Promotion of ultra-processed foods in Brazil: combined use of claims and promotional features on packaging

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the availability of different promotional strategies applied for UPF sales in Brazilian food retailers. METHODS Information available on food packaging was gathered from all packaged products sold in the five largest food retail chains in Brazil in 2017. UPF were identified using the NOVA food classification system. From this sample, data related to promotional characteristics, nutrition claims and health claims were collected and coded using the INFORMAS methodology. Additional claims referring to the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines were also collected. RESULTS This study evaluated the packaging of 2,238 UPF, of which 59.8% presented at least one promotional strategy. Almost one third denoted a simultaneous use of different promotional strategies in the same packaging. Nutrition claims were the most commonly found promotional strategy, followed by health claims and the use of characters. The food subgroups comprising the highest prevalence of promotional strategies on their labels were: noncaloric sweeteners (100.0%), breakfast cereals and granola bars (96.2%), juices, nectars and fruit-flavoured drinks (92.9%), other unsweetened beverages (92.9%), and other sweetened beverages (92.6%). CONCLUSIONS Considering the poor nutritional quality of UPF, the widespread presence of promotional features on their packaging highlights the need for marketing restrictions on this kind of product.

Relevance of Food Labels among Selected Students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Food labels

pre-packed foods

nutritional information

students.

Factores que determinan la elección de alimentos procesados por estudiantes universitarios en el contexto de las etiquetas de advertencia nutricional

Las etiquetas de advertencia nutricional (EAN) informan a los estudiantes acerca de los alimentos procesados que exceden los niveles de nutrientes críticos. Sin embargo, aún es escasa la evidencia cómo funcionan las EAN en las decisiones alimentarias. El objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar el efecto de las EAN en la toma de decisiones de alimentación de estudiantes universitarios, considerando los constructos de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TCP), carrera de formación y variables sociodemográficas. A través de un muestreo no probabilístico se entrevistaron a 384 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó los factores de la TCP, correspondiente a las actitud, norma subjetiva, control percibido e intención de evitar la compra de alimentos procesados con EAN, más las carreras de formación y variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados del análisis factorial y regresión múltiple identificaron los determinantes de la intención de evitar comprar alimentos procesados con EAN. Los modelos muestran una actitud negativa de los estudiantes a las EAN lo que no activa la conducta de evasión por parte de los jóvenes. Mientras que la norma subjetiva, el control percibido y la formación en carreras de salud contribuyen positivamente a la intención de evitar alimentos con EAN. Los resultados evidencian que la TCP ayuda a entender el funcionamiento de las EAN en universitarios. Sin embargo, los hallazgos sugieren utilizar herramientas comunicacionales de mediano plazo dirigidas a jóvenes sin formación en salud para que estos realicen una elección informada de alimentos procesados y así reducir enfermedades no transmisibles asociadas a los malos hábitos alimentarios.

Nutrition Warning Labels (NWLs) inform students about processed foods that exceed critical nutrient levels. However, evidence on how NWLs influence food decisions is still scarce. The objective of this research was to relate the effect of NWLs on the decision-making of university students, considering the constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), university major, and sociodemographic variables. Through non-probability sampling, 384 university students were interviewed. The questionnaire included the factors of the TPB, corresponding to the attitude, subjective norm, perceived control, and intention to avoid the purchase of foods processed with NWLs, plus field of study and sociodemographic variables. Factor analysis and multiple regression results identified the determinants of the intention to avoid buying processed foods with NWLs. The models showed a negative attitude of the students to the NWLs, which did not activate avoidance behavior on the part of young people. At the same time, the subjective norm, the perceived control, and the training in health careers contribute positively to the intention to avoid foods with NWLs. The results show that the TPB helps understand the operation of NWLs in university students. However, the findings suggest using medium-term communication tools aimed at young people without health training to make an informed choice of processed foods and thus reduce non-communicable diseases associated with poor eating habits.

Consumer perceptions of non-caloric sweeteners and the content of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners in ultra-processed products in Brazil / Percepções do consumidor sobre adoçantes não calóricos e o conteúdo de adoçantes calóricos e não calóricos em produtos ultraprocessados no Brasil

Abstract Food industries are reformulating their products to lower total sugar and caloric content. Caloric sugars are often substituted by or combined with non-caloric sweeteners. Our study analyzed information about the presence, number and type, and content of different sweeteners displayed on the ingredient list of 10 key ultra-processed products (UPP), from 3 different categories. It also assessed consumers' opinions, perceptions and understanding of caloric and non-caloric sugars used in UPPs using data from 12 focus group discussions. Results indicate a large diversity in sweeteners, frequent use of a combination of multiple caloric and non-caloric sweeteners, often in the same product, and a lack of disclosure of the amounts of non-caloric sweeteners on the nutrition labels. Qualitative analysis reflected the inconsistency of information on nutrition labels and the challenges in compliance with regulations. Participants were unsure about the different types of sweeteners, examples of artificial sweeteners and their potential health consequences. Presenting clearer additive and nutrition information would facilitate consumer comprehension and support healthy food choices.

Resumo Indústrias alimentícias estão reformulando produtos para reduzir a quantidade total de açúcar. Para reduzir a densidade calórica e manter o dulçor de seus produtos, açúcares são combinados com edulcorantes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar as informações sobre a presença, número e tipo, e conteúdo de diferentes edulcorantes exibidos na lista de ingredientes de 10 produtos ultraprocessados, de 3 categorias diferentes. O estudo também avaliou as percepções e entendimento dos consumidores sobre adoçantes calóricos e não calóricos usados em produtos ultraprocessados, através da análise de discussões com 12 grupos focais. Observou-se combinação de açúcares com edulcorantes no mesmo produto e, frequentemente, ausência das quantidades dos edulcorantes nos rótulos nutricionais. Esses produtos voltados a crianças oferecem calorias reduzidas às custas do aumento da variedade e concentração desses edulcorantes. Os participantes mostraram-se confusos sobre os diferentes tipos de adoçantes e edulcorantes e suas possíveis consequências à saúde. Apresentar informações mais claras sobre os ingredientes e nutrição facilitariam a compreensão dos consumidores e os apoiariam em escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Weight stigma in Mexico and front-of-package labeling. A systemic review / El estigma de la obesidad en México y el etiquetado frontal de alimentos. Una revisión sistemática

Abstract Background Front-of-package food labeling is a public health strategy implemented to reduce the consumption of processed food to decrease the incidence of obesity in Mexico. Although there is an increasing focus among public health officials on implementing policies designed to address obesity, much less attention has been paid to how these policies could impact those with disordered eating, despite the fact that millions suffer from such illnesses. Objective The aim of this article is to present scientific literature related to front-of-package labeling and its impact on obesity and eating disorders. Method Papers related to nutrition labels and obesity and eating disorders were reviewed. Results The papers reviewed found no significant improvement regarding the consumption of processed food. Other measurements, including nutritional education, availability, physical education, and body-image acceptance, have a better impact on nutritional health. Discussion and conclusion Front-of-package labeling is regarded as an important measure in the attempt to reduce obesity levels. However, there is insufficient scientific evidence to suggest that this type of labeling reduces the consumption of processed foods in patients with obesity.

Resumen Antecedentes El etiquetado frontal de alimentos es una medida de salud pública que pretende reducir el consumo de alimentos procesados con el fin de disminuir el índice de obesidad en nuestro país. En salud pública se han implementado ésta y otras políticas contra la obesidad, sin embargo, no se ha estudiado el impacto que estas medidas puedan tener en aquellos que padecen trastornos de la conducta alimentaria a pesar de que existen miles de personas con este diagnóstico. Objetivo Revisar implementaciones de etiquetados frontales y su impacto sobre la salud en pacientes con obesidad y con trastornos de conducta alimentaria, así como el estigma de la obesidad en nuestro país. Método Revisar los estudios publicados hasta enero 2021 en relación con el etiquetado, la obesidad, el estigma de obesidad y el trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. Resultados En los estudios revisados, el proceso de etiquetado de los alimentos no afectó el consumo de los mismos, metodologías en las cuales el etiquetado se acompaña con educación nutrimental, disposición de alimentos, actividad física y aceptación corporal. Todos estos reportan mejores resultados en la salud nutricional general. Discusión y conclusión El etiquetado frontal se considera una medida importante en un intento por reducir los niveles de obesidad. Sin embargo, no existe evidencia científica suficiente que indique que este tipo de etiquetados disminuya el consumo de alimentos procesados en pacientes con obesidad.

Consumer perspectives on the inclusion of nutritional warnings in retail food establishments

ABSTRACT The present work aimed to assess Uruguayan consumers support of the inclusion of nutritional warnings on four types of retail food establishments and to obtain consumer insights on how the warnings could be implemented in such establishments. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 547 participants recruited via an advertisement on social media. Participants were requested to indicate their degree of agreement with the implementation of nutritional warnings in bakeries, delicatessens, fast-food restaurants and while ordering food online, and to provide ideas on how to include this information for each establishment. Results suggested that the inclusion of nutritional warnings in retail food establishments was positively perceived by participants. Participants highlighted that warnings should be highly visible to customers while making purchase decisions, so they become a relevant cue for making food choices. In particular, the retail display case and menu boards were identified as key locations for warnings in bakeries, delicatessen, and fast food restaurants, respectively. These results contribute valuable insights on how to implement the extension of nutritional warnings to unpackaged foods or foods made and packaged at the point of purchase.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los consumidores uruguayos en relación a la implementación de advertencias nutricionales en cuatro puntos de venta de comida y generar ideas sobre cómo podría implementarse esta medida. Se realizó un estudio online con una muestra no probabilística de 547 participantes, reclutados utilizando publicidad en redes sociales. Los participantes indicaron su grado de acuerdo con la implementación de advertencias nutricionales en panaderías, rotiserías, lugares de venta de comida rápida y sitios de pedidos online, y proporcionaron ideas sobre cómo incluir esta inforamción en cada punto de venta. Los resultados sugieren que la población tiene una perecpeción positiva sobre la inclusión de advertencias nutricionales en puntos de venta de comida. Los participantes destacaron la importancia de incluir esta información en un lugar visible al momento de elegir los productos, de forma que pueda ser tenida en cuenta al tomar las decisiones. En particular, las vitrinas y la cartelería/pizarras fueron identificados como lugares estatégicos para la inclusión de advertencias nutricionales en panaderías/rotiserías y puntos de venta de comida rápida, respectivamente. Los resultados proporcionan valiosa información para extender la inclusión de advertencias nutricionales a puntos de venta de comida.

Association between Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nutrition and Food Labels among Selected Higher Educational Institution Students in Klang Valley (Hubungan antara Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Amalan terhadap Pemakanan dan Label Makanan dalam Kalangan Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi di Lembah Klang) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Nutrition information on food labels guides consumers to purchase healthier food choices. Besides nutrition information, other factors influence a purchase. This study aims to determine the association between the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among tertiary students on nutrition and food labels. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 190 students from three tertiary institutions within Klang Valley completed an online survey. Self-administered questionnaires on sociodemographic profiles and KAP questions, available in Malay and English, were distributed. Association between KAP was determined using Spearman's Rho test, while multiple linear regression was used to assess predictors of KAP scores. Mean body mass index (BMI) of the respondents were 20.8 kg/m2. The total mean score for knowledge on food labels was 8.93, followed by attitude and practice with 3.86 and 3.11, respectively. There was a significant correlation between attitude and practice (p<0.005). Nutrient and total calorie information on food labels influenced purchases, with 56.3% of respondents reported looking at the total calorie content, followed by 55.7% and 49.5% checking on sugar and fats, respectively. In addition, other factors such as expiry date (60.9%) and price (59.9%) also influenced purchases. Overall, respondents have a positive attitude on food selection, but male respondents have better knowledge levels than females. However, female respondents interpret food labelling effectively compared to male respondents. Despite having good knowledge and attitude towards nutrition, respondents were still making poor choices. A more extensive range of healthier food options and targeted healthy eating campaigns may empower students to choose more nutritious foods.

Verification of Information of the Labeling of Dairy Products of Cartagena de Indias Supermarkets / Verificación de Información del Etiquetado de los Productos Lácteos de Supermercados de Cartagena de Indias / Verificação das Informações Relativas a Rotulagem dos Produtos Lácteos dos Supermercados da Cartagena de Indias

Abstract Introduction: Labeling is used to help people choose foods for the nutrients that benefit them most but sometimes the content expressed on the label is not correct. Objective: To compare the data expressed on the labels of the different brands of milk, milk powder, cream, coastal cheese and yogurt with those found in this research. Materials and methods: Samples were taken from local markets, label information was taken, and a bromatological analysis of each product was also performed to compare with the values given by the manufacturer on the label. Results: The values of the parameters declared on the labels in most of the brands analyzed were lower than the actual values found and the data from the Colombian Technical Standard (NTC) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for each product. To prevent this type of event from continuing, greater control of the companies by the control bodies is necessary. Conclusions: Most valuable dairy products did not comply with national and international labeling rules, as they did not declare, reduce or increase the percentages of most of the parameters on the label.

Resumen Introducción: El etiquetado se utiliza para ayudar a las personas a elegir los alimentos por los nutrientes que más les benefician, pero en algunas ocasiones el contenido que expresa la etiqueta no es correcto. Objetivo: Comparar los datos expresados en las etiquetas de las diferentes marcas de leche, leche en polvo, nata, queso costero y yogur con los que se encuentran en esta investigación. Materiales y métodos: Las muestras se tomaron de los mercados locales, se tomó la información de la etiqueta y también se realizó un análisis bromatológico de cada producto para comparar con los valores dados por el fabricante en la etiqueta. Resultados: Los valores de los parámetros declarados en las etiquetas en la mayoría de las marcas analizadas fueron inferiores a los valores reales encontrados y a los datos de la Norma Técnica Colombiana (NTC) y del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA) para cada producto. Para evitar que este tipo de eventos continúe, es necesario un mayor control de las empresas por parte de los órganos de control. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los productos lácteos de valor no cumplían con las normas de etiquetado nacionales e internacionales, ya que no declaraban, reducían o aumentaban los porcentajes de la mayoría de los parámetros que figuraban en la etiqueta.

Resumo Introdução: A rotulagem é usada para ajudar as pessoas a escolher os alimentos para os nutrientes que mais as beneficiam, mas por vezes o conteúdo expresso no rótulo não está correcto. Objetivo: Comparar os dados expressos nos rótulos das diferentes marcas de leite, leite em pó, creme, queijo costeiro e iogurte com os encontrados nesta pesquisa. Materiais e métodos: Foram colhidas amostras dos mercados locais, foram recolhidas informações do rótulo e foi realizada uma análise bromatológica de cada produto para comparação com os valores fornecidos pelo fabricante no rótulo. Resultados: Os valores dos parâmetros declarados nos rótulos na maioria das marcas analisadas foram inferiores aos valores reais encontrados e aos dados do Padrão Técnico Colombiano (NTC) e do Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos (USDA) para cada produto. A fim de evitar a continuação deste tipo de eventos, é necessário um maior controlo das empresas por parte dos órgãos de controlo. Conclusões: Os produtos lácteos mais valiosos não cumpriam as regras de rotulagem nacionais e internacionais, uma vez que não declaravam, reduziam ou aumentavam as percentagens da maioria dos parâmetros do rótulo.

Etapas de cambio en alimentos con etiquetado frontal de advertencia / Stages of change in foods with front warning labeling

Los datos en Chile demuestran el efecto que causa la mala alimentación y sus consecuencias. Considerando los problemas alimentarios, el 26 de junio de 2016, la Ley 20.606, entró en vigencia. Determinar el estado de cambio en la intención de compra de alimentos con sello de advertencia en la tercera etapa de la ley. Estudio descriptivo transversal en población chilena, de ambos sexos, entre 18 y 59 años de edad, en usuarios frecuentes de internet. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta creada y validada mediante el método de Lawshe, la cual contiene un total de 45 preguntas, en las que se plantea, ¿qué nivel de confianza siente el participante para realizar un cambio? y ¿Cuán importante es para el realizar ese cambio?. Se analizaron 545 encuestas a nivel nacional, el 59,8% corresponde a mujeres, del total de personas el 52,1% es mayor de 30 años de edad. Respecto a la compra de alimentos con sello según sexo, se observa que hay diferencias significativas en la compra de galletas, papas fritas y bebidas azucaradas, en todos los casos los hombres presentan una mayor resistencia al cambio que las mujeres. Pese a que todos los alimentos se encuentran en contemplación, hay diferencias significativas en el puntaje en galletas y bebidas azucaradas y papas fritas en los hombres, respecto a la edad, hay diferencias en todos los alimentos. Al comparar por estado nutricional se observan diferencias significativas en bebidas, galletas, papas fritas y chocolates, en obesidad. Los hombres presentan una mayor resistencia al cambio, por otro lado, se observa que la intención de compra de todos los alimentos se encuentra en contemplación sin embargo hay diferencias en todos los alimentos.

Data in Chile demonstrate the effect caused by poor diet and its consequences. Considering food problems, on June 26, 2016, Law 20,606 came into force. To determine the status of change in the intention to purchase food with a warning labels in the third stage of the law. Cross-sectional descriptive study in a Chilean population, of both sexes, between 18 and 59 years of age, in frequent Internet users. The data were obtained through a survey created and validated using the Lawshe method, which contains a total of 45 questions, in which it is asked, what level of confidence does the participant feel to make a change? And how important is it for making that change?. 545 surveys were analyzed at the national level, 59.8% correspond to women, of the total number of people 52.1% are over 30 years of age. Regarding the purchase of food stamped by sex, it is observed that there are significant differences in the purchase of cookies, French fries and sugary drinks, in all cases men present a greater resistance to change than women. Although all foods are in contemplation, there are significant differences in the score in cookies and sugary drinks and French fries in men, with respect to age, there are differences in all foods. When comparing by nutritional status, significant differences are observed in beverages, cookies, French fries and chocolates, in obesity. Men present greater resistance to change, on the other hand, it is observed that the intention to purchase all foods is in contemplation, however there are differences in all foods.

Tipos de edulcorantes nos alimentos para diabéticos: análise de rótulois de produtos alimentícios / Types of sweeteners in foods for diabetics: analysis of food labels

Objetivo ­ Avaliar adequação dos rótulos de produtos zero açúcar e sem adição de açúcar e confrontar com a legislação vigente. Consumidores, de forma geral, buscam informações sobre os alimentos consumidos. A Rotulagem Nutricional Obrigatória (RNO) é importante ferramenta para obtenção desta. No Brasil, existem regulamentos técnicos e legislações norteiam o processo de produção desenvolvimento de rótulos de alimentos, como é o caso dos alimentos zero açúcar e sem adição de açúcar. O consumidor, além de não ter o hábito de ler rótulos, quando o faz não tem conhecimento suficiente para interpretar e identificar o significado de termos tecnológicos o que pode resultar em consumo inadequado. Métodos ­ A pesquisa exploratória foi realizada pela verificação da RNO em cinco (5) amostras de sete (7) tipos de alimentos identificados como zero açúcar e sem adição de açúcar comercializados em supermercados do município de Jacareí/SP. Resultados ­ Constatou-se que 29% dos produtos apresentaram-se inadequados para consumo por indivíduos diabéticos ou que consomem dietas com restrição de açúcares. As inadequações observadas podem induzir a consumo incorreto dos produtos. Conclusão ­ Faz-se necessária fiscalização pelos órgãos responsáveis, de modo a assegurar que a RNO atenda ao estabelecido pela legislação de forma a não induzir o consumidor a erro no momento da aquisição e consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados

Objective ­ To evaluate the adequacy of zero sugar products labels and without addition of sugar and to compare with current legislation. Consumers, in general, seek information about food consumed. Compulsory Nutrition Labeling (RNO) is an important tool for obtaining this. In Brazil, there are technical regulations and legislation that guide the production process of developing food labels, such as zero-sugar foods and no added sugar. The consumer, in addition to not being in the habit of reading labels, when he does not have enough knowledge to interpret and identify the meaning of technological terms which can result in inappropriate consumption. Methods ­ The exploratory research was carried out by the verification of the RNO in five (5) samples of seven (7) types of foods identified as zero sugar and without added sugar commercialized in supermarkets in the municipality of Jacareí/SP. Results ­ It was verified that 29% of the products were inadequate for consumption by diabetic individuals or that they consume diets with sugar restriction. The inadequacies observed may induce incorrect consumption of the products. Conclusion ­ It is necessary to supervise the responsible bodies in order to ensure that the RNO meets the requirements established by law so as not to mislead the consumer when purchasing and consuming processed and ultraprocessed foods

Evaluación de la comprensión objetiva de 5 modelos de etiquetado frontal de alimentos en consumidores argentinos: resultados de un estudio comparativo / Assessment of the objective understanding of 5 models of Front-of-Package labels in argentine consumers: results from a comparative study

La obesidad y las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), se hallan en aumento en Argentina. Mantener una alimentación poco saludable es considerado uno de los factores de riesgo más importante en el desarrollo de dichas enfermedades. Los etiquetados en el frente de un envase (ENFE) son una herramienta útil para orientar al consumidor acerca de la calidad nutricional de los productos y para realizar compras más saludables. La eficiencia de los ENFE depende de la facilidad con que la información es entendida correctamente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la comprensión objetiva de los consumidores argentinos con respecto a cinco ENFE [Sistema de clasificación de estrellas de salud (HSR), semáforos múltiples (MTL), Nutri-Score, ingesta de referencia (RI), Símbolos de Advertencias]. Durante el 2018 se reclutaron 1001 participantes argentinos a quienes, a través de una encuesta online se les pidió clasificar 3 productos de tres categorías de alimentos (pizza, bizcochuelos/budines y cereales de desayuno) de acuerdo a su calidad nutricional. Luego de esta actividad, se les asignó al azar, uno de los cinco ENFE y se les pidió que volvieran a clasificar los mismos alimentos, pero esta vez con el etiquetado en el envase. El cambio en la capacidad de clasificar correctamente los productos en las dos tareas fue evaluado utilizando una regresión logística ordinal. Para las tres categorías de alimentos, Nutri-Score mostró un mejor desempeño, seguido de MTL, HSR, Símbolos de Advertencias y RI. Nutri-Score surgió como el ENFE más eficiente para transmitir la información sobre la calidad nutricional de los alimentos para los consumidores argentinos(AU).

Obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are on the increase in Argentina. Maintaining an unhealthy diet is considered one of the most important risk factors in the development of these diseases. Front-of-package labels (FOPLs) are a useful tool to guide the consumer about the nutritional quality of the products as well as making healthier choices when buying. The efficiency of the FOPLs depends on the ease with which the information they provide is correctly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the objective understanding of Argentine consumers regarding five FOPLs [Health Star Rating System (HSR), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Nutri-Score, Reference Intakes (RI), Warning Symbols]. During 2018, 1001 Argentine participants were recruited and, through an online survey, they were asked to classify 3 products from three categories of food (pizza, sponge cake and breakfast cereals) according to their nutritional quality. After this activity, they were randomly assigned one of the five FOPLs and asked to re-classify the same foods, but this time with the labeling on the packaging. The change in the ability to correctly classify the products in the two tasks was evaluated using an ordinal logistic regression. For the three food categories, Nutri-Score showed a better performance, followed by MTL, HSR, Warning Symbols and RI. Nutri-Score emerged as the most efficient FOPL to transmit information on the nutritional quality of food for Argentine consumers(AU).

Application progress of arterial spin labeling technology in the field of cognitive dysfunction / 国际脑血管病杂志

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) technology is a popular technique for evaluating and studying cerebral perfusion in recent years. It can sensitively detect the abnormal cerebral perfusion and effectively avoid the potential risks caused by exogenous contrast agents in other tests. Detection of the abnormal cerebral blood flow perfusion by ASL technology can early predict cognitive decline in normal elderly, explore the pathogeneses of mild cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease, and evaluate the cerebral blood flow around the ischemic focus and the establishment of collateral circulation in patients with aphasia after stroke. At the same time, it is verified that the decrease of cerebral blood flow perfusion is another precipitating factor of primary progressive aphasia except cortex atrophy. Although there are still some limitations, the ASL technology has a good prospect in the application of cognitive disorders.

Nutrition labelling: an exploratory study on personal factors that influence the practice of reading nutrition labels among adolescents

@# Introduction: The consumption of processed food is increasing in developing countries. Nutrition labels on food packaging are important for the education of consumers, particularly adolescents, to help them make healthier food choices. However, there is evidence to suggest that adolescents generally do not use nutrition labels. This study aims to explore the personal factors that influence the practice of Malaysian adolescents in reading nutrition labels. Methods: The participants were adolescents, aged 13-16 years, from five public schools in Negeri Sembilan. Five semi-structured focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. The participants discussed their personal views, knowledge and perceptions regarding the use of nutrition labels and food selection. Data gathered from the FGDs were coded through thematic analysis using the NVivo software. Results: While the participants were familiar with nutrition labels, their usage was relatively low during food selection due to the lack of interest in nutrition information, past experiences, hunger and cravings, time constraints and the taste of the food. The main reasons for using nutrition labels were health consciousness and their curiosity about specific nutrition information provided on the labels. The majority of participants believed that information provided on the labels was accurate because it was provided by reliable institutions. There was also misperception among some participants, mixing up nutrition labels with list of ingredients and the expiry dates. A few participants were unconvinced by the labels and stated that the labels provided misleading information. Conclusion: Personal factors such as knowledge, misperception, awareness and trust significantly impact how adolescents read nutrition labels.

Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging of patients with cognitive impairment / 国际脑血管病杂志

A growing number of clinical studies have shown that arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging has its unique value in the diagnosis and treatment of dementia. This article reviews the application principles and imaging manifestations of ASL in patients with different types of cognitive impairment, such as vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Research advance of lateral flow assay labels / 生物医学工程学杂志

Lateral flow assay is widely used in the point-of-care testing on-site and in-home testing with the advantage of being simple, rapid, sensitive and cost-effective. Proper labels are the key factors in lateral flow assay. Traditional labels include colloidal gold, selenium nanoparticle, and carbon nanoparticle, among which the colloidal gold is most commonly used. Lateral flow assay has been improved as a result of the discovery of new labels, such as quantum dots and nanozyme recently. Meanwhile, transformation of qualitative detection to quantitative detection is gradually realized. This article aims at introducing the most often used and the latest lateral flow assay labels, providing a basis theoretical investigation on screening proper labels for lateral flow assay researchers.

Association of Descriptive Menu Names and Number of Correctly Vegetable Names with Factors Regarding Vegetable Intake in Elementary School Children

Children's exposure to various vegetables has been associated with higher preferences and intake of vegetables. Attractive names have been reported to increase children's vegetable intake in school lunches. This study hypothesized that the number of vegetables identified correctly may be used as a measure of exposure to vegetables. The survey was administered to students (n=368) at an elementary school located in Gyeonggi-do to determine the association of number of vegetables identified correctly with factors regarding vegetable intakes and effects of descriptive menu names on consumption intentions in school lunches. Students were asked to identify the correct names for nine vegetables and rate their desire to eat six vegetable dishes labeled with general names and two different descriptive names. Descriptive menu names did not consistently increase subjects' desire to eat vegetables compared to general menu labels. Children who ate two vegetable dishes and more per meal tended to identify the names of more vegetables than those who ate less, without reaching statistical significance (P=0.057). Moreover, 5th graders who answered that they ate more than two vegetable dishes each meal had significantly higher scores in identifying vegetable names than those who did rarely (P < 0.05). There was no significant association between the number of correctly identified vegetable names and children's vegetable preferences and frequency of being served vegetable dishes. Mother's vegetable preference showed a significant positive association with vegetable preferences of children (r=0.147, P < 0.01) and fathers (r=0.340, P < 0.01) as well as the number of correctly identified vegetables by children (r=0.183, P < 0.01). The results of this study cannot support the advantage of descriptive menu labels over general menu labels. However, it suggests that the number of correctly identified vegetable names could serve as a measure of children's exposure to vegetables associated with factors regarding vegetable intake.

Ethnic identities of immigrant and native adolescents: development and relationship to life satisfaction

Abstract Ethnic identity becomes an important issue during adolescence, especially for ethnic minority groups. This study examines ethnic identities of immigrant and native adolescents who live in Spain, focusing on the ethnic labels they use, their development, and the relation with life satisfaction. Questionnaires were administered to first-generation immigrants (n= 501; mean age 14.6 years) as well as to their native host classmates (n= 501, mean age 14.3 years). Results show that ethnic identification was mainly determined by country of birth; however, in the case of immigrants, having immigrated at an early age favored the use of identity labels of the majority group. Immigrants were more likely to be in the achieved ethnic identity category than non-immigrants, although it was positively related to life satisfaction in both groups. Finally, older adolescents were not more likely to be in the achieved category than younger ones.

Development of ochratoxin A detection based on electrochemical sensor using Au-ball labels

Aims: The present study was aimed to develop a highly sensitive and rapid method for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection. Methodology and results: In this study, an electrochemical peptidesensor for OTA detection was developed using numerous number of Au particles coated on the surface of silica particle (Au-ball). Moreover, this assay was performed in 384 well plate, so the multiple detections was done. The synthesized silica particle was spherical in shape and size was 275±17 nm. After coated with Au layer, size of Au-ball was 280±14 nm. Au particles loaded can be taken up resulting in approx. 1×107 Au3+ molecules per silica particle. Moreover, the optimization conditions were studied. The limit of detection of this assay showed as low as 2 ppb. Conclusion, significance and impact study: This platform showed rapid, sensitive and specific to ochratoxin A detection. In spite of these advantages, this Au-ball based peptidesensors is suitable to use in the detection of ochratoxin A contaminated in coffee or seed industry.

Exposición de seres humanos a alimentos y cosméticos que contienen colorantes: un estudio de encuestas / Human beings’ exposure to food and cosmetics containing colorants: a study based on surveys / Exposição de seres humanos a alimentos e cosméticos que contêm corantes: um estudo de pesquisas

La mayor parte de la población de Argentina se concentra en ciudades y consume productos industrializados que contienen aditivos, entre los que se incluyen los colorantes. Los colorantes más utilizados en cosméticos y productos de higiene personal coinciden con los más utilizados en alimentos. Se realizaron encuestas para evaluar preliminarmente el consumo de los productos citados por parte de diferentes muestras poblacionales. Se realizó además el análisis de los rótulos de dichos productos para conocer el listado de colorantes declarados. Los resultados muestran consumos similares en encuestas en papel realizadas en San Martín y en otras realizadas on line. Encuestas realizadas en Caleta Olivia fueron de un tamaño de muestra de prueba. Los alimentos más consumidos fueron las golosinas y las bebidas gaseosas; los cosméticos y productos de higiene personal más consumidos fueron pasta dental, jabón, champú y acondicionador de cabello. La tartrazina y otros colorantes azoicos fueron principalmente declarados en gran cantidad de productos. En cosméticos se agregó el azul brillante. El dióxido de titanio fue importante en algunas categorías de productos. Nuevas encuestas sobre frecuencias y cantidades consumidas, y la cuantificación de los colorantes en los productos permitirán conocer su incorporación diaria posible por personas de las franjas etarias seleccionadas.

Most people in Argentina nowadays live in cities and consume industrialized products containing additives, including colorants. Colorants more frequently used in cosmetics and personal care products are usually the same as the ones used in food. Preliminary surveys were carried out to evaluate the consumption of the cited products by different population samples. Colorants declared in the food labels of these products were also investigated. The results show similar patterns in surveys filled on paper sheets carried out in San Martín city and in surveys filled "on line". Other surveys, carried out in Caleta Olivia city were considered as proof surveys, due to their small sample size. Sweets and carbonated beverages reached the highest percentages of food consumption, and tooth pastes, soaps, shampoos and hair conditioners were the cosmetic and personal care products most consumed by respondents. Tartrazine and other azo-compounds were highly distributed in the ingredient section of the products. Brilliant blue was also highly declared in cosmetics and personal care products. Titanium dioxide was important in selected categories of products. Further investigations on the frequency of intake of these products and the quantification of colorants there will make it possible to calculate the possible daily intake for these selected age groups.

A maior parte da população da Argentina concentra-se em cidades e consome produtos industrializados que contêm aditivos, incluindo corantes. Os corantes mais utilizados em cosméticos e produtos de higiene pessoal coincidem com os mais utilizados em alimentos. Pesquisas para avaliar de forma preliminar o consumo dos produtos mencionados foram realizadas por parte de diferentes amostras populacionais. Também foram analisados os rótulos de tais produtos para conhecer a listagem de corantes declarados. Os resultados apresentam consumos similares em pesquisas de campo realizadas em San Martin e em outras realizadas online. Pesquisas realizadas em Caleta Olivia foram de um tamanho de amostra de prova. Os alimentos mais consumidos foram guloseimas e refrigerantes; os cosméticos e produtos de higiene pessoal mais consumidos foram pasta de dentes, sabonete, shampoo e condicionador de cabelo. A tartrazina e outros corantes azoicos foram principalmente declarados em grande quantidade de produtos. Em cosméticos se adicionou o azul brilhante. O dióxido de titânio foi importante em algumas categorias de produtos. Novas pesquisas sobre frequências e quantidades consumidas, e a quantificação dos corantes nos produtos, permitirão conhecer sua possível incorporação diária por pessoas das faixas etárias selecionadas.

Effect of labels management on of high-risk drugs / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the effect of labels management on high-risk drugs. Methods Labels management group was established, to be responsible for use and storage of high-risk drugs. The management methods included taking analysis on adverse nursing events, designing and making labels in drug storage and use, and making a field survey on adverse nursing events before and after the management. Result After manipulation of the labels management, the number of adverse nursing events of drug use fell from 35 to 0. Conclusion Drug storage and use with special, standard labels is effective in preventing nursing adverse events in high risk drugs.