and non-Asian players showed similar tendencies. Ankle sprains were the most common acute injury (n=7; 15%, P=0.007), while joint problems were the most common chronic injury (n=7; 15%, P=0.046).Conclusion: In this Japanese basketball team, the GIR of Asian, non-Asian, and overall players was higher than that of PIR. Injuries of the upper body were more frequent in Asian players than in non-Asian players in this league. Ankle sprains were the most common injury in both groups, while acute skin injuries occurred predominantly in Asian players. Prevention programs should be developed for injuries of the upper body in Asian players and those with lower extremity injuries.
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PURPOSE@#The increasing number of deaths due to road traffic accidents (RTAs) has attracted global attention. However, the influence of road types is rarely considered in the study of RTAs. This study evaluates the influence of different road types in RTAs in northern Guizhou to provide a basis for the formulation of evidence-based policies and measures.@*METHODS@#We obtained the data from the Zunyi Traffic Management Data Platform for the years 2009-2018. The mortality rates of RTAs were calculated. Descriptive methods and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the characteristics of road traffic collisions on different road types. We also examined the associations between the mortality rate per 10,000 vehicles and the growth of per capital gross domestic product (GDP) with Spearman's rank correlation analysis. According to the passing volume and the infrastructure, we defined different types of roads, like administrative road, functional road, general urban road and urban expressway.@*RESULTS@#In 2012, the traffic mortality rate of administrative roads was 8.9 per 100,000 people, and the mortality rate of functional roads was 7.4 per 100,000 people, which decreased in 2018 to 6.1 deaths per 100,000 people and 5.2 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively. The mortality rate per 10,000 vehicles reached the highest level in 2011 (28.8 per 10,000 vehicles and 22.5 per 10,000 vehicles on administrative and functional roads, respectively). The death rate of county roads was the highest among administrative roads (χ@*CONCLUSION@#Although our research shows that RTAs in northern Guizhou have steadily declined in recent years, the range of decline is relatively small. Many measures and sustainable efforts are needed to control road traffic death and accelerate the progress in road traffic safety in northern Guizhou.
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Accidental sharps injuries are a serious problem in healthcare, many healthcare workers acquire infectious diseases from bloodborne pathogens by sharps injuries during their work. The cost of injury and exposure takes an emotional and financial toll, which has attracted worldwide attention. This paper analyzed the regulatory requirements on sharps injury prevention devices in the United States and the European Union, described the classification and basic requirements of sharps injury prevention devices, evaluation of protective functions, risk identification and control to provide references for regulation and development of such products in our country.
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Humans , Blood-Borne Pathogens , Communicable Diseases , Needlestick Injuries/prevention & control , Protective Devices , United StatesABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis) is a cosmopolitan species, with a widespread distribution and responsible for a great number of injuries caused by cnidarians worldwide, including Brazil. Geoprocessing technology, however, has never been used to assess the spatial distribution of these animals on beaches. The aim of this study was to carry out a health risk assessment of Portuguese man-of-war (P. physalis) envenomations on the São Marcos and Calhau beaches in São Luís city, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive and quantitative study concerning primary data on the occurrence of the Portuguese man-of-war (P. physalis) and human envenomations in the studied places, conducted over a two-year period in São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. RESULTS: Envenomations mainly occurred on beaches presenting high density of P. physalis during the dry period. Vinegar has been incorporated as a first aid, according to recommendations set by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve prevention and control actions of human envenomation, risk areas for this type of envenomation should be clearly indicated as alert areas. Inclusion of the geographical location of the envenomation in the Notification/Investigation SINAN Form was suggested for allowing the continuity of studies involving this public health issue.
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Humans , Animals , Male , Bites and Stings , Hydrozoa , Brazil , Public Health , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
@#Introduction: In this study, we evaluated the kinematics of lower limb during early and late phases of 2km time trial on stationary rowing ergometer among Malaysian male rowers. Methods: Seventeen national-level rowers voluntarily participated. Three dimensional lower limb kinematics data were collected to represent the first 400 m (i.e., early) and the last 400m (i.e., late) phases of 2km time trial on a stationary ergometer. The kinematics data at sagittal, frontal and transverse planes of dominant leg during catch and finish positions were compared across early and late phases of the time trial using paired T-test. Results: The kinematics of lower limb joints at three planes were not significantly different during early versus late phases of 2km time trial among male senior rowers except for hip flexion at finish (p=0.411), ankle rotation at catch (p=0.779) and ankle abduction at finish (p=0.677). Conclusion: Lower limb kinematics particularly the hip flexion, ankle rotation and ankle abduction may change across early and late phases of 2km time trial due to fatigue. Coaches and rowers should monitor these motions during fatiguing rowing piece and develop necessary injury prevention measures.
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PURPOSE@#Successful application experiences on public-private partnership (PPP) in different countries, suggest that PPP could be an option in road traffic injury (RTI) prevention. The present study aims at investigating the applicability of PPP policy in RTI prevention in Iran based on the experts' perspectives.@*METHODS@#This is a qualitative study with grounded theory approach which has been conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2018. The participants were 22 experts in the field of RTIs selected using purposive sampling method. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed with content-analysis method.@*RESULTS@#The results were classified under 5 main themes (applicability, scopes and services, challenges, advantages, and strategies) for applying PPP policy and 37 sub-themes. Due to the prevalence of RTIs, the present challenges in public sector, existence of qualified private sector, and successful experiences in other areas, there are opportunities for private sector partnership in prevention of RTIs. Private sector could participate in different scopes and services regarding RTI prevention, including road construction and maintenance, maintenance and provision of vehicles safety and public education. The main challenges including legislation issues, ambiguities in collaboration, political and organizational unsustainability, government's financial hardship and lack of experienced experts in the field of RTI. However, there are significant advantages including high efficiency in program implementation, covering the weaknesses of public sector, effective and efficient management on application of PPP in RTI prevention. The strategies include identifying and prioritizing the assignable activities, identifying the qualified private sector, developing PPP policies and legal frameworks, creating a common language between public and private parties, trying to meet the expectations of the private sector by public sector, developing a comprehensive and sound contract, and cultivating public culture to accept private sector in the field of RTI prevention.@*CONCLUSION@#This study sought to determine whether PPP could be used as strategy to reduce the burden of RTIs in Iran. But it requires a lot of preliminary studies to provide the context and conditions for applying this policy.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Accidental Injuries , Accidents, Traffic , Expert Testimony , Iran , Public-Private Sector Partnerships , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de lesiones accidentales no fatales en población mexicana y analizar los factores individuales, ambientales y del hogar asociados con su ocurrencia. Material y métodos: Se analizó la prevalencia de lesiones accidentales a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2018-19, diseñada con un muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y por conglomerados, en tres etapas. Se evaluó mediante regresión logística su asociación con distintas variables independientes. Resultados: La prevalencia de lesiones accidentales fue de 4.5% (IC95%: 4.2-4.7), equivalente a 5.6 millones de personas. De ellas, 22.3% o 1.2 millones sufrieron consecuencias permanentes en su estado de salud. La posibilidad de tener una lesión accidental fue mayor en región Norte, Centro y Ciudad de México-Estado de México, en hombres de 0 a 59 años, mujeres de 60 o más años, en personas con alguna discapacidad y en quienes reportaron sentir depresión. Conclusión: Es necesario y urgente reforzar la prevención de lesiones accidentales, especialmente en grupos vulnerables.
Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of non-fatal unintentional injuries in Mexican population and to analyze individual, environmental and household factors associated with its occurrence. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study, analyzed the prevalence of unintentional injuries from Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2018-19), which is a nationally representative health survey designed with a probability, stratified and cluster sampling, in three stages. Association with variables of interest was explored using logistic regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of non-fatal unintentional injuries was 4.5% (IC95%: 4.2-4.7), equivalent to 5.6 million people per year. Of them, 22.3% or 1.2 million suffered permanent consequences. Probability of having unintentional injuries was higher in the North and Center regions, as in Mexico City-State of Mexico; in males from 0 to 59 and females of 60 or more years of age, in people living with disabilities and those who self-reported depression symptoms. Conclusions: Strengthening unintentional injury prevention is necessary and urgent, especially within vulnerable groups of population.
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Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Surveys , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective@#To describe the trends and potential reasons responsible for injury mortality among children under 18 years old in different stages of the China Children’s Development Outlines (CCDO) for children from 1990 to 2017, in China.@*Methods@#Data derived from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 (GBD2017) were used to analyze the change of injury mortality, among children under 18 years old, by sex and provinces.@*Results@#Since 1990, the Chinese government had formulated and implemented three CCDOs on Children. Each CCDO proposed corresponding main targets and strategic measures based on the development of children under current situation, in each area, accordingly. The first two CCDOs failed to set clear targets for child injury prevention and control, but the third one did propose a quantifiable target. The injury mortality rate of children under 18 years old showed a declining trend in all periods of the three CCDOs, by 26.07%, 40.68% and 26.48%, respectively. Both boys and girls showed significant downward trend in these three stages. Mortality rate on child injury differed in these three stages in all the 31 provinces.@*Conclusion@#Thanks to the contribution of CCDO in different stages that providing important policies and impetus for the prevention and control of child injury, the number of deaths caused by child injury kept reducing, from 1990 to 2017, in China.
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PURPOSE@#Child injuries are a global public health problem and injury surveillance systems (ISS) can be beneficial by providing timely data. However, ISS implementation has challenges. Opinions of stakeholders of ISS implementation barriers and facilitators are a good source to understand this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to investigate barriers and facilitators of implementing ISS in Iran.@*METHODS@#This is a qualitative study. Data were gathered through interviews with 14 experts in the field of child injury and prevention from Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME), medical universities, pediatrics hospitals, general hospitals and health houses during January 2017 to September 2017. Data collection and analysis continued until data saturation. Data were analyzed using content analysis through identifying meaning units.@*RESULTS@#Barriers were classified in three main categories and nine subcategories including management barriers (including performance, coordination and cooperation, supervision and attitude), weakness in data capture and usage (including data collection, data recording and data dissemination) and resource limitation (including human and financial resources). Facilitators identified in three areas of policy making (including empowerment and attitude), management (including organization, function and cooperation and coordination) and data recording and usage (including data collection/distribution and data recording).@*CONCLUSION@#The most important barrier is lack of national policy in child injury prevention. The most important facilitator is improving MOHME function through passing supportive regulations. Effective data usage and dissemination of information to those requiring data for policy making can help reduce child injuries. Coalition of stakeholders helps overcome existing barriers.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the status of existing violence and injury prevention (VIP) efforts and surveillance systems in the Caribbean. Methods: The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) undertook a survey to gather evidence of VIP in 24 CARPHA member states. The survey was administered to national epidemiologists and non-communicable disease focal points in October 2015 using an online tool, 'Survey Monkey'. Questions were asked about the availability in each country of VIP representative surveys, policies, action plans, laws, victim support services, and surveillance systems. Results: Nineteen (79%) countries completed the VIP survey. Only three (16%) countries indicated having conducted a nationally representative survey. Twelve (63%) had not developed a national policy, and 14 (74%) had not implemented an action plan on VIP. Each country reported the existence of VIP laws and offered victim support services, though average law enforcement ranged from 40% to 79%. Nine (47%) countries indicated using an injury registry, and 15 (79%) reported collecting injury data using in-patient records, mainly from public hospitals. All 19 countries confirmed that records of reported violent incidents were maintained by the police. Unique identifiers were generally lacking in registries and data collected by the police. Only four (44%) countries with registries, 10 (67%) countries with in-patient injury data, and 12 (63%) countries with police records indicated that the data were shared with other organizations. Conclusion: Each country reported some level of injury surveillance system. However, such systems should be harmonized to produce more complete baseline data. The use of unique identifiers is required to reduce duplication and effectively link surveillance systems available in countries.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el estado de los sistema de vigilancia y los esfuerzos para la prevención de la violencia y las lesiones (VIP, en inglés) en el Caribe. Métodos: La Agencia de Salud Pública del Caribe (CARPHA, en inglés) realizó una encuesta para reunir evidencias de VIP en 24 Estados Miembros de CARPHA. La encuesta fue administrada a los epidemiólogos nacionales y a los coordinadores focal points) de enfermedades no transmisibles, en octubre de 2015 utilizando la herramienta en línea 'Survey Monkey'. Se hicieron preguntas acerca de la disponibilidad en cada país de encuestas representativas de VIP, políticas, planes de acción, leyes, servicios de apoyo a las víctimas, y sistemas de vigilancia. Resultados: Diecinueve (79%) países completaron la encuesta sobre VIP. Sólo tres (16%) países indicaron haber realizado una encuesta representativa a nivel nacional. Doce (63%) no habían desarrollado una política nacional, y 14 (74%) no habían implementado un plan de acción sobre VIP. Cada país informó de la existencia de leyes para VIP y ofreció servicios de apoyo a las víctimas, aunque el cumplimiento promedio de la ley osciló entre 40% y 79%. Nueve (47%) países indicaron el uso de un registro de lesiones, y 15 (79%) informaron que recogían los datos de lesiones utilizando las historias clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados, principalmente de hospitales públicos. Los 19 países en su totalidad confirmaron que los registros de incidentes violentos reportados, fueron retenidos por la policía. Los identificadores únicos generalmente carecían de registros y datos recopilados por la policía. Sólo cuatro (44%) países con registros, 10 (67%) países con datos de lesiones en pacientes, y 12 (63%) países con registros policiales, indicaron que los datos se compartían con otras organizaciones. Conclusión: Cada país reportó un cierto nivel de sistema de vigilancia de lesiones. Sin embargo, estos sistemas deben armonizarse para producir datos de referencia más completos. Se requiere el uso de identificadores únicos para reducir la duplicación y vincular eficazmente los sistemas de vigilancia disponibles en los países.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Aged , Young Adult , Violence/prevention & control , Epidemiological Monitoring , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Health Surveys , Caribbean Region/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Reperfusion injury leads to systemic morphological and functional pathological alterations. Some techniques are already estabilished to attenuate the damage induced by reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning is one of the standard procedures. In the last 20 years, several experimental trials demonstrated that the ischemic postconditioning presents similar effectiveness. Recently experimental trials demonstrated that statins could be used as pharmacological preconditioning. Methods: 41 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were distributed in 5 groups: Ischemia and Reperfusion (A), Ischemic Postconditioning (B), Statin (C), Ischemic Postconditioning + Statins (D) and SHAM (E). After euthanasia, lungs, liver, kidneys and ileum were resected and submitted to histopathological analysis. Results: The average of lung parenchymal injury was A=3.6, B=1.6, C=1.2, D=1.2, E=1 (P=0.0029). The average of liver parenchymal injury was A=3, B=1.5, C=1.2, D=1.2, E = 0 (P<0.0001). The average of renal parenchymal injury was A=4, B=2.44, C=1.22, D=1.11, E=1 (P<0.0001). The average of intestinal parenchymal injury was A=2, B=0.66, C=0, D=0, E=0 (P=0.0006). The results were submitted to statistics applying Kruskal-Wallis test, estabilishing level of significance P<0.05. Conclusion: Groups submitted to ischemic postconditioning, to pre-treatment with statins and both methods associated demonstrated less remote reperfusion injuries, compared to the group submitted to ischemia and reperfusion without protection.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Ischemic Preconditioning/methods , Ischemic Postconditioning/methods , Atorvastatin/therapeutic use , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Occupational Safety and Health Monitoring and Assessment Tool (OSH-MAT) is a practical instrument that is currently used in the German woodworking and metalworking industries to monitor safety conditions at workplaces. The 12-item scoring system has three subscales rating technical, organizational, and personnel-related conditions in a company. Each item has a rating value ranging from 1 to 9, with higher values indicating higher standard of safety conditions. METHODS: The reliability of this instrument was evaluated in a cross-sectional survey among 128 companies and its validity among 30,514 companies. The inter-rater reliability of the instrument was examined independently and simultaneously by two well-trained safety engineers. Agreement between the double ratings was quantified by the intraclass correlation coefficient and absolute agreement of the rating values. The content validity of the OSH-MAT was evaluated by quantifying the association between OSH-MAT values and 5-year average injury rates by Poisson regression analysis adjusted for the size of the companies and industrial sectors. The construct validity of OSH-MAT was examined by principle component factor analysis. RESULTS: Our analysis indicated good to very good inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.64–0.74) of OSH-MAT values with an absolute agreement of between 72% and 81%. Factor analysis identified three component subscales that met exactly the structure theory of this instrument. The Poisson regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant exposure–response relationship between OSH-MAT values and the 5-year average injury rates. CONCLUSION: These analyses indicate that OSH-MAT is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used effectively to monitor safety conditions at workplaces.
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Cross-Sectional Studies , Occupational HealthABSTRACT
Radiotherapy is one of the main therapeutic methods of lung cancer, whereas the lung injury induced by radiotherapy restricts the quality of life and clinical efficacy. It is a challenge to improve the clinical efficacy and reduce lung injury.Based upon clinical experience, certain measures can be taken to alleviate the lung injury after thoracic radiotherapy. The severity and complications of lung cancer and the concurrent chemoradiotherapy-induced injury should be comprehensively understood to establish individual therapeutic strategy. The diagnostic skills, biological characteristics of tumors, the diffusion, metastasis and recurrence of tumors and lymphatic drainage should be mastered and considered in the formulation of treatment target areas to minimize unnecessary radiation for every 1 mm. During the formulation and evaluation of radiotherapy plans, we should understand the biological characteristics of the lung and lung injury repair and stick to the principle of high-dose radiation for small-volume lung rather than low-dose radiation for large-volume lung. A better treatment plan should be established to reduce every 1% of lung DVH as possible even at the expanse of conformality. Simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy and two-phase radiotherapy are employed to distinguish normal tissues from subclinical tumors from the dose and fractioned dose aspects, which further enhance the tumor control and alleviate lung injury. The lung ventilation function is lost at a dose of 20 Gy or higher. Extensive attention should be delivered to reduce the radiation dose to the lung, especially for the repair of non-functional lung fibrosis. Precise and individualized radiotherapy should be adopted to reduce unnecessary radiation and protect the normal lung tissues, which improve the clinical efficacy and enhance the quality of life.
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@#Prolonged sitting is one of the factors for back discomfort. Sitting in the same position for long periods of time is worse. This experimental based study was conducted to achieve three objectives. There were to 1) identify whether is there any differences between perceived body discomfort among respondents before and after upright sitting, 2) identify whether is there any differences between perceived body discomfort among respondents before and after slump sitting and 3) compare the level of perceived body discomfort among respondents after two sitting postures. Thirty young and healthy adults were recruited as study respondents. Each respondent was asked to sit in a posture either upright or slump for 30 minutes. Respondents were then rated their body discomfort using Borg CR-10 scale before and after sitting. Another sitting posture was carried out after one day interval. There is a significant difference between perceived body discomfort among respondents before and after upright and slump sitting. Body discomfort of upright sitting was shown significantly greater than slump sitting. Although, slump sitting caused less discomfort than upright, but it proven by previous studies did not provide benefit to occupational safety and health practice in preventing occupational health related disease.
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Abstract Objective: Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery is associated with mortality and morbidity. Therefore, strategies to prevent acute kidney injury are very important. The aim of this placebo-controlled randomized double-blind study was to compare the prophylactic efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine and dopamine administration in patients with pre-existing moderate renal insufficiency who were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: This study included 135 patients with pre-existing moderate renal insufficiency who were scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Serum creatinine and GFR were recorded preoperatively and on the first and second postoperative days. Results: On the first and second postoperative days, the drugs used showed statistically significant differences among the creatinine groups (P<0.001). According to Tukey’s HSD, on the first and second PO, the creatinine of Group N, D and P were significantly different (P<0.001). On the first and second PO, the used drugs showed statistically significant differences among the effects of eGFR (P<0.001). According to Tukey’s HSD on the first postoperative day, the average eGFR score of Group N compared to D and P were significantly difference (P<0.001). On the second postoperative day, the eGFR of Group N and D showed no difference (P=0.37), but P showed a difference (P<0.001). Conclusion: We found that the prophylactic use of intravenous N-Acetylcysteine had a protective effect on renal function, whereas the application of renal dose dopamine did not have a protective effect in patients with pre-existing moderate renal failure.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Acetylcysteine/administration & dosage , Dopamine/administration & dosage , Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control , Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Placebos , Postoperative Complications , Cardiopulmonary Bypass , Coronary Artery Bypass , Double-Blind Method , Renal Insufficiency , Acute Kidney Injury/etiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>As trauma is a public health problem, different programs have been designed to prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational model that measures the adolescents' attitudes towards the rules of road safety, alcohol and road accidents in Colombia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A pedagogical model evaluating the effect of road safety education and adolescents' attitudes towards and experiences of alcohol and road accidents in Colombia was created. After the education concluded, this educational process is analyzed by its impact on adolescents' behavior. The educational program included 160 adolescents with the mean age being 17.5 years.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The test results indicated that before the educational program 80% of adolescents did not use a safety element when driving, while after the educational program the percentage of no helmet use among adolescents decreased from 72.5% to 24.3% (p = 0.0001) and driving a vehicle under the state of drunkenness from 49.3% to 8.1% (p = 0.0001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An educational model aimed at preventing injuries caused by traffic accidents is shown to be effective in generating changes in adolescents' customs of and attitudes towards alcohol and road safety standards in Colombia.</p>
ABSTRACT
<p>Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most severe knee problems for female athletes. Several studies have reported that the decreased lower limb control of women such as decrease of hip abductions muscle strength increase the risk of ACL injury. Also ACL Injury often occurs as a result of knee valgus collapse during single leg landing or pivoting in sports activities like basketball. Female basketball players often show an excessive knee valgus and hip adduction during the play. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of hip abductions muscle strength on knee alignment during a single leg landing. Thirty healthy female basketball players participated in this study. Mean age, height, body weight and plyer career were 17.3 years old±3.7, 162.7cm±17.2, 56.2kg±10.9, 8.9 years±3.8 respectively. All subjects were obtained written consent from after explanation of the procedure. Significant negative correlations showed that greater hip abductor peak torque (hip flexion 0 and 30degrees) exhibited less motion toward the knee valgus direction during single leg landing. And also, dynamic Trendelenburg test showed that all positive reactions cause knee valgus direction. These results suggest keeping proper knee position safety during single leg landing; female basketball player should improve the hip abductions muscle strength. Hip joint control will be a major issue for prevention of the non-contact ACL injury.</p>