Mortalidade e carga do câncer de laringe atribuíveis aos riscos ocupacionais no Brasil: estudo da Carga Global de Doença, 2019 / Laryngeal cancer mortality and burden attributable to occupational risks in Brazil: 2019 Global Burden of Disease

Resumo Objetivo: descrever a mortalidade e os anos de vida ajustados pela incapacidade disability-adjusted life years - DALYs) para câncer de laringe no Brasil atribuíveis a fatores de risco ocupacionais e comportamentais. Métodos: estudo ecológico com dados do estudo Global Burden of Disease 2019. Foram obtidas taxas de mortalidade e de DALYs para o câncer de laringe atribuíveis aos riscos ocupacionais (ácido sulfúrico e amianto) e comportamentais (tabaco e álcool), de 1990 e 2019. Resultados: no Brasil, em 2019, a taxa de mortalidade por câncer de laringe atribuível aos riscos ocupacionais (ácido sulfúrico e amianto) foi 0,28 (II95%: 0,17;0,43) no sexo masculino e 0,03 (II95%: 0,02;0,04) no feminino, e a de DALYs foi 7,33 (II95%: 4,28;11,44) e 0,64 (II95%: 0,35;0,03), respectivamente. O ácido sulfúrico foi o principal risco ocupacional para a doença. Houve redução das taxas atribuíveis ao tabaco (mortalidade:-45,83%; DALYs:-47,36%) e aos riscos ocupacionais (mortalidade:-23,20%; DALYs:-26,31%), no Brasil, com aumento em alguns estados das regiões Norte e Nordeste. Conclusão: houve redução na mortalidade e na carga do câncer de laringe atribuível aos fatores ocupacionais no período, porém menor em comparação ao tabagismo, reforçando a importância de ações para reduzir o impacto dos riscos ocupacionais, como as medidas regulatórias aplicadas ao tabaco.

Abstract Objective: to describe mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to laryngeal cancer attributable to occupational and behavioral risk factors in Brazil. Methods: this is an ecological study with data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease. Mortality and DALY rates for laryngeal cancer attributable to occupational (sulfuric acid and asbestos) and behavioral (tobacco and alcohol) risks were obtained from 1990 and 2019. Results: in 2019, the mortality rate from laryngeal cancer attributable to occupational hazards (sulfuric acid and asbestos) totaled 0.28 (95%UI: 0.17; 0.43) and 0.03 (95%UI: 0.02; 0.04), whereas and DALY rates, 7.33 (95%UI: 4.28; 11.44) and 0.64 (95%UI: 0.35; 0.03) in men and women in Brazil, respectively. Sulfuric acid configured the main occupational risk for the disease. The rates attributable to tobacco (mortality: −45.83%; DALYs: −47.36%) and occupational hazards (mortality: −23.20%; DALYs: −26.31%) decreased in Brazil but increased in some Northern and Northeastern states. Conclusion: laryngeal cancer mortality and burden attributable to occupational factors decreased in the period (although less than that for smoking), reinforcing the importance of actions to reduce the impact of occupational risks, such as the regulatory measures applied to tobacco.

Sobrevida por câncer de laringe em pacientes tratados no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, 2002-2010 / Survival rate of laryngeal cancer patients treated in Brazil's Unified Health System - SUS, 2002-2010

Resumo O objetivo do artigo foi analisar a sobrevida de cinco anos em pacientes com câncer de laringe tratados no Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil e regiões entre janeiro de 2002 e junho de 2010. São escassas as informações relativas à magnitude e sobrevida do câncer de laringe no país, o que dificulta a adoção de estratégias específicas para seu controle. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectiva a partir da Base Nacional em Oncologia. Estimou-se a probabilidade de sobrevida para o câncer de laringe segundo faixa etária, sexo e regiões/estados brasileiros por meio do método de Kaplan-Meier. O teste de log-rank foi aplicado para avaliar as diferenças na sobrevida, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A sobrevida no Brasil foi estimada em 50,8% (IC95%: 49,9-51,8), sendo menor em pacientes do sexo masculino (49,1%; IC95%: 48,10-50,16); com idade entre 50 e 60 anos (48,4%; IC95%: 46,7-50,0); e para moradores da região Norte (45,5%; IC95%: 39,5-51,3). A variação na sobrevida para o câncer de laringe em relação aos estados e às regiões do país aponta disparidades que podem estar relacionadas à desigualdade de acesso ao diagnóstico e/ou tratamento.

Abstract The scope of this article was to analyze the five-year survival rate among patients with laryngeal cancer treated in the Unified Health System in Brazil and its regions between January 2002 and June 2010. There is still scarce information in Brazil regarding the scale and survival rate of laryngeal cancer patients, which makes it difficult to adopt specific strategies for the control of the condition in the country. A retrospective cohort study based on the National Oncology Database was conducted, and the survival probability rate for laryngeal cancer according to age, sex and Brazilian regions/states was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to assess the differences observed, considering a 5% significance level. Survival in Brazil was estimated at 50.8% (95%CI: 49.9%-51.8%), being lower among male patients (49.1%; 95%CI: 48.10%-50.16%); between 50 and 60 years of age (48.4%; 95%CI: 46.7%-50.0%); for residents of the Northern region (45.5%; 95%CI: 39.5%-51.3%). The regional variation in the survival rate for laryngeal cancer in Brazil reveals disparities between Brazilian regions/states that may be linked to inequality of access to diagnosis and/or treatment.

Traqueostomía y disfagia en pacientes con COVID-19. Su impacto en el proceso de decanulación / Tracheostomy and Dysphagia in Patients with COVID-19. Its Impact on the Decannulation Process

RESUMEN Introducción: Los pacientes con neumonía grave por COVID-19 pueden requerir in tubación orotraqueal, ventilación mecánica prolongada, y traqueostomía. La presencia de una cánula de traqueostomía no implica por sí misma el desarrollo de disfagia, pero la frecuencia de disfagia en estos pacientes es alta con riesgo de aspiración. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia disfagia orofaríngea en pacientes que requirieron traqueostomía luego de ventilación mecánica prolongada secundaria a COVID-19, valorada mediante un método instrumental. Como objetivo secundario, evaluar la asociación entre la presencia de disfagia y variables clínico-demográficas, duración de la ventilación mecánica invasiva, días de vía aérea artificial, presencia de lesiones laríngeas y días de estadía en terapia intensiva. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, longitudinal y retrospectivo, realizado en el hospital Juan A. Fernández, CABA, Argentina. Se incluyeron de manera consecutiva pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 traqueostomizados. La presencia de disfagia se valoró mediante estudio endoscópico de la deglución al momento de la decanulación. Resultados: Un total de 69 pacientes traqueostomizados en proceso de decanulación ingresaron al estudio. De ellos, 65 pacientes fueron analizados y evaluados mediante endoscopía de la deglución y cincuenta se diagnosticaron con disfagia (76,9 %). La me diana de días de traqueostomía fue de 32; al comparar los días de traqueostomía entre el grupo sin disfagia (mediana veintiún días) y el grupo con disfagia (mediana 36), se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos (p = 0,015). Conclusión: La disfagia orofaríngea fue prevalente en esta cohorte de pacientes con COVID 19. Los pacientes que tuvieron más días de traqueostomía hasta la decanulación se asociaron significativamente con el desarrollo de disfagia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia may require orotracheal intubation, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy. The presence of a tracheostomy cannula does not contribute by itself to the development of dysphagia, but the frequency of dysphagia in these patients is high and with risk of aspiration. Objective: To describe the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients who required tracheostomy after prolonged mechanical ventilation secondary to COVID-19, assessed by an instrumental method. As a secondary objective, to evaluate the as sociation between the presence of dysphagia and clinical-demographic variables, the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, days of artificial airway, presence of laryngeal injuries, and length of stay in the Intensive Care. Methods: Observational, longitudinal, retrospective study conducted at the Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina. Tracheos tomized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were consecutively included in the study. The presence of dysphagia was assessed by an endoscopic study of swallowing at the time of decannulation. Results: A total of 69 tracheostomized patients undergoing decannulation were included in the study. 65 of these patients were evaluated through swallowing endoscopy, and 50 were diagnosed with dysphagia (76.9%). The median number of tracheostomy days was 32. When comparing tracheostomy days between the group without dysphagia (median of 21 days) and the group with dysphagia (median of 36 days), statistically significant differences were reported between both groups (p=0.015). Conclusion: Oropharyngeal dysphagia was prevalent in this cohort of COVID-19 pa tients. A significant association was found between patients with more tracheostomy days until decannulation and the development of dysphagia.

Supervivencia y seguimiento de pacientes sometidos a cirugía parcial de laringe

Introducción: El cáncer de cabeza y cuello constituye el 3,8 % de las neoplasias malignas y 2,3 % de las muertes por cáncer; más frecuente entre la sexta y séptima década de la vida. El cáncer laríngeo es el tumor maligno no cutáneo más común (30-40 %) entre los tumores de cabeza y cuello y segundo cáncer más frecuente del aparato respiratorio; razón hombre/mujer de hasta 10:1, reducida con el incremento del tabaquismo en la mujer. La laringectomía parcial y la radioterapia son métodos terapéuticos efectivos en el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer laríngeo precoz, comparables en tasas de supervivenciay conservación de la laríngea. Objetivo: Evaluar la supervivencia y seguimiento de pacientes que recibieron como tratamiento de elección por persistencia tumoral o recidiva cirugía parcial de laringe en dos hospitales de la provincia Camagüey. Métodos: El universo lo conformaron los pacientes con cáncer laríngeo que acudieron a las consultas y la muestra a criterio de los autores la integraron 70 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico. Se consideraron como variables: edad, sexo, localización topográfica del tumor, técnica quirúrgica parcial realizada y tiempo desupervivencia de los pacientes. Resultados: En la muestra estudiada el 100 % de los pacientes pertenecían al sexo masculino, entre 51 y 60 años de edad y con carcinomas en localización glótica-supraglótica. La técnica quirúrgica más utilizada fue la laringectomía subtotal con cricohioidopexia sin epigotoplastia. Durante la recolección de la información en consulta para el seguimiento de los enfermos, la mayoría se encontraban vivos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes tratados fueron del sexo masculino, quinta y sexta décadas de la vida. Predominó la localización topográfica glótica-supraglótica y la técnica quirúrgica realizada con mayor frecuencia la laringectomía subtotal con cricohioidopexia sin epigotoplastia. Al culminar el estudio la mayor parte de los pacientes de ambos grupos mostraronn buena calidad vida e integración social.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer constitutes 3.8% of malignant neoplasms and 2.3% of cancer deaths; most common between the sixth and seventh decade of life. Laryngeal cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignant tumor (30-40%) among head and neck tumors and the second most common cancer of the respiratory system; shows a male/female ratio of up to 10:1, which has reduced with the increase in smoking in women. Partial laryngectomy and radiotherapy are effective therapeutic methods in the treatment of patients with early laryngeal cancer, comparable in survival rates and laryngeal preservation. Objective: To evaluate the survival and follow-up of patients who received partial laryngeal surgery as the treatment of choice for tumor persistence or recurrence in two hospitals in the province of Camagüey, Cuba. Methods: The universe was made up of patients with laryngeal cancer who attended the consultations and the sample at the authors' discretion was made up of 70 patients who received surgical treatment. The following variables were considered: age, sex, topographic location of the tumor, partial surgical technique performed and survival time of the patients. Results: In the sample studied, 100% of the patients were male, between 51 and 60 years of age and with carcinomas in a glottic - supraglottic location. The most used surgical technique was subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy without epigotoplasty. During the collection of information in consultation for the follow-up of the patients, the majority were alive. Conclusions: The treated patients were male, fifth and sixth decades of life. Glottic-supraglottic topographic location predominated and the most frequently performed surgical technique was subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidopexy without epigotoplasty. At the end of the study, most of the patients in both groups showed good quality of life and social integration.

Neurofibromatosis laríngea pediátrica: reporte de localización atípica / Pediatric neurofibromatosis of the larynx: report of atypical location

Los neurofibromas laríngeos (NFL) son tumores benignos poco frecuentes de localización principalmente supraglótica. Se manifiestan con síntomas obstructivos de la vía aérea. El tratamiento es la resección completa del tumor mediante abordaje endoscópico; se reserva la cirugía abierta para tumores de gran extensión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente pediátrico con localización atípica de NFL asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1). Se realizó resección endoscópica del tumor y la anatomía patológica informó neurofibroma plexiforme. Es importante sospechar de esta patología en todo niño con estridor inspiratorio atípico progresivo. Se sugiere seguimiento a largo plazo por la alta probabilidad de recidiva.

Laryngeal neurofibromas (LNFs) are rare benign tumors mainly located in the supraglottis. LNFs occur with airway obstruction symptoms. The treatment is complete resection via an endoscopic technique; the open approach is reserved for large tumors. Here we describe the case of a pediatric patient with LNF of atypical location associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). The tumor was resected with an endoscopic technique, and the pathological study reported a plexiform neurofibroma. It is important to suspect this condition in any child with atypical, progressive inspiratory stridor. Long-term follow-up is recommended due to the high rate of recurrence

COVID-19 en pacientes oncológicos / COVID-19 in cancer patients

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró el COVID-19 como una pandemia el 11 de marzo de 2020. El antecedente de cáncer es considerado un factor de riesgo de mortalidad para múltiples padecimientos; la evolución de los pacientes con enfermedades neoplásicas puede verse influida por afecciones sobreañadidas como fue el caso del COVID-19. Objetivo: Caracterizar, desde el punto de vista clínico, a los pacientes oncológicos que ingresaron con COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal en pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad oncológica ingresados por COVID-19, en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau, Villa Clara, en el período de enero-diciembre 2021. Se incluyeron en el estudio 78 pacientes con diagnóstico de neoplasia de 5 años o menos de evolución. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino y los mayores de 60 años de edad. El 39,7 % de los pacientes presentó cáncer de pulmón o de laringe seguido por cáncer de mama, hemolinfopoyético y colorrectal. El 46,2 % se encontraba en estadio estable y el 29,5 % en paliativo. El 34,6 % de los pacientes recibía tratamiento con quimioterapia en el momento del ingreso. Los fármacos más utilizados fueron: esteroides (85,9 %), interferón alfa (73,1 %) y heparina sódica (55,1 %). Conclusiones: En los pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados con COVID-19, los tumores de pulmón y laringe fueron los más frecuentes, aunque el de mama, próstata y colorrectal, en ese orden, se relacionaron con mayor mortalidad. Los pacientes que se encontraban en progresión de la enfermedad y los que recibían tratamiento con quimioterapia presentaron mayor probabilidad de morir.

Introduction: the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. A history of cancer is considered a mortality risk factor for multiple diseases; the evolution in patients with neoplastic diseases can be influenced due to superadded conditions such as the case of COVID-19. Objective: to characterize, from a clinical point of view, cancer patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out in cancer patients admitted with COVID-19 at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital in Villa Clara from January to December 2021. A number of 78 cancer patients with 5 years or less of evolution was included in the study. Results: male gender and those over 60 years of age predominated. The 39.7% of the patients had lung or laryngeal cancer followed by breast, hemolymphopoietic and colorectal cancers. The 46.2% were in a stable state and 29.5% in palliative care. The 34.6% of them were receiving chemotherapy treatment at the time of admission. Steroids (85.9%), alpha interferon (73.1%) and sodium heparin (55.1%) were the most used drugs. Conclusions: lung and laryngeal tumours were the most common malignancy in cancer patients hospitalized with COVID-19, although breast, prostate, and colorectal tumours, in that order, were associated with higher mortality. Patients with disease progression and those receiving chemotherapy were more likely to die.

Quiste Vallecular: Caso clínico de estridor agudo / Vallecular cyst: clinical case of acute stridor

El enfrentamiento de estridor en el Servicio de Urgencias puede ser un desafío para el clínico. La mayoría de los pacientes responderán a medidas estándar de anafilaxia, no obstante, ante pacientes refractarios a tratamiento se deben sospechar otras patologías. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente refractaria a manejo de anafilaxia. Se realiza videolaringoscopía que identifica quiste de vallécula y se maneja mediante protección de vía aérea con intubación orotraqueal. Se decide escisión quirúrgica, en la cual se identifica estenosis subglótica que requiere instalación de traqueostomía. La paciente evoluciona favorablemente y es dada de alta.

Coping with stridor in the Emergency Department can challenge the clinician. Most patients respond to standard anaphylaxis measures. The clinician should suspect other differential diagnoses when patients are refractory to treatment. We present the clinical case of a patient refractory to standard anaphylaxis management. A video laryngoscopy was performed, identifying a vallecula cyst. We secured the airway through orotracheal intubation. The surgical team of our hospital performed a surgical excision of the cyst and identified subglottic stenosis, which required the installation of a tracheostomy. The patient evolved favorably in the postoperative period and was discharged.

Quiste subglótico adquirido como causa inhabitual de estridor en pediatría. Revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso / Subglottic cyst as an unusual cause of stridor in pediatric patients. Literature review and case report

El estridor corresponde a un signo altamente frecuente, sin embargo, es heterogéneo e inespecífico. Existen múltiples causas conocidas y manejadas por el otorrinolaringólogo. Los quistes subglóticos constituyen una entidad infrecuente de estridor en pediatría, siendo la población más frecuentemente afectada, niños con antecedentes de prematurez e intubación por períodos prolongados. Su manifestación clínica es variada, desde cuadros asintomáticos a pacientes con riesgo inminente de pérdida de la vía aérea. El diagnóstico suele ser tras largos períodos desde el antecedente de intubación. Su resolución suele ser quirúrgica, teniendo como principal complicación asociada la estenosis subglótica y las recurrencias. Se presenta el caso de una preescolar con un episodio de estridor y distrés respiratorio rápidamente progresivos, cuyo diagnóstico intraoperatorio resultó en quistes subglóticos submucosos bilaterales, que requirieron resolución quirúrgica.

Stridor corresponds to a highly frequent sign; however, it is heterogeneous and nonspecific. There are multiple causes that are widely known and managed by the otorhinolaryngolo-gist. Subglottic cysts are an infrequent entity of stridor in pediatric patients, where the most frequently affected population are childrens with history of prematurity and intubation for long periods. It's clinical manifestations are wide, from asymptomatic cases to patients with imminent risk of airway loss. Their manifestation its often after long periods after the moment of intubation. The management often involves surgery, and the main associated complication is subglottic stenosis and recurrences. We present the case of a preschool girl with an episode of rapidly progressive stridor and respiratory distress; whose intraoperative diagnosis was bilateral subglottic submucosal cysts that required surgical resolution.

Metástasis de cáncer de células claras renal en cuerdas vocales. Reporte de un caso / Metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma in vocal cords. A Case report

Introducción: Las metástasis a distancia de tumores primarios a cuerdas vocales son poco frecuentes. Las metástasis a laringe con mayor frecuencia corresponden a melanomas y carcinomas, afectando principalmente a la región supraglótica. Las metástasis a cabeza y cuello de los carcinomas de células renales (CCR) tienen una incidencia de 14-16%. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con metástasis de carcinoma de células claras renal a cuerdas vocales, cuya importancia recae en que es un caso poco frecuente y no existen reportes similares en el país. Paciente masculino, 57 años, con disfonía de 3 meses de evolución. Nasofibroscopía evidencia lesión polipoídea en cuerda vocal y ventrículo izquierdo. Se realiza microcirugía laríngea, enviando muestra a biopsia diferida, resultando lesión metastásica de CCR células claras. Evaluado por nefrología, se pesquisa tumor renal izquierdo sugerente de CCR. Las metástasis de neoplasias remotas a laringe son infrecuentes. Se considera al CCR el tercero en frecuencia respecto a neoplasias infraclaviculares. Éstas se pueden presentar hasta 10 años después del tratamiento del primario. Se recomienda seguimiento a largo plazo y énfasis a nuevos síntomas en región de cabeza y cuello, teniendo en consideración antecedente de CCR en pacientes con disfonía y lesiones polipoídeas en cuerdas vocales.

Introduction: The metastasis of distant site primary tumors to the vocal cords is infrequent. The most frequent source of metastasis to the larynx is melanomas and carcinomas, mainly affecting the supraglottic region. The metastasis to the head and neck of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) has an incidence of 14-16%. To present a case of metastasis of clear renal cell carcinoma to the vocal cords, since it is very infrequent, and there are no similar reports in the country. A male patient, 57 years old, presenting dysphonia for a duration of 3 months. Nasofibroscopy showed a polypoid lesion in the left vocal cord and ventricle. Larynx microsurgery was performed, and a sample was sent for biopsy, which reported a metastatic lesion of RCC clear cells. When assessed by nephrology, a left renal tumor is found, suggesting RCC. The metastasis of distant site neoplasias are infrequent. RCC is considered the third in frequency concerning to infraclavicular neoplasias. These can present up to 10 years after the treatment of the primary. Long term follow-up is recommended, and an emphasis on new symptoms in the head and neck region, considering the history of RCC in patients with dysphonia and polypoid lesions in vocal cords.

Obstrucción laríngea inducible (OLI): una revisión actualizada de la literatura / Induced laryngeal obstruction (ILO): an updated literature review

La obstrucción laríngea inducible se ha descrito como un trastorno de la respiración que se presenta, habitualmente, como dificultad respiratoria aguda por aducción anormal de los pliegues vocales, típicamente, durante la inspiración. Es más frecuente en mujeres y adultos, que en adolescentes. Es difícil estimar la incidencia exacta dada la heterogeneidad de los criterios diagnósticos y nomenclatura, asociado al frecuente subdiagnóstico de esta entidad. Por ello, en la literatura se ha reportado la prevalencia de acuerdo con las subpoblaciones de pacientes, describiendo que alrededor de un 2,8% de los pacientes que consultan en el servicio de urgencia por disnea podría corresponder a esta patología. El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico, con confirmación mediante laringoscopia flexible. Se apoya en exámenes de función respiratoria, especialmente para descartar otras patologías pulmonares que expliquen el cuadro. El tratamiento es sencillo y, suele ser exitoso, tanto en situaciones agudas como crónicas. Sin embargo, se ha descrito, frecuentemente, un retraso en el diagnóstico, debido a desconocimiento de esta patología.

Induced laryngeal obstruction has been described as a respiratory disorder, usually presenting as an acute respiratory distress due to abnormal adduction of the vocal folds, typically during inspiration. It is more frequent in women and adults, than adolescents. It is difficult to estimate its exact incidence given the heterogeneity of the diagnostic criteria and nomenclature, together with its common underdiagnosis. Hence, studies have reported its prevalence according to the subpopulations within this entity, with a prevalence of 2.8% in patients who consult in the emergency room for dyspnea. The diagnosis is based upon clinical presentation, confirmed by flexible laryngoscopy, and supported by respiratory function exams to rule out other pulmonary diseases with similar symptoms. Its treatment is simple and usually successful, in both acute and chronic situations. However, a delay in the diagnosis has been frequently described, due to unawareness of this disorder.

Actualización en clasificación y manejo de anomalías vasculares laríngeas en adultos / Update on classification and management of laryngeal vascular anomalies in adults

Introducción: Las anomalías vasculares (AV) de cabeza y cuello son una patología prevalente en niños, pero son poco frecuentes en adultos. La última clasificación descrita por la International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) en 2018, propone dividirlas en tumores vasculares (TV) y malformaciones vasculares (MV) con una aproximación basada en la etiopatogenia, comportamiento biológico e inmunohistoquímico (IHQ). Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el manejo de AV laríngeas (AVL) en adultos operados en los últimos 5 años en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología (ORL) del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) y realizar una revisión actualizada en cuanto a diagnóstico y manejo. Material y Método: Revisión retrospectiva y descriptiva de los casos de AVL en adultos operados del servicio de ORL del HBLT informadas por biopsia en el servicio de anatomía patológica del mismo hospital entre los años 2015 a 2020. Resultados: Se encontraron cinco casos de AVL. Los síntomas descritos fueron disfonía, odinofagia y disfagia. La sospecha diagnóstica se fundó en historia clínica, nasofibroscopia y estudio imagenológico, y se confirmó con biopsia posoperatoria. Todos los pacientes fueron resueltos de manera quirúrgica con leve preferencia por el láser CO2. No se registraron complicaciones ni signos de recidiva durante el seguimiento. Conclusión: Recomendamos el manejo quirúrgico de las AVL en adultos, realizando una resección completa de la lesión y su clasificación, según las recomendaciones de la ISSVA, con biopsia posoperatoria e inmunohistoquímica debido a la heterogeneidad de las clasificaciones previas.

Introduction: Head and neck vascular abnormalities (AV) are common alterations found in children, but rare in adults. The latest classification described by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) in 2018, proposes dividing them into vascular tumors (TV) and vascular malformations (MV), based on their etiopathogenesis, biological and immunohistochemical behavior (IHC). Aim: To describe the experience in the management of laryngeal AV (AVL) of adults treated surgically on in the last 5 years in the Otolaryngology Service (ORL) of the Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT). Material and Method: Retrospective and descriptive review of cases with histologically confirmed AVL in adults treated surgically in the ORL service of the same hospital between the years 2015 and 2020. Results: Five cases of AVL were found. The symptoms described were dysphonia, pharyngodine, and dysphagia. The diagnostic suspicion was based on clinical history, nasofibroscopy and imaging study, confirmed with post-operative biopsy. All patients were resolved surgically with a slight preference for the CO2 laser. No complications or signs of recurrence were recorded during the follow-up. Conclusion: We recommend surgical management of AVL in adults with a complete resection and their classification according to the recommendations of the ISSVA with postoperative and immunohistochemical biopsy, due to heterogeneity of previous classifications systems.

Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis / Papel prognóstico da relação neutrófilo-linfócito no carcinoma espinocelular da laringe: uma metanálise

Abstract Introduction New evidence suggests that the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes is associated with the prognosis of other carcinoma, but the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma remains controversial. Objective The objective of this meta-analysis was to clarify the prognostic effectiveness of the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods According to the meta-analysis of the free guide, we searched EMBASE, Pubmed, the Cochrane Library databases. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients was evaluated using mean standard vehicle and confidence interval. The overall survival, disease-free survival and progression free survival of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were expressed by standard mean carrier method and confidence interval. The risk ratio of 95% confidence interval was used as an evaluation index for patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Results Eight studies, including 1780 patients, used a variety of different end values to classify the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (range 1.78-4.0). Among the eight studies that reported risk ratio of the overall survival, the higher median value was 2.72, and 2 of 4 studies reported disease-free survival results. The critical value of ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes and overall survival deterioration (risk ratio = 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.43-1.99, p< 0.001), disease-free survival (risk ratio = 2.09, 95% confidence interval 1.62-2.6, p< 0.001) and progression free survival (risk ratio = 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.75-2.10, p< 0.001) was associated with with laryngeal aquamous cell carcinoma. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes had prognostic value for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis showed that the increase of neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio was related to poor prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio may serve as a cost-effective prognostic biomarker of poor prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. More high-quality prospective trials are needed to assess the practicability of evaluating the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Resumo Introdução Novas evidências sugerem que a relação neutrófilo-linfócito está associada ao prognóstico de vários carcinomas, mas a relação neutrófilo-linfócito no carcinoma espinocelular da laringe ainda permanece controversa. Objetivo Esclarecer a eficácia prognóstica da relação neutrófilo-linfócito no carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. Método De acordo com as diretrizes de metanálise, conduzimos uma busca nas bases de dados Embase, PubMed, e Cochrane Library. A relação neutrófilo-linfócito de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe foi avaliado com a diferença de médias padronizadas e intervalo de confiança. A sobrevida global, sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida livre de progressão de pacientes com carcinomaespinocelular de laringe foram expressas pelo método da diferença de médias padronizadas e intervalo de confiança. A razão de risco do intervalo de confiança 95% foi usada como um índice de avaliação para pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. Resultados Oito estudos, que incluíram 1.780 pacientes, usaram uma variedade de valores finais diferentes para classificar a relação neutrófilo-linfócito (intervalo de 1,78-4,0). Entre os oito estudos que relataram a razão de risco de sobrevida global, o maior valor médio foi de 2,72 e 2 de 4 estudos relataram resultados com sobrevida livre de doença. O valor crítico de relação neutrófilo-linfócito e deterioração da sobrevida global (razão de risco = 1,68, intervalo de confiança 95% 1,43-1,99, p ˂ 0,001), sobrevida livre de doença (razão de risco = 2,09, intervalo de confiança 95% 1,62-2,6, p ˂ 0,001) e sobrevida livre de progressão (razão de risco = 1,92, intervalo de confiança 95% 1,75-2,10, p ˂ 0,001) foi associado com carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. A relação neutrófilo-linfócito tem valor prognóstico para carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. Conclusão Os resultados da metanálise mostraram que o aumento da relação neutrófilo-linfócito estava relacionado ao mau prognóstico do carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. A relação neutrófilo-linfócito pode servir como um biomarcador custo-efetivo de prognóstico do carcinoma espinocelular de laringe. Entretanto, mais estudos prospectivos de alta qualidade são necessários para avaliar a sua praticabilidade.

Tumor miofibroblástico inflamatorio de laringe: a propósito de un caso / Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx: a case report

Resumen El tumor miofibroblástico inflamatorio (TMI) es una patología muy poco frecuente. Los TMI localizados en laringe pueden ocasionar disfonía o sensación de cuerpo extraño. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de pruebas de imagen y visualización directa con obtención de muestras para estudio histopatológico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 43 años, con antecedentes personales de carcinoma indiferenciado de nasofaringe, tratado con radioterapia y quimioterapia, que acude a revisiones periódicas en consulta de otorrinolaringología. Se objetiva por nasofibroscopia una lesión rugosa en cuerda vocal izquierda. Se realiza biopsia con fibroscopio de canal, compatible con tumoración fusocelular atípica, con áreas celulares y mixoides, sospechosa de malignidad, con necesidad de completar estudio inmunohistoquímico. En comité de tumores de cabeza y cuello se decide cirugía programada (laringectomía supracricoidea con cricohioidoepiglotopexia) y posterior tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia, según resultados del estudio histopatológico. Como conclusión, el TMI es una patología que se encuentra predominantemente en el pulmón, siendo rara la afectación laríngea. Su pronóstico es favorable y el diagnóstico histopatológico es de vital importancia. El diagnóstico correcto va seguido de una escisión local amplia para prevenir la recurrencia, sin embargo, el tratamiento debe adaptarse a la ubicación del tumor y al estado del paciente.

Abstract Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a very rare pathology. IMTs located in the larynx can cause dysphonia or foreign body sensation. The diagnosis is made through imaging tests and direct visualization and confirmation with samples for histopathological study. We present the case of a 43-year-old woman with a personal history of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, who attended periodic check-ups in an otolaryngology clinic. A rough granulomatous lesion was observed by nasofibrolaryngoscopy in the left vocal cord. A canal fibroscope biopsy is performed, compatible with an atypical spindle cell tumor, with cellular and myxoid areas, suspicious of malignancy, requiring an immunohistochemical study to be completed. The head and neck tumor committee decides on scheduled surgery (supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy) and subsequent adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, according to the results of the histopathological study. As a conclusion finally, the IMT is a pathology found predominantly in the lung, laryngeal involvement being rare. Its prognosis is favorable and the histopathological diagnosis is of vital importance to be able to be differentiated from other malignant neoplasms. The correct diagnosis is followed by a wide local excision to prevent recurrence, however, treatment must be tailored to the location of the tumor and the condition of the patient.

Tendência temporal da mortalidade por câncer de laringe no Brasil e regiões, no período de 1980 a 2019 / Temporal trend of larynx cancer mortality in Brazil and regions, from 1980 to 2019

Objetivo: analisar a tendência da mortalidade por câncer de laringe no Brasil e regiões no período de 1980 a 2019. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal. Os dados foram provenientes do SIM/DATASUS, e foram estratificados segundo faixa etária, ano, local e sexo. Foi calculada a taxa padronizada de mortalidade (TPM) e utilizada para análise de tendência, por intermédio do modelo JoinPoint. Resultados: foi possível observar que o Brasil apresentou alto número de mortes em toda série temporal com cerca de 112.693 óbitos. No tocante as suas regiões destacaram-se o Sudeste, seguido do Sul com 62.111 e 23.356 mortes pelo agravo, respectivamente. Dentre as faixas etárias analisadas, o grupo de 60-79 anos apresentou predominância em ambos os sexos, com 56.947 ocorrências. Já para o sexo, o masculino apresentou mais de 98 mil mortes em detrimento de mais de 13 mil para o feminino, uma diferença 85,6%. Avaliando a tendência, o Brasil apresentou estabilidade em boa parte da série temporal, com diminuição significativa a partir de 2009 (APC -1,6). Nas regiões, o Nordeste apresentou a maior tendência de crescimento (AAPC 2,7) e o Norte também demonstrou crescimento a partir de 1990 (APC 1,8), as demais apresentaram redução considerável e significativa, exceto Centro-oeste que não apresentou JoinPoints. Conclusão: ressalta-se a importância da revisão, melhoria e até implementação de novas políticas de rastreamento a fim de aumentar o quantitativo de diagnóstico precoce e evitar, a longo prazo, a mortalidade.

Objective: to analyze the trend of mortality from laryngeal cancer in Brazil and regions from 1980 to 2019. Methods: this is an ecological time series study. Data came from SIM/DATASUS, and were stratified according to age group, year, location and sex. Age Standard Rates (ASR) were calculated and these were used for trend analysis, performed using the Joinpoint model. Results: it was possible to observe that Brazil had a high number of deaths in the entire time series, with about 112,693 deaths. Regarding its regions, the Southeast stood out, followed by the South with 62,111 and 23,356 deaths from the disease, respectively. Among the age groups analyzed, the 60-79 age group showed a predominance in both sexes, with 56,947 occurrences. As for gender, males had more than 98 thousand deaths at the expense of more than 13 thousand for females, a difference of 85.6%. Assessing the trend, Brazil showed stability in most of the time series, with a significant decrease as of 2009 (APC -1.6). In the regions, the Northeast showed the greatest growth trend (AAPC 2.7) the North also showed growth from 1990 (APC 1.8), the others showed a considerable and significant reduction, except for the Midwest, which did not present Joinpoints. Conclusion: we emphasize the importance of reviewing, improving and even implementing new screening policies in order to increase the number of early diagnoses and prevent, in the long term, mortality.

Inserção da máscara laríngea por enfermeiros: revisão integrativa da literatura / Laryngeal mask insertion by nurses: an integrative literature review

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas da literatura sobre a inserção de máscara laríngea por enfermeiros. Método: Revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada em novembro de 2020, cuja busca ocorreu nas bases de dados Cumulattive Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Excerpta Médica Database, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes Database Search of Healthe Web of Sciencepor meio do programa Rayyan para seleção dos estudos. Resultados: Identificaram-se 1.156 estudos, do quais oito atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Os estudos foram categorizados em dispositivos de primeira e segunda geração. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o uso de máscara laríngea de primeira e segunda geração por enfermeiros é uma alternativa recomendada por sua rapidez, sucesso e eficácia em garantir a via aérea avançada, em especial, em situações de parada cardiorrespiratória em adultos, porém, recomenda-se verificar os efeitos adversos de seu uso.

Objective: To identify evidence-based literature on the laryngeal mask airway insertion by nurses. Method: Integrative literature review conducted in November 2020, searched in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Excerpta Medica Database, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes Database Search of Health and Web of Science through the Rayyan Study Selection Program. Results: Eight out of the 1,156 studies identified met the inclusion criteria. Studies were categorized into first and second-generation devices. Conclusion: The use of a first and second-generation laryngeal mask airway by nurses is a recommended alternative for its speed, success and effectiveness in ensuring the advanced airway, especially in situations of cardiopulmonary arrest in adults. However, adverse effects of its use should be evaluated.

Wavelet packet transform and multilayer perceptron to identify voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation / Transformada Wavelet packet y Perceptrón Multicapa para identificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal

Introduction. Laryngeal disorders are characterized by a change in the vibratory pattern of the vocal folds. This disorder may have an organic origin described by anatomical fold modification, or a functional origin caused by vocal abuse or misuse. The most common diagnostic methods are performed by invasive imaging features that cause patient discomfort. In addition, mild voice deviations do not stop the in-dividual from using their voices, which makes it difficult to identify the problem and increases the possibility of complications. Aim. For those reasons, the goal of the present paper was to develop a noninvasive alternative for the identification of voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation ap-plying the Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Methods. A dataset of 74 audio files were used. Shannon energy and entropy mea-sures were extracted using the Daubechies 2 and Symlet 2 families and then the processing step was performed with the MLP ANN. Results. The Symlet 2 family was more efficient in its generalization, obtaining 99.75% and 99.56% accuracy by using Shannon energy and entropy measures, re-spectively. The Daubechies 2 family, however, obtained lower accuracy rates: 91.17% and 70.01%, respectively. Conclusion. The combination of WPT and MLP presented high accuracy for the identification of voices with a mild degree of vocal deviation

ntroducción. Los trastornos laríngeos se caracterizan por un cambio en el patrón vibratorio de los pliegues vocales. Este trastorno puede tener un origen orgánico, descrito como la modificación anatómica de los pliegues vocales, o de origen fun-cional, provocado por abuso o mal uso de la voz. Los métodos de diagnóstico más comunes se realizan mediante procedimientos invasivos que causan malestar al pa-ciente. Además, los desvíos vocales de grado leve no impiden que el individuo utilice la voz, lo que dificulta la identificación del problema y aumenta la posibilidad de complicaciones futuras.Objetivo. Por esas razones, el objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar una he-rramienta alternativa, no invasiva para la identificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal aplicando Transformada Wavelet Packet (WPT) y la red neuronal artifi-cial del tipo Perceptrón Mutlicapa (PMC). Métodos. Fue utilizado un banco de datos con 78 voces. Fueron extraídas las me-didas de energía y entropía de Shannon usando las familias Daubechies 2 y Symlet 2 para después aplicar la red neuronal PMC. Resultados. La familia Symlet 2 fue más eficiente en su generalización, obteniendo un 99.75% y un 99.56% de precisión mediante el uso de medidas de energía y en-tropía de Shannon, respectivamente. La familia Daubechies 2, sin embargo, obtuvo menores índices de precisión: 91.17% y 70.01%, respectivamente. Conclusión. La combinación de WPT y PMC presentó alta precisión para la iden-tificación de voces con grado leve de desvío vocal

Os sentidos de adoecidos acometidos por câncer de laringe submetidos a laringectomia total / The meaning of sick people affected by laryng cancer submitted to total laryngectomy

Objetivo: desvelar os sentidos do adoecimento por câncer de laringe de adoecidos laringectomizados totais. Método: estudo de caso apoiado na Interpretação das Culturas de Clifford Geertz, realizado a partir do ambulatório de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia localizado na cidade de Belém, Pará, Brasil, com um grupo de 11 homens. Foram realizadas visitas posteriormente ao domicílio dos participantes. A coleta de dados constou de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com posterior análise indutiva de conteúdo. Resultados: foram divididos em duas macrocategorias: "Experiências com a doença" e "Mudanças na vida social, experiências com a imagem corporal e enunciação". A primeira foi relacionada aos sinais, sintomas e busca de tratamento para a doença, a fé religiosa, à família como suporte e a segunda às mudanças na vida social, na enunciação e imagem corporal. Considerações finais: desvelaram-se formas de avaliação para a rouquidão, a busca pelos remédios caseiros, o apoio na religião e na família e um sentimento de incompletude. Além disso, as condutas para reabilitação vocal e social envolvem o estímulo, adaptação e o combate à ansiedade e insegurança quanto à voz esofágica. (AU)

Objective: To reveal the meanings of illness due to laryngeal cancer of patients suffering from total laryngectomy. Methods: Case study supported by Clifford Geertz's Interpretation of Cultures, carried out from the High Complexity outpatient clinic in Oncology located in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil, with a group of 11 men. Later visits were made to the participants' homes. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews, with subsequent inductive content analysis. Results: They were divided into two macro categories: "Experiences with the disease" and "Changes in social life, experiences with body image and enunciation". The first was related to signs, symptoms and seeking treatment for the disease, religious faith, the family as a support and the second to changes in social life, enunciation and body image. Conclusion: Forms of evaluation for hoarseness, the search for home remedies, support in religion and family and a feeling of incompleteness were revealed. In addition, conduct for vocal and social rehabilitation involves stimulating, adapting and combating anxiety and insecurity regarding the esophageal voice. (AU)

Objetivo: Revelar el significado de la enfermedad debida al cáncer de laringe de pacientes con laringectomía total. Métodos: Estudio de caso apoyado por la Interpretación de las Culturas por Clifford Geertz, realizado desde la clínica ambulatoria de Oncología de Alta Complejidad ubicada en la ciudad de Belém, Pará, Brasil, con un grupo de 11 hombres. Posteriormente se hicieron visitas a las casas de los participantes. La recopilación de datos consistió en entrevistas semiestructuradas, con posterior análisis de contenido inductivo. Resultados: Se dividieron en dos macro categorías: "Experiencias con la enfermedad" y "Cambios en la vida social, experiencias con la imagen corporal y la enunciación". El primero estaba relacionado con los signos, síntomas y la búsqueda de tratamiento para la enfermedad, la fe religiosa, la familia como apoyo y el segundo con los cambios en la vida social, el enunciado y la imagen corporal. Conclusión: Se revelaron formas de evaluación de la ronquera, la búsqueda de remedios caseros, el apoyo en la religión y la familia y un sentimiento de incompletitud. Además, las conductas para la rehabilitación vocal y social implican estimular, adaptar y combatir la ansiedad y la inseguridad con respecto a la voz esofágica. (AU)

Anatomic and histologic analysis of paca larynx (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus 1766) / [Análise anatômica e histológica da laringe da paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus 1766)]

Paca (Cuniculus paca) has encouraged research as an experimental model both in the human medicine and veterinary, as well as the economic exploitation of its meat cuts, which favored its zootechnical use. There are no anatomical, microscopic descriptions and measurements of the larynx in this rodent. Eight pacas were dissected from the wild animal's sector of the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of the University of the State of São Paulo. The larynx was observed located in the ventral region of the neck, ventral to the esophagus, connecting the pharynx to the trachea, with cylindrical and irregular shape. Laryngeal cartilages (epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid) are interconnected and have different shapes. Thyroid showed greater length and width, compared to the others. Laryngeal cartilages were submitted to histological processing and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The epiglottic cartilage was stained with toluidine blue. Laryngeal cartilages thyroid, cricoid and the lower portion of the arytenoids are of hyaline origin and, in contrast, the epiglottis and the upper portion of the arytenoids are elastic. This latter cartilage demonstrated taste buds. The results will be able to auxiliate in veterinary care and as well as the conservation programs for this rodent.(AU)

A paca (Cuniculus paca) tem encorajado inúmeras pesquisas, tornando-a modelo experimental tanto em humanos como na veterinária, além da exploração econômica de seus cortes cárneos, que favoreceu diretamente sua importância zootécnica. Não há descrições anatômicas, microscópicas e mensurações da laringe desse roedor. Foram dissecadas oito laringes de pacas, provenientes do setor de Animais Silvestres da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista. Observou-se que a laringe localiza-se na região ventral do pescoço, ventral ao esôfago, conectando a faringe à traqueia, possuindo formato cilíndrico e irregular. As cartilagens laríngeas (epiglote, tireóide, cricóide e aritenóidea) são interligadas e possuem formatos variados. A cartilagem tireóide demonstrou-se maior em comprimento e largura, comparativamente às demais. As cartilagens laríngeas foram submetidas a processamento histológico e coradas em hematoxilina-eosina e tricrômio de Masson. A cartilagem epiglote foi corada em azul de toluidina. As cartilagens laríngeas tireóide, cricóide e a porção inferior das aritenóides são de origem hialina; em contrapartida, a epiglote e a porção superior das aritenóides, de origem elástica. Esta última cartilagem demonstrou corpúsculos gustativos. Os resultados poderão auxiliar tanto nos atendimentos veterinários quanto nos programas de conservação desse roedor.(AU)

Debulking obstructing laryngeal cancers to avoid tracheotomy / Redução de volume tumoral em câncer obstrutivo de laringe para evitar traqueotomia

Abstract Introduction: Upper airway obstruction, secondary to neoplasms presenting with stridor, is traditionally treated by tracheostomy. However, this common procedure can potentially have an impact on the long-term outcome, with tumor implantation into the tracheostomized wound leading to peristomal recurrence after laryngectomy, with the risk of stomal recurrence. Objective: To describe our clinical experience with tumor debulking as an alternative treatment choice of tracheotomy in patients with advanced larynx cancer at a tertiary referral center. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 87 subjects who had advanced larynx cancer (T3/4) with airway obstruction from our institutional database was conducted. Medical records including demographics, daily notes during hospitalization, and operative notes were used for clinical data of patients. The strategy for maintaining the airway patency was tracheotomy (emergency or awake) and tumor debulking (laser or coblation). Endophytic and exophytic laryngeal tumors were also noted. Results: In 41/87 (47.1%) patients, a tracheotomy was performed as an initial treatment (11 were emergency, 30 were planned) to maintain airway patency. Tumor debulking was performed in 28 exophytic and 18 endophytic lesions by laser or coblation (17 and 29 patients, respectively). Tracheotomy was performed in 5 patients (4 endophytic, 1 exophytic) who could not tolerate debulking surgery due to aspiration, edema and dyspnea. Three of the them who required subsequent tracheotomy was in the laser group and two in the coblation group. The success rate of laser debulking was 82.35% (14/17) and 93.1% (27/29) for coblation. Conclusion: Tumor debulking is a safe and effective method to avoid awake tracheotomy in patients suffering from airway obstruction due to advanced larynx cancer.

Resumo Introdução: A obstrução das vias aéreas superiores com estridor, secundária a neoplasias, é tradicionalmente tratada com traqueotomia. No entanto, este procedimento comum pode potencialmente ter um impacto sobre o desfecho a longo prazo, com a implantação do tumor na ferida cirúrgica da traqueotomia, o que leva à recorrência peristomal após laringectomia, com o risco de recorrência do estoma. Objetivo: Descrever nossa experiência clínica com a redução do volume tumoral como tratamento alternativo à traqueotomia em pacientes com câncer avançado de laringe em um centro de referência terciário. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de 87 indivíduos com câncer avançado de laringe (T3/T4) com obstrução das vias aéreas em nosso banco de dados institucional. Registros médicos incluindo dados demográficos, anotações diárias durante a hospitalização e anotações operacionais foram utilizados como dados clínicos dos pacientes. A estratégia para manter a patência das vias aéreas foi a traqueotomia (emergência ou em pacientes acordados) e redução do volume tumoral (por laser ou coblation). Tumores endofíticos e exofíticos da laringe também foram anotados. Resultados: Uma traqueotomia foi realizada como tratamento inicial em 41/87 (47,1%) pacientes (11 foram de emergência, 30 foram eletivas) para manter a patência das vias aéreas. A redução do volume tumoral foi realizada em 28 lesões exofíticas e 18 endofíticas por laser ou coblation (17 e 29 pacientes, respectivamente). A traqueotomia foi realizada em 5 pacientes (4 endofíticos, 1 exofítico) que não podiam tolerar a cirurgia de redução de volume devido à aspiração, edema e dispneia. Três deles que necessitaram de uma traqueotomia subsequente estavam no grupo de laser e dois no grupo coblation. A taxa de sucesso da redução tumoral foi de 82,35% (14/17) para o laser e 93,1% (27/29) para coblation. Conclusão: A redução do volume tumoral é um método seguro e eficaz para evitar a traqueotomia com paciente acordado, nos casos de obstrução das vias aéreas devido ao câncer de laringe avançado.

Orotracheal tube versus supraglottic devices in biological, chemical and radiological disasters: meta-analysis in manikin-based studies / Tubo orotraqueal versus dispositivos supraglóticos en desastres biológicos, químicos y radiológicos: metaanálisis en estudios de maniquíes

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the mean time of orotracheal intubation and insertion of supraglottic airway devices, considering healthcare providers wearing waterproof overall, gloves, boots, eye protection and mask at the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear context in simulation setting. Methods: Six databases were searched. The selected studies were put in a pool of results using a random-effects meta-analysis, with standardized mean differences and calculation of 95% confidence intervals. Results: Nine observational studies were included. Regarding reducing time to provide ventilatory support, subgroup analyses were made. The emergency setting subgroup: -12.97 [-16.11; -9.83]; I2 = 64%. The surgery setting subgroup: -14.96 [-18.65; -11.27]; I2 = 75%. Another analysis was made by reproductive methodology subgroups. Ophir's subgroup: -15.70 [-17.04; -14.37]; I2 = 0%. All meta-analyses had orotracheal tube as comparator. Conclusion: Moderate level of evidence was in favor of insertion of supraglottic devices because of fast application.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar el tiempo medio de intubación orotraqueal e inserción de dispositivos de vía aérea supraglótica, considerando profesionales de la salud con overol impermeable, guantes, botas, protección ocular y mascarilla en el contexto químico, biológico, radiológico y nuclear en un escenario de simulación. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en seis bases de datos. Los estudios seleccionados se pusieron en un conjunto de resultados mediante un metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios con diferencias de medias estandarizadas y cálculo de intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Se incluyeron nueve estudios observacionales. Con respecto a la reducción del tiempo para proporcionar soporte ventilatorio, se realizaron análisis de subgrupos. El subgrupo del entorno de emergencia: -12,97 [-16,11; -9,83]; I2 = 64%. El subgrupo del entorno quirúrgico: -14,96 [-18,65; -11,27]; I2 = 75%. Otro análisis fue realizado por subgrupos de la metodología reproductiva. Subgrupo Ophir: -15,70 [-17,04; -14,37]; I2 = 0%. En todos los metaanálisis, se utilizó el tubo orotraqueal como comparador. Conclusión: Nivel de evidencia moderado a favor de la inserción de dispositivos supraglóticos debido a la aplicación más rápida.